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Antecedent (behavioural psychology)
[edit]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Contents |
|---|
| Overview |
| Learned Behaviour and Conditioning |
| Antecedent Variables |
| Evidence |
| Antecedent Interventions |
Overview
[edit]An antecedent is a stimulus that cues an organism to perform a learned behaviour. When an organism perceives an antecedent stimulus, it behaves in a way that maximizes reinforcing consequences and minimizes punishing consequences. This might be part of complex, interpersonal communication.
The definition of antecedent is a preceding event or a cause- in this case it is the event that causes the learned behaviour to happen. [1]
Learned Behaviour and Conditioning
[edit]A learned behaviour is one that does not come from instincts- it is created by practice or experiences. [2] Learned behaviour can be controlled by two systems- reflective or reflexive, which in turn create cognitive learning and habitual learning. [2] Cognitive learning is influenced directly by the environment and evaluates it in order to acquire a particular behaviour. [2] An example of cognitive learning is riding a bike, where the environment (changing of the road path, weather, turns etc.) is constantly changing and you have to adjust to this. [2]
Habitual learning is formed through conditioning, whether that is voluntary or involuntary. [2] Classical conditioning denotes when an organism creates reflexes based on past events. [3] A reflex is a stimulus response that happens due to a biological response and is mediated by the nervous system. Habitual learning can then be a result of this reflex happening time after time, as we get used to the stimuli- this is where the antecedent comes in. [3]
Habitual learning uses strategies from past experiences to dictate how to behave in the present- e.g., continuing to ride a bike after initially learning how to. [2]
Both of these learning strategies can be a result of an antecedent.
Classical conditioning was first discovered by Pavlov, who studied digestive reflexes in dogs- the results showed that different stimuli (different types of food) elicit different reflexes and responses (different compositions of saliva). [3] He then discovered that the dogs salivated before they received the food- due to the antecedent. [3] The antecedent became the bell that Pavlov rang before he fed the dogs, and the learned behaviour became the salivation.
On the other hand, operant conditioning is when we respond for stimuli, not to it. [3] It is another form of social learning in which the consequence of a response makes us respond more, or more often. [3]
Antecedent Variables
[edit]Antecedent stimuli (paired with reinforcing consequences) activate centres of the brain involved in motivation, [4] while antecedent stimuli that have been paired with punishing consequences activate brain centers involved in fear. [5] Antecedents play a different role while attempting to trigger positive and negative outcomes. [6]
It has been suggested that these stimuli that lead to learned behaviour can be described by behavioural science principles. [7] Reinforcement theory states that the consequences of behaviour drives the behaviour itself- positive behaviours are rewarded and negative behaviours are either ignored or punished. [8]
The latter is particularly important when it comes to antecedents, as bad stimuli in the environment lead to behavioural consequences. [7]
Evidence
[edit]There are some scientific papers [9][10] that argue that there are two different types of antecedent variables. [10] These two types of antecedent variables are referred to as discriminative stimuli and setting events. [10] Setting events differ from discriminative stimuli as setting events are believed to have an effect on the stimulus-response relationship. [10] It has been suggested that setting events focus on three categories of stimuli (biological, physical and social variables). [11] Discriminative stimuli are found to be present “when a behaviour is reinforced”. [10] The discriminative stimuli is believed to be the identifying event alerting the mind that a reinforcement will occur in exchange for a specific behavior. [10]
Another scientific paper [12] states that antecedent variables can be proximal (things like financial stressors or job satisfaction), and conducted an experiment to see if these stimuli could induce relapse to alcohol problems. [12] The theory here is that the learned behaviour is the continuance of drinking, and this is performed to the stimuli that could be losing a job. [12] The antecedent here is a setting event, [10] as it happens due to social variables in order to effect a response. [11]
Similarly, a scientific book [13] states that culture is antecedent to behaviour, but that culture can also have a direct or indirect effect on the behaviour [13]. A direct effect [13] would line up with the theory of setting events as an antecedent variable [10], as the culture is a direct social stimulus that causes an effect on the stimulus-response relationship [10][11]. An indirect effect [13] reinforces the theory of discriminative stimuli [10], as it is an identifying event that is one reason behind the learned behaviour being performed. [10]
Stimuli that activate the "motivation" part of the brain have been tested through areas of competition in certain categories like, for example, tourism places. There are a few factors that can lead to competition changes in tourism, like hospitality, food selections, cleanliness, and more. [14] These areas of concentration (resources, facilities, etc.) are the stimuli that would be considered the second variable--setting events. This type of competitiveness affects not only where the tourists are planning on visiting, but it also affects the employees that work in tourist towns. Things like gift shops, hotels, and restaurants depend on the flow of tourism to keep their businesses thriving. This makes businesses continuously improve and change their business ways to meet consumer demands. All of these variables change the behaviour of all parties involved.
Antecedent Interventions
[edit]There are a number of studies [15] [16] that have been done in order to prevent past learned behaviours using antecedent variables. One intervention [15] talked about preventing bad behaviour in classrooms as a positive alternative to punishment. [15] This goes against reinforcement theory, [8] which states that the consequence of the behaviour drives the behaviour. When it comes to behaviours in schools, the antecedent here (without intervention) could be a number of things [15]:
1. Attention from the teacher/peers
2. An instruction from peers/teachers that the child does not want to do
3. Communication from staff and students when the child in question has limited/no vocal language
Each of these antecedents caused a learned behaviour that is unfavourable, and this article [15] suggests some interventions to overcome the bad behaviour. For example, in order to override antecedent 2, gain the students’ attention and immediately request something (e.g., a high five), before praising them and providing positive reinforcement. [15] This intervention fits in with the idea of classical conditioning [3], as the child is rewarded with positive affirmation when they complete a task.
A different study [16] agrees that these antecedent interventions do not work on reinforcement theory, [8] and aim to reduce the probability of unwanted behaviour occurring rather than punishing unwanted behaviour with consequences. [16] This article similarly agrees with another [10] that setting events and discriminative stimuli are the two antecedent variables, and that both of these can be used in different ways in interventions. For example, behaviour that happens due to discriminative stimuli (like a hard mathematics test leading to a student destroying it and being sent to the principal's office) is likely to reoccur again and again (as the child got out of doing the test by performing the behaviour). [16] To counter this, the article [16], suggests that the environment should be rearranged in some way so as not to provoke the individual. Changing the antecedent from a hard maths test to an easier or shorter one, or warning the child prior, had a positive effect on the behaviour observed. [16]
There are still questions surrounding the role of antecedent interventions within society, as they are relatively new and not a lot is known about its applicability cross-culturally [16]. However, it is evident that there is potential for antecedents to be used in behavioural interventions, and they have been proven to positively influence behaviours like self-injury and aggression. [16]
References
[edit]- ^ "Definition of Antecedent". Merriam Webster.
- ^ a b c d e f Li, Pamela (2022-06-19). "6 Types of Learned Behavior and Why Some Are So Hard to Change". Parenting For Brain. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
- ^ a b c d e f g Gray, P; Bjorklund, D (2018). Psychology (8th ed.). Macmillan Learning.
- ^ Yin, Henry H.; Ostlund, Sean B.; Balleine, Bernard W. (2008-10). "Reward-guided learning beyond dopamine in the nucleus accumbens: the integrative functions of cortico-basal ganglia networks". European Journal of Neuroscience. 28 (8): 1437–1448. doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06422.x. PMC 2756656. PMID 18793321.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Killcross, Simon; Robbins, Trevor W.; Everitt, Barry J. (1997-07). "Different types of fear-conditioned behaviour mediated by separate nuclei within amygdala". Nature. 388 (6640): 377–380. doi:10.1038/41097. ISSN 1476-4687.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Understanding the Antecedent Behaviour Consequence Model". Better Help. 2023. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
- ^ a b Smith, Richard G.; Iwata, Brian A. (1997-06). "ANTECEDENT INFLUENCES ON BEHAVIOR DISORDERS". Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis. 30 (2): 343–375. doi:10.1901/jaba.1997.30-343. PMC 1284051. PMID 9210312.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b c "Reinforcement Theory of Motivation - Explained". The Business Professor, LLC. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
- ^ McAtee, Michelle; Carr, Edward G.; Schulte, Christine; Dunlap, Glen (2004-07). "A Contextual Assessment Inventory for Problem Behavior: Initial Development". Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions. 6 (3): 148–165. doi:10.1177/10983007040060030301. ISSN 1098-3007.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Simó-Pinatella, David; Font-Roura, Josep; Alomar-Kurz, Elisabeth; Giné, Climent; Matson, Johnny L.; Cifre, Ignacio (2013-12). "Antecedent events as predictive variables for behavioral function". Research in Developmental Disabilities. 34 (12): 4582–4590. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.09.040. ISSN 0891-4222.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Offord, D. R.; Cross, L. A. (1969-09). "Behavioral antecedents of adult schizophrenia. A review". Archives of General Psychiatry. 21 (3): 267–283. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1969.01740210011003. ISSN 0003-990X. PMID 4896630.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Miller, William R.; Westerberg, Verner S.; Harris, Richard J.; Tonigan, J. Scott (1996-12). "What predicts relapse? Prospective testing of antecedent models". Addiction. 91 (12s1): 155–172. doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.91.12s1.7.x.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d 1945-, Berry, John W., 1939- Poortinga, Ype H., 1939- Pandey, Janak, (1997). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology. Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 0-205-16074-3. OCLC 34545082.
{{cite book}}:|last=has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Cheng, Zhu; Jin, Maozhu; Jiang, Qijie (2021-04-09). "Research into the Competitiveness of Scenic Areas from the Perspective of Tourists: A Case Study of the Jiuzhai Valley". Emerging Markets Finance and Trade. 57 (5): 1349–1357. doi:10.1080/1540496X.2019.1672530. ISSN 1540-496X.
- ^ a b c d e f Wood, Charles L.; Kisinger, Kerry W.; Brosh, Chelsi R.; Fisher, Larry B.; Muharib, Reem (2018-05-31). "Stopping Behavior Before It Starts: Antecedent Interventions for Challenging Behavior". TEACHING Exceptional Children. 50 (6): 356–363. doi:10.1177/0040059918775052. ISSN 0040-0599.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Kern, Lee; Choutka, Claire M.; Sokol, Natalie G. (2002). "Assessment-Based Antecedent Interventions Used in Natural Settings to Reduce Challenging Behavior: An Analysis of the Literature" (PDF). Education and Treatment of Children. 25 (1) – via JSTOR.
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