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Judaeo-Spanish
Ladino
  • גֿודֿיאו-איספאנייול [Judeo-Espanyol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
  • איספאנייול [Espanyol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
  • גֿודֿזמו [Judesmo] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
  • גֿודֿייו [Judio] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
  • לאדינו [Ladino] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
  • חאקיטילייה [Jaquetía] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)
The Rashi script, originally used to write the language
Pronunciation[dʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol]
Native toIsrael, Turkey, USA, France, Greece, Brazil, UK, Morocco, Bulgaria, Italy, Canada and others
EthnicitySephardim and Sabbateans
Native speakers
(112,130 cited 1985)[1]
DialectsHaketia, Levantine (Occidental and Oriental dialects), Ponentine
Mainly Latin; originally Rashi and Solitreo; also Arabic, Cyrillic script, Greek and Hebrew
Official status
Regulated byAutoridad Nasionala del Ladino in Israel
Language codes
ISO 639-2lad
ISO 639-3lad
lad
Linguasphere... 51-AAB-bd 51-AAB-ba ... 51-AAB-bd
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Judaeo-Spanish (also spelled Judeo-Spanish and Judæo-Spanish; Latin script: [Judeo-Espanyol] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help),[i] Hebrew script: גֿודֿיאו-איספאנייול, Cyrillic: Ђудео-Еспањол, pronounced [dʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol][ii]), commonly referred to as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish. Originally spoken in the former territories of the Ottoman Empire (the Balkans, Turkey, the Middle East and North Africa) as well as in France, Italy, Kingdom of the Netherlands, Morocco and the UK, today it is spoken mainly by Sephardic minorities in more than 30 countries, most of the speakers residing in Israel. Although it has no official status in any country, it has been acknowledged as a minority language in Israel and Turkey.

The core vocabulary of Judaeo-Spanish is Old Spanish and it has numerous elements from all the old languages of the Iberian Peninsula, such as Aragonese, Astur-Leonese, Catalan, Galician-Portuguese and Mozarabic. The language has been further enriched by Semitic vocabulary, such as Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic and Ottoman Turkish, especially in the domains of religion, law and spirituality and most of the vocabulary for new and modern concepts has been adopted through French and Italian. Furthermore the language is also influenced by other local languages of the Balkans, such as Greek, Bulgarian and Serbo-Croatian, however to a lesser degree.

Historically, the Rashi script and its cursive form Solitreo have been the main orthographies for writing Judaeo-Spanish. However today, it is mainly written with the Latin alphabet, though some other alphabets, such as Hebrew and Cyrillic are still in use. Judaeo-Spanish is also locally known by many different names, major ones being: Espanyol, Judio (or Jidio), Judesmo, Ladino, Sefaradi and Haketia. In Israel, the language is called Spanyolit, Espanyolit and Ladino. In Turkey and formerly in the Ottoman Empire, the language have been traditionally called Yahudice, meaning the Jewish language.

Judaeo-Spanish, once the trade language of the Adriatic Sea, the Balkans and the Middle-East and renowned for its high literature especially in Salonika, today is under serious threat of extinction. Most native speakers are elderly and the language is not transmitted to their children or grandchildren for various reasons. In some expatriate communities in Latin America and elsewhere, there is a threat of dialect levelling resulting in extinction by assimilation into modern Spanish. However, it is experiencing a minor revival among Sephardic communities, especially in music.

Names

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Judaeo-Spanish is known by a variety of names both natively (endonyms) and in other languages (exonyms). Ladino (לאדינו) is particularly common for denoting the language in the USA, Israel and Turkey, however mostly by the non-native communities. In English, except the most common names, Judaeo-Spanish[iii] and Ladino, the language is called Sephardic Spanish and informally Jewish Spanish as well. Natively the language is called Espanyol, Judio (or Jidio), Judesmo, Ladino, Sefaradi, Haketia and others.[2]

Espanyol, Judio and Judeo-Espanyol

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The most common endonym for Judaeo-Spanish is Espanyol, its variants and derivatives.

Espagnol, Djudio and Djudeo-Espagnol

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As the language is born out of the languages of the 15th century Spain, the most wide-spread and universal endonym used during its entire history, is "Espagnol" (Spanish) and it's derivatives and variants.

  • Espagnol / Espanyol / איספאנייול / Эспанюл / Español ([espaˈɲol])[3]
  • Espagnolo / Espanyolo / איספאנייולו / Эспанюло / Españolo ([espaˈɲolo])
  • Espagnolico / Espanyoliko / איספאנייוליקו / Эспанюлико / Españolico ([espaɲoˈliko])
  • Echpagnol / Eşpanyol / אישפאנייול / Эшпанюл / Expañol / Eshpanyol ([eʃpaˈɲol])[3]
  • Echpagnolo / Eşpanyolo / אישפאנייולו / Эшпанюло / Expañolo / Eshpanyolo ([eʃpaˈɲolo])
  • Echpagnolico / Eşpanyoliko / אישפאנייוליקו / Эшпанюлико / Expañolico / Eshpanyoliko ([eʃpaɲoˈliko])
  • Spagnol / Spanyol / ספאנייול / Спанюл / Spañol ([spaˈɲol])
  • Spagnolo / Spanyolo / ספאנייולו / Спанюло / Spañolo ([spaˈɲolo])
  • Spagnolico / Spanyoliko / ספאנייוליקו / Спанюлико / Spañolico ([spaɲoˈliko])

In Israel, apart from the most common exonym Ladino, the Hebrew word ספאנייולית (Spanyolit - [spaɲoˈlit]) is quite common. It is derived through the Hebrew language suffix -ית‎ (-it).[3]

The majority of Judaeo-Spanish speakers, throughout their own history, have been under Ottoman sovereignty and the Ottomans have called the language by the name Yahudice [jahuˈdidʒe], meaning "Jew language" (-ce is the Turkish language suffix). Similarly, we can observe that most Sephardic communities in the diaspora (and even non-Sephardic Jews) has been calling their language "Jewish" as to mean "Jew language" (See Yiddish language). The term in Judaeo-Spanish is "Djudio" or "Djidio" according to the dialect. The following endonyms are also quite common in Judaeo-Spanish:

  • Djidio / Cidyo / גֿידֿייו / Джидю / Jidió / Djidyo ([dʒiˈðjo]) (most common in Bulgaria and some other Balkan states)
  • Djudio / Cudyo / גֿודֿייו / Джудю / Judió / Djudyo ([dʒuˈðjo]) (most common in Turkey and Greece)
  • Jidio / Jidyo / זֿידֿייו / Жидю / Jidió ([ʒiˈðjo]) (most common in some other parts of the Balkans)
  • Judio / Judyo / זֿודֿייו / Жудю / Judió ([ʒuˈðjo]) (most common in Morocco and Canada)

The contrast in the use of the terms "Espagnol" and "Djudio" in Judaeo-Spanish is somewhat similar to the contrats in the use of the terms "Español" and "Castellano" by the Spanish. "Espagnol" is more commonly used when comparing the language with other foreign languages, such as French, English or Hebrew. However "Djudio" is more commonly used when comparing it to the local languages, such as Turkish or Greek and also when trying to emphasise the Jewish character of the language.

In cases where the language is contrasted to or compared with modern Spanish, the name "Espagnol" is used for Judaeo-Spanish and "Castelliano" (Castilliano, Casteyano etc.) is used for modern Spanish. Sometimes terms suchs as

  • "El Espagnol muestro" (Our Spanish) vs. "El Espagnol d'Espagna" (Spanish of Spain) is used.

The endonym Djudeo-Espagnol is a synthesis of the two most common endonyms of the language; "Espagnol" and "Djudio" and is the most commonly accepted adjective for the language. It is composed by the academicians and until the last decade or two, was not used in common speech as an endonym, restricting its use only for academicians. However, with its accelerated usage by the media for the last few decades, speakers started to use it too, in their daily lives, especially when denoting some news, newspapers or academic studies in that language.

Yo no entiendo ni el Ivrit ni el Ingles, avlame en muestra lingua, en Espagnol.
(I don't understand neither Hebrew nor English, speak me in our language, in Spanish.)
No t'esforses a avlar en Turktchas, quirida, estamos en casa, avlame en Djudio.
(Don't force yourself to speak with me in Turkish, love, we're at home, speak me in Jewish.)
Los Gregos avlan en Grego, los Ermenis avlan en Ermeni y mosos los Djudios, avlamos en Djudio.
(The Greeks speak in Greek, the Armenians speak in Armenian and we the Jews, speak in Jewish.)
Para mi, muestra lingua, la lingua Espagnola es una ermosa lingua por que kulay kulay yo puedo avlar, yorar, cantar y bailar en Espagnol, ma no lo puedo tanto en Franse u ni en otruna lingua.
(To me, our language, the Spanish language is a beautiful language because I can easily speak, cry, sing and dance in Spanish but I can't do it so much in French nor in another language.)
Que tengas en tino, quando dizimos "Espagnol", avlamos del Espagnol muestro y quando dizimos "Castiyano", suguro que estamos avlando del Espagnol d'Espagna.
(Keep in mind that when we say "Spanish" we speak about our Spanish and when we say "Castilian", surely we are speaking about the Spanish of Spain.)
Hanuma, avreme la radio Kol Yisrael, quero sintir haberes en Djudeo-Espagnol.
(Darling, open the radio channel Kol Yisrael, I want to listen news in Judaeo-Spanish.)

Ladino

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Djudesmo

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Jaquetía

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Other names

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History

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The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492. Some found refuge in the Ottoman Empire, and settled on the Island of Rhodes.[4]

Geographical distribution

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From 1492 to 1930s

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  • Balkans (Salonika, Istanbul, Sarajevo, Izmir)[3] [4]
  • Anatolia
  • Middle East
  • North Africa (Tangier, Tetuán, Fez, Algiers, Cairo)[3]

From 1930s to Today

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  • Israel
  • New York
  • Buenos Aires[3]

Dialects and varieties

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  • Is it a language or a dialect? Confusion.[4]

Sources of the language

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Phonology

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Differences with Modern Spanish

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j, sh = h[4]

Orthography

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Grammar

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Vocabulary

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  • Aínda = Yet (Portuguese)
  • Trocar = To Change (Portuguese)
  • Chapeo = Hat (Portuguese)
  • Chapines = Shoes (Catalan)
  • El Dio = God
  • Alhat = Sunday
  • Muncho = Much
  • Godro = Fat
  • Prove = Poor[4]
  • Abasho = Below
  • Abashar = To go down
  • Los de abasho = The departed
  • Todo está de arriva abasho. = Everything is upside down.
  • Abastado = Almighty, Omni-potent
  • Ma = But
  • Maalé = Quarter, Neighbourhood (Turkish)
  • Maarav = West (Hebrew)
  • Maasé = Story, Event (Hebrew)
  • Mabul = Deluge, Downpour, Torrent (Hebrew) (No kyero tanto, me dates mabul.)
  • Makará = Spool of thread[6]

Literature

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See also

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Citations

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Notes

  1. ^ Speakers use different orthographical conventions depending on their social, educational, national and personal backgrounds, thus there is no uniformity in spelling, although some established conventions exist. The endonym Judeo-Espanyol is thus also spelled as Cudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espanyol, Djudeo-Espagnol, Judeo-Español, Judeo-Espaniol, Džudeo-Espanjol, Giudeo-Espagnol, Ǧudéo-Españól and Ĵudeo-Español.
  2. ^ Also pronounced [dʒuˈdeu spaˈɲol] (Occidental Judaeo-Spanish) and [ʒuˈðeo espaˈɲol] (Moroccan dialects).
  3. ^ with its variants Judeo-Spanish and Judæo-Spanish

Citations

  1. ^ Judaeo-Spanish at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Varol, Marie-Christie (2008). Bernard D. Cooperman (ed.). Manual of Judeo-Spanish - Language and Culture. USA: University Press of Maryland. ISBN 978-1-934309-19-3.
  3. ^ a b c d e f "Judeo-Spanish Language - General Overview". Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  4. ^ a b c d e "The Ladino Language". Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  5. ^ Batzarov, Zdravko (2001). "The Dispersion of the Sephardic Jews in the World". Orbus Latinus. Retrieved 6 January 2013. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  6. ^ "Al Passy's Sephardic Folk Dictionary". Retrieved 6 January 2013.

References

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  1. Brief Descriptive Grammar of the Judeo-Spanish Language
  2. Vocabulary
  3. Selected Texts in Judeo-Spanish (Ladino)
  4. History of the Sephardic Jews
  5. Sephardic Society and Culture
  6. Bibliography
  7. Ladinokomunita - A Quick Explanation of Ladino (Judeo-Spanish)
  8. Ladinokomunita
  9. Omniglot - Ladino
  10. About.com - What Is the 'Jewish' Spanish Language?
  11. Jewish Language Research Website - Judeo-Spanish/Judezmo/Ladino
  12. Ladino --- a language destined to be lost?
  13. LadinoType
  14. Jewish Songs: Ladino
  15. Ladino Literature
  16. Romanization
  17. Judeo-Spanish (Azaria)
  18. El Ladino: Judeo-Español Calco
  19. El Ladino (Bibliografía)
  20. El judeoespañol en la Universidad de Basilea
  21. Mazal - cantos judeo-españoles
  22. Sefarad
  23. Origen de las palabras en judeoespañol
  24. Yiddish et Judéo-Espagnol: Un Héritage Européen
  25. Learn Judaeo-Spanish Online
  26. Judaeo-Spanish Orthography
  27. Judaeo-Spanish Dialects
  28. La Organización de una Norma Española en el Judeo-Español
  29. Los Problemas del Estudio de la Lengua Sefardí
  30. Dead and dying languages
  31. Lost Language of Ladino Revived in Spain
  32. Ladino Professor Keeps a Language — and Her Heritage Alive
  33. Osmanlı - Türk Sefarad Kültürü Araştırma Merkezi
  34. Turquie - Situation générale
  35. Judaism Jewish History Timeline
  36. Original Sephardic Communities
  37. Original Sephardic Dialects
  38. Ethnologue - Ladino
  39. Autoridad Nasionala Del Ladino
  40. Aki Yerushalayim
  41. Phonological Retention and Innovation in the Judeo-Spanish of Istanbul
  42. Yahoo Groups - Ladinokomunita
  43. Clearing up Ladino, Judeo-Spanish, Sephardic Music
  44. Judith R. Cohen PhD
  45. Zapamceni Jezik
  46. Kol Israel Radio
  47. American Sephardi Federation Louis N. Levy
  48. Judeo-Spanish language revived
  49. Studies in Ladino
  50. Judaic Studies - Ladino
  51. For love of Ladino
  52. Ladino Studies HUJI
  53. Sydney Opera House and Yasmin Levy
  54. BBC Awards Yasmin Levy
  55. HaRishut HaLeumit LeTarbut HaLadino
  56. Salti Center Ladino
  57. Ladino Alef-Bet
  58. Matilda Koén Sarano
  59. Forum Tarbut HaLadino
  60. Habla Ladino? Sephardim meet to preserve language
  61. Radio Exterior
  62. Antonio de Nebrija
  63. Sefarad (Revista)
  64. Category:Ladino
  65. El Djudeo-Espanyol
  66. Sephardim.Com
  67. Bianet - Ladino: Benim Dilimin "Zorunlu" Hikayesi
  68. El tímido despertar del judeoespañol en Turquía
  69. Internet como salvavidas para la lengua de judíos procedentes de la España medieval
  70. La Kaleja de Matalon
  71. Omniglot - The Tower of Babel
  72. Lisyones de Djudeo-Espanyol
  73. Maale Adumim
  74. Sentro Moshe David Gaon de Kultura Djudeo-Espanyola
  75. www.vallenajerilla.com/berceo/florilegio/vidalsephiha/ladino1.htm Lengua litúrgica de los judíos españoles
  76. Saving the Judaeo-Spanish Language and Culture
  77. Present Day Judeo-Spanish in the US
  78. Diksionario de Ladinokomunita
  79. JS Wiktionary Request
  80. JS Wiktionary
  81. Transcription of Ladino
  82. Judæo-Spanish Language (Ladino) and Literature
  83. Ladino (Judeo-Spanish) Press in the US
  84. Sephardi Jewry
  85. Chart of Hebrew Equivalences
  86. The Jews of Thessaloniki
  87. RAE Ladino
  88. Ladino UCLA Phonetics Lab Archive
  89. Holocaust survivor revives Jewish dialect by translating Greek epic
  90. El Ladino
  91. Sefaraires
  92. Autoridad Nasionala del Ladino i su Kultura
  93. FASSAC
  94. Los Muestros
  95. Séfarades et juifs d'ailleurs
  96. Sommaire
  97. La cité perdue des séfarades
  98. Rolo de la Prensa Djudeo-Espanyola en la Evolusion de las Komunidades Sefaradis
  99. Şalom Gazetesi
  100. Ladino Haifa
  101. Muestra Lingua
  102. A szefárd zsidóság történelmi múltjáról
  103. Szefárd sérelmek és indulatok
  104. Szefárd
  105. Észak-afrikai szefárd népdalok és versek
  106. Divatba jött a zsidó örökség Spanyolországban
  107. Trigo para matsa shemura en Yerushalayim, 3 jenerasiones atras
  108. Язык как родина народа. Неужели ладино умирает?
  109. ЕВРЕ́ЙСКО-ИСПА́НСКИЙ ЯЗЫ́К
  110. eSefarad
  111. Voces de Haketía
  112. Mimouna
  113. Balat'taki Yahudi kurumların tarihsel gelişim süreci
  114. Jews in the Ottoman Empire 03: Occupation of Constantinople - Spanish and Portuguese Jewish refugees
  115. Communaute Juive Agadir
  116. Casa Blanca
  117. Ritual Medical Lore of Sephardic Women: Sweetening the Spirits, Healing the Sick
  118. Osmanlı'nın Birlikte Yaşama Sanatı
  119. The Jewish Community of Turkey
  120. Jewish Neighborhoods
  121. Ortaköy'ün kitabı yazılıyor
  122. Karakoy
  123. Ankara Yahudileri
  124. - Jewish Web Index - Turkey
  125. Jews form Aydin
  126. Türkiye'nin hafızasına Şalom olsun
  127. A Sephardi Life in Southeastern Europe
  128. The Jews of Turkey
  129. Jewish Heritage of Bursa
  130. Ottoman Jews in the Context of Geographical Distribution, Population & Housing
  131. Database Record
  132. Albania
  133. The Last Jewish Sufi
  134. Jews in Albania Holocaust
  135. Vlora
  136. Oral Literature of the Sephardic Jews
  137. Sephardic Jews in 17th Century London and the Readmission
  138. El Tele
  139. The Permeable Boundaries of Ottoman Jewry
  140. The Sephardim of England
  141. Around Mile End with the the Sephardim
  142. Curso de Ladino
  143. The Gaon´s Public Editions - 2009 contiene Diksionario De
  144. Muestra Lingua
  145. Sephardic Horizons
  146. Los Sefardíes Ante Los Retos Del Mundo Contemporáneo: Identidad y Mentalidades
  147. Sefarad sur les Rives de Danube Vienne et la Literature Judéo-Espagnole
  148. La Pronunciacón del Sefardí Esmiriano de Nueva York
  149. Albania
  150. Jewish and Non-Jewish Creators of "Jewish" Languages: With Special Attention
  151. Derya Agiş Master thesis
  152. A Jewish Voice from Ottoman Salonica: The Ladino Memoir of Sa'adi Besalel a-Levi
  153. Rare Judeo-Spanish memoir gives a voice to the people of a lost culture
  154. Variation and Change in Spanish
  155. From the Shores of the Golden Horn
  156. Tableau comparé de mots en espagnol, portugais, italien et judéo-espagnol avec nos propositions d'orthographe "méditerranéenne"
  157. Pour une orthographe "méditerranéenne" du judéo-espagnol
  158. Jewish Community of Turnu Severin, Romania
  159. Bally Family
  160. Sephardim
  161. The Jewish Community in the Republic of Macedonia
  162. The Jewish Community of Trikala
  163. The Jewish Community of Larissa
  164. Corfu
  165. Jews in Constantinople (Modern period)
  166. Croatian Scientific Bibliography
  167. We're Actually Sephardic....
  168. Sephardi Jewry: A History of the Judeo-Spanish Community, 14th-20th Centuries
  169. Etnohistoria de la antigua comunidad judía de la ciudad de Vidin (Bulgaria)
  170. The Bulgarian Jews
  171. Ladino Expression of Bulgarian Jews
  172. Ladino Transformation
  173. The Judeo-Spanish People - Itineries of a Community
  174. Reintegrating the Lost Jews of Spain & Portugal

Further reading

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