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Morus mongolica

Ancestral taxa
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Morus mongolica (L.) C. K. Schneid..^[1]^[2]^[3], also described as Morus alba var. mongolica (L.) Bureau^[4] is a woody plant native to mountain forests in Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan^[1]^[5]. Common names for Morus mongolica include Mongolian mulberry, meng sang (China)^[5], and ilama by native people in the namesake region of Mongolia^[6]. Similar to Morus notabilis (L.) C. K. Schneid., Morus mongolica is an uncultivated (wild, undomesticated) mulberry^[7].

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Parent:	`Moreae` [Taxonomy; edit]
Rank:	`genus` (displays as `Genus`)
Link:	`Morus (plant)\|Morus`(links to `Morus (plant)`)
Extinct:	no
Always displayed:	yes (major rank)
Taxonomic references:	–
Parent's taxonomic references:	–

Description

Morus mongolica is a perennial woody tree. Its native range is the mountains of Mongolia, China, Korea, and Japan^[1]^[5]. The mature Morus mongolica grows to about 8 meters in height (about 26 feet). The leaves of the tree are palmate, with mature dimensions ranging from 8cm-15cm in length and 5cm to 8cm in width^[5].

The flowers occur in inflorescences, both male and female^[1]. The male inflorescences are about 3-4 cm long and 7 mm wide, whereas the female inflorescences are about 2 cm long and 7mm wide; both of which have peduncles of about 1-1.5cm^[1]^[5] . Both the male and the female flowers are in groups of fours: four sepals, four petals, four stamen (for male flowers) and four carpels (for female flowers)^[1]. The tree blooms from March to April and fruits in April to May^[5].

Fruits are aggregate, and are dull red to black in color^[1]. Each cluster is about 1-3 cm long with a 1 cm diameter, with the individual drupelets about 3mm in diameter^[1].

Uses

Ecological

Morus mongolica can be used for some of its ecological properties^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]. The leaves are eaten and digested by silkworms^[8], and the proteins are used by the silkworms for the production of cocoon silk^[7]. The fruits of Morus mongolica are edible, and are eaten by humans^[6]^[9].

Chemical

Morus mongolica is known to have multiple flavonoid and phenolic compounds^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]. These compounds can be found in the fruits^[12], leaves^[11], and bark^[14].

As Lumber

The wood of the Morus mongolica plant has also been mentioned by M. K. Seth in 2003 to be of possible use for biofuel, among other soft wood trees^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Sargent, Charles Sprague; Wilson, Ernest Henry (1913). Plantae Wilsonianae :an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold arboretum of Harvard university during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 /by E. H. Wilson, ed. by Charles Sprague Sargent. Cambridge: The University press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.191.
^ Zhekun, Zhou; Gilbert, Michael (2003). "Moraceae" (PDF). Flora of China. 5. Harvard University: 21–73 – via efloras.org, Missouri Botanical Gardens.
^ USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. "Morus mongolica (L.) C. K. Schneid". Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.4.0, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. "Morus alba (L.) var. mongolica Bureau". Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.4.0, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Morus mongolica in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
^ ^a ^b ^c Soyolt; Galsannorbu; Yongping; Wunenbayar; Liu, Guohou; Khasbagan (2013-04-24). "Wild plant folk nomenclature of the Mongol herdsmen in the Arhorchin national nature reserve, Inner Mongolia, PR China". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9: 30. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-9-30. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 3649933. PMID 23628479.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
^ ^a ^b ^c Li, Q. L.; Guo, J. Z.; Yan, N.; Li, C. C. (2016-10-17). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence of cultivated Morus L. species". Genetics and Molecular Research: GMR. 15 (4). doi:10.4238/gmr15048906. ISSN 1676-5680. PMID 27813600.
^ ^a ^b Niemelä, Pekka; Tuomi, Juha (1987). "Does the Leaf Morphology of Some Plants Mimic Caterpillar Damage?". Oikos. 50 (2): 256–257. doi:10.2307/3566009. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3566009.
^ ^a ^b Khasbagan; Huai, Hu-Yin; Pei, Sheng-Ji (2000). "Wild Plants in the Diet of Arhorchin Mongol Herdsmen in Inner Mongolia". Economic Botany. 54 (4): 528–536. doi:10.1007/BF02866550. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4256364. S2CID 28765625.
^ Sohn, H. Y.; Son, K. H.; Kwon, C. S.; Kwon, G. S.; Kang, S. S. (November 2004). "Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morus alba L., Morus mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensis Nakai". Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 11 (7–8): 666–672. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.005. ISSN 0944-7113. PMID 15636183 – via PubMED.gov, Elsevier Science Direct. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)
^ ^a ^b Zhang, Xiao-Qi; Jing, Ying; Wang, Guo-Cai; Wang, Ying; Zhao, Hui-Nan; Ye, Wen-Cai (October 2010). "Four new flavonoids from the leaves of Morus mongolica". Fitoterapia. 81 (7): 813–815. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.04.010. ISSN 0367-326X. PMID 20450963.
^ ^a ^b Chen, Hu; Yu, Wansha; Chen, Guo; Meng, Shuai; Xiang, Zhonghuai; He, Ningjia (December 21, 2017). "Antinociceptive and Antibacterial Properties of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Fruits of Black and Non-Black Mulberries". Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry. 23 (1) (published January 2018): 4. doi:10.3390/molecules23010004. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 5943937. PMID 29267231.
^ Huang, Lian; Fuchino, Hiroyuki; Kawahara, Nobuo; Narukawa, Yuji; Hada, Noriyasu; Kiuchi, Fumiyuki (October 2016). "Application of a new method, orthogonal projection to latent structure (OPLS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), to screening of prostaglandin E2 production inhibitory flavonoids in Scutellaria Root". Journal of Natural Medicines. 70 (4): 731–739. doi:10.1007/s11418-016-1004-2. ISSN 1340-3443. PMID 27164908. S2CID 15105430.
^ Shi, Ya-Qin; Fukai, Toshio; Sakagami, Hiroshi; Chang, Wen-Jin; Yang, Pei-Quan; Wang, Feng-Peng; Nomura, Taro (2001-2). "Cytotoxic Flavonoids with Isoprenoid Groups from Morus mongolica". Journal of Natural Products. 64 (2): 181–188. doi:10.1021/np000317c. ISSN 0163-3864. PMID 11429996. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Seth, M. K. (2003). "Trees and Their Economic Importance". Botanical Review. 69 (4): 321–376. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0321:TATEI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-8101. JSTOR 4354466. S2CID 20945281.

Morus notabilis

Morus notabilis (C. K. Schneid.) is a tree ...

[:0-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Sargent, Charles Sprague; Wilson, Ernest Henry (1913). Plantae Wilsonianae :an enumeration of the woody plants collected in western China for the Arnold arboretum of Harvard university during the years 1907, 1908, and 1910 /by E. H. Wilson, ed. by Charles Sprague Sargent. Cambridge: The University press. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.191.

[2] Zhekun, Zhou; Gilbert, Michael (2003). "Moraceae" (PDF). Flora of China. 5. Harvard University: 21–73 – via efloras.org, Missouri Botanical Gardens.

[3] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. "Morus mongolica (L.) C. K. Schneid". Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.4.0, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[4] USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Plant Germplasm System. "Morus alba (L.) var. mongolica Bureau". Taxonomy - GRIN-Global Web v 1.10.4.0, npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2019-04-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[:1-5] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f "Morus mongolica in Flora of China @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org. Retrieved 2019-04-29.

[:2-6] Soyolt; Galsannorbu; Yongping; Wunenbayar; Liu, Guohou; Khasbagan (2013-04-24). "Wild plant folk nomenclature of the Mongol herdsmen in the Arhorchin national nature reserve, Inner Mongolia, PR China". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine. 9: 30. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-9-30. ISSN 1746-4269. PMC 3649933. PMID 23628479.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)

[:3-7] Li, Q. L.; Guo, J. Z.; Yan, N.; Li, C. C. (2016-10-17). "Complete chloroplast genome sequence of cultivated Morus L. species". Genetics and Molecular Research: GMR. 15 (4). doi:10.4238/gmr15048906. ISSN 1676-5680. PMID 27813600.

[:4-8] Niemelä, Pekka; Tuomi, Juha (1987). "Does the Leaf Morphology of Some Plants Mimic Caterpillar Damage?". Oikos. 50 (2): 256–257. doi:10.2307/3566009. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3566009.

[:5-9] Khasbagan; Huai, Hu-Yin; Pei, Sheng-Ji (2000). "Wild Plants in the Diet of Arhorchin Mongol Herdsmen in Inner Mongolia". Economic Botany. 54 (4): 528–536. doi:10.1007/BF02866550. ISSN 0013-0001. JSTOR 4256364. S2CID 28765625.

[10] Sohn, H. Y.; Son, K. H.; Kwon, C. S.; Kwon, G. S.; Kang, S. S. (November 2004). "Antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity of 18 prenylated flavonoids isolated from medicinal plants: Morus alba L., Morus mongolica Schneider, Broussnetia papyrifera (L.) Vent, Sophora flavescens Ait and Echinosophora koreensis Nakai". Phytomedicine: International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology. 11 (7–8): 666–672. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2003.09.005. ISSN 0944-7113. PMID 15636183 – via PubMED.gov, Elsevier Science Direct. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |year= / |date= mismatch (help)

[:6-11] Zhang, Xiao-Qi; Jing, Ying; Wang, Guo-Cai; Wang, Ying; Zhao, Hui-Nan; Ye, Wen-Cai (October 2010). "Four new flavonoids from the leaves of Morus mongolica". Fitoterapia. 81 (7): 813–815. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2010.04.010. ISSN 0367-326X. PMID 20450963.

[:7-12] Chen, Hu; Yu, Wansha; Chen, Guo; Meng, Shuai; Xiang, Zhonghuai; He, Ningjia (December 21, 2017). "Antinociceptive and Antibacterial Properties of Anthocyanins and Flavonols from Fruits of Black and Non-Black Mulberries". Molecules : A Journal of Synthetic Chemistry and Natural Product Chemistry. 23 (1) (published January 2018): 4. doi:10.3390/molecules23010004. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 5943937. PMID 29267231.

[13] Huang, Lian; Fuchino, Hiroyuki; Kawahara, Nobuo; Narukawa, Yuji; Hada, Noriyasu; Kiuchi, Fumiyuki (October 2016). "Application of a new method, orthogonal projection to latent structure (OPLS) combined with principal component analysis (PCA), to screening of prostaglandin E2 production inhibitory flavonoids in Scutellaria Root". Journal of Natural Medicines. 70 (4): 731–739. doi:10.1007/s11418-016-1004-2. ISSN 1340-3443. PMID 27164908. S2CID 15105430.

[14] Shi, Ya-Qin; Fukai, Toshio; Sakagami, Hiroshi; Chang, Wen-Jin; Yang, Pei-Quan; Wang, Feng-Peng; Nomura, Taro (2001-2). "Cytotoxic Flavonoids with Isoprenoid Groups from Morus mongolica". Journal of Natural Products. 64 (2): 181–188. doi:10.1021/np000317c. ISSN 0163-3864. PMID 11429996. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[15] Seth, M. K. (2003). "Trees and Their Economic Importance". Botanical Review. 69 (4): 321–376. doi:10.1663/0006-8101(2004)069[0321:TATEI]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-8101. JSTOR 4354466. S2CID 20945281.

[16] Zeng, Qiwei; Chen, Hongyu; Zhang, Chao; Han, Minjing; Li, Tian; Qi, Xiwu; Xiang, Zhonghuai; He, Ningjia (2015-08-12). Xu, Changjie (ed.). "Definition of Eight Mulberry Species in the Genus Morus by Internal Transcribed Spacer-Based Phylogeny". PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0135411. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0135411. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4534381. PMID 26266951.

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