User:Ucucha/Subfossil sites on Madagascar

Notes: "Holocene subfossil sites can be divided into four different types of deposits": caves, marsh deposits in highland regions, coastal marsh deposits, and riverine deposits. It might be good to classify the sites... if we can. At the very least, these four categories and their descriptions should be included in the introduction. – VisionHolder « talk » 21:34, 21 July 2010 (UTC)

I'm afraid we'd be unable to classify many sites. But it's certainly something to mention in the lead. Ucucha 18:45, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

A few minor things we'd better work out now:

• What citation format are we using?

Your style is fine. I only ask that lemur articles follow my style since I hope to standardize them all. – VisionHolder « talk » 18:53, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

• Should all species be linked on every occurrence?

I would prefer that we do not... but in lists like this, I really don't know what's best. – VisionHolder « talk » 18:53, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

We probably should, especially if we make the list sortable. Ucucha 19:56, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

• I think we should also subdivide reptiles and amphibians if we're doing that for mammals. Arguably, we should also do that for birds, especially as some sites have lots and lots of them, but bird classification is such a mess that natural groups are hard to think of.

If you feel comfortable subdividing them, then go for it. As you pointed out, the birds will be a big mess, but I'm not sure if most readers would care much. Distinguishing snakes from lizards, though, might be more helpful. – VisionHolder « talk » 18:53, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

"Lizard" is not a natural group, so I'd prefer avoiding it. Anyway, we have only one site with squamates so far, so the issue isn't really significant yet. Ucucha 19:56, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Ucucha 18:45, 28 July 2010 (UTC)

Source:

• Goodman, S.M., Ganzhorn, J.U., and Rakotondravony, D. Chapter 13: Introduction to the Mammals in "The Natural History of Madagascar" (2003) ISBN: 0-226-30306-3

Key

Key

Name	Name currently in use for the site
Alternative names	Other, historical, names
Fauna	List of species recorded at the locality. Extinct species are indicated using a dagger (†). When it is uncertain whether material of a species is from the recorded locality, a question mark (?) is used. "Cf." indicates that an identification is uncertain. In order: reptiles, birds, Plesiorycteropus, tenrecs, bats, carnivores, hippos, nesomyines, lemurs
Elevation
Age	Range of ages recorded in this site
Coordinates	Geographic coordinates of the locality

?† – extinct species possibly occurred there

†? – possibly extinct species

List

Name		Alternative names	Fauna	Elevation	Age	Coordinates	Map
Ambararata		Ambararata-Mahabo	Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis			20°42′S, 44°53′E
Ambatomainty			Nesomyines: †Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis, †Nesomys narindaensis			15°36′S 46°37′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Ambolisatra		Andolonomby, Amboulitsate, Amboulisatse	Turtles: Testudo grandidieri, Astrochelys radiata Geochelone abrupta Crocodiles: †Voay robustus Birds: †Aepyornis ingens, †Aepyornis maximus, †Centrornis sp. Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp. Tenrecs: Tenrec ecaudatus Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox Hippopotamuses: Hippopotamus sp. Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis Introduced mammals: Canis lupus, Bos taurus	2	4965–1720 BP	23°04'S, 43°45'E
Ambongonambakoa			Nesomyines: †Nesomys narindaensis Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus			15°31'S, 46°41'E *estimate - Google Earth*
Ampamalora			Birds: †Aepyornis sp.		1970 BP	25°04'S, 46°00'E	**guess**
Ampanihy			Lemurs: †Megaladapis edwardsi			24°42′S, 44°44′E
Amparihingidro			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis			15°41′S, 46°22′E
Ampasambazimba		Itasy	Birds: Alopochon sirabensis, †?Aquila large sp., †?Aquila small sp., Stephanoaetus mahery Bibymalagasy: ?†Plesiorycteropus germainepetterae, †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp. Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox Lemurs: †Archaeoindris fontoynontii, †Mesopropithecus pithecoides, †Megaladapis grandidieri, †Palaeopropithecus maximus, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Pachylemur jullyi	1200	8245–22550 BP	18°54'S, 46°44'E (18 39 S, 46 01 E according to GR242 - where does this come from?)
Ampotaka						25°28′S, 45°08′E *estimate - Google Earth* no good options
Ampoza		Village Ampoza, Ampoza-Ankazoabo	Turtles: †Geochelone abrupta Birds: †Vanellus madagascariensis Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp. Hippopotamuses: †Hippopotamus lemerlei, †Hippopotamus sp. Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Palaeopropithecus kelyus, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis	570	2760–1350 BP	22°19'S, 44°44'E
Anakao			Birds: †Aepyornis sp.		3960–2375 BP	23°39'S, 43°39'E
Anavoha		Beloha Anavoha, (Anavaho?)	Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp. Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis, †Daubentonia robusta		1954 BP	25°16′S, 44°39′E
Andrafiabe			Lemurs: Prolemur simus, †Megaladapis sp.		12760–4560 BP	12°31′S 49°24′E several options	**guess**
Andrahomana			Anurans: Laliostoma labrosum, Ptychadena mascareniensis, Scaphiophryne sp. Turtles: Pelomedusa subrufa, Dipsochelys sp., Astrochelys radiata Squamates: Furcifer cf. verrucosus, Paroedura sp., Zonosaurus cf. trilineatus, Acrantophis sp., Leioheterodon sp. Crocodiles: Crocodylus niloticus, †Voay robustus Birds: †Aepyornis sp., †Mullerornis sp., Centrornis sp., †?Puffinus sp., Falco newtoni, Accipiter francesii, Gallus gallus, Numida meleagris, Turnix nigricollis, Gallinula chloropus, Streptopelia picturata, Fulica cristata, Coracopsis vasa, Coua cursor, Coua cristata, Coua cf. gigas, †Coua sp., Tyto alba, Otus rutilus, Apus sp., Upupa marginata, Mirafra hova, Nesillas cf. lantzii, Thamnornis chloropetoides, cf. Terpsiphone mutata, Zosterops maderaspatana, Vanga curvirostris, Leptopterus viridis, Cyanolanius madagascarinus, Corvus albus, Ploceus sakalava, Foudia madagascariensis Tenrecs: Geogale aurita, Microgale brevicaudata, Microgale longicaudata, †Microgale macpheei, Microgale nasoloi, Microgale principula, Microgale pusilla, Echinops telfairi, Setifer setosus, Tenrec ecaudatus Bats: Pteropus rufus, Eidolon dupreanum, Rousettus madagascariensis, Hipposideros commersoni, Paratriaenops furculus, Miniopterus gleni, Mormopterus jugularis, Mops leucostigma Hippopotamuses: †Hippopotamus lemerlei Euplerids: Fossa fossana, †Cryptoprocta spelea, Nesomyines: Eliurus myoxinus, Eliurus sp., Hypogeomys australis, Macrotarsomys bastardi, Macrotarsomys petteri Lemurs: Microcebus sp., Cheirogaleus medius, Lemur catta, †Pachylemur insignis, Propithecus verreauxi, Avahi laniger, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis Introduced mammals: Suncus madagascariensis, Bos indicus, Canis lupus, Mus musculus, Rattus sp.	10	6724–1536 BP	25°12'S, 46°38'E
Andranovato			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Megaladapis edwardsi			22°55′S, 43°30′E *estimate - Google Earth* uncertain
Anjajavy						15°02′S, 47°14′E
Anjohibe	OLD SE	Tsinjomitondraka, grottes d'Andranoboka	Bats: Eidolon dupreanum, Hipposideros cf. commersoni, †Triaenops goodmani, Triaenops sp.		≤10 ka	15°32′S, 46°53′E
	TW-10		Bats: †Hipposideros besaoka		≤10 ka
	NCC-1		Bats: Hipposideros commersoni, Triaenops sp., Rousettus cf. madagascariensis		87–70 ka
	SS2		Bats: Hipposideros cf. commersoni, Rousettus madagascariensis, Myotis goudoti		Unknown
	Unspecified		Birds: Buteo brachypterus, Falco newtoni, Coturnix sp., Numida meleagris, Turnix nigricollis, Coracopsis vasa, Tyto alba, Otus rutilus, Merops superciliosus, Hypsipetes madagascariensis, Foudia madagascariensis Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp. Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus, †Babakotia radofilai, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis
Anjohikely			Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi			15°35′S, 46°49′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Ankarana			Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus maximus, †Babakotia radofilai, †Mesopropithecus dolichobrachion, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur jullyi			13°5′S, 48°55′E
Ankazoabo		(Ankazoabo-Grotte?)	Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena, Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori			24°34'S, 43°55'E
Ankevo		Ankavo	Bibymalagasy: ?†Plesiorycteropus sp.			20°36'S, 44°07'E	**guess**
Ankilitelo			Tenrecs: Tenrec ecaudatus, Setifer setosus, Echinops telfairi, Geogale aurita, Microgale brevicaudata, Microgale nasoloi, Microgale cf. majori Bats: Miniopterus gleni, Otomops madagascariensis, Mormopterus jugularis Carnivores: Cryptoprocta ferox, Galidia elegans, Galidictis grandidieri, Mungotictis decemlineata Hippopotamuses: †Hippopotamus sp. Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena, Macrotarsomys bastardi, Macrotarsomys petteri, Eliurus myoxinus, Eliurus sp. Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Daubentonia robusta, †Pachylemur sp., Microcebus griseorufus, Microcebus murinus, Lepilemur leucopus, Lemur catta, Eulemur rufus, Propithecus verreauxi Introduced mammals: Mus musculus, Rattus rattus			23°28′S, 44°32′E
Ankomaka			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Megaladapis edwardsi			23°32′S, 43°55′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Antanimbaribe						20°32′S, 45°43′E not 100% certain - coordinates may be east of location shown on source maps
Antsingiavo		Antsingiavo-A & Antsingiavo-B	Nesomyines: †Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis, †Nesomys narindaensis Lemurs: †Archaeolemur sp.			15°06'S, 47°12'E *estimate - Google Earth*
Antsirabe		Sirabe, Sirabé, marshes of Sirabé	Crocodiles: †Voay robustus Birds: †Aepyornis hildebrandti, †Aepyornis mulleri, †Mullerornis agilis, †Centrornis majori, †Alopochen sirabensis, Anas erythrorhyncha, Anas melleri, †Hovacrex roberti, Ardea intermedia, cf. "Platalea tenuirostris", "Astur sp.", "Plotus nanus" (a Mauritian species, but apparently based on misidentified cormorant material, according to Darter) (M. betsilei according to Brodkorb, 1963, p. 206) Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis, †Plesiorycteropus sp. Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea Nesomyines: Hypogeomys australis Lemurs: †Megaladapis grandidieri, †Pachylemur jullyi			19°51'S, 47°02'E
Antsiranana		Diégo-Suarez				12°16′S, 49°17′E
Belo		Belo-sur-Mer	Invertebrates: Cardisoma carnifex Birds: †Coua primaeva Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus madagascariensis Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis |			20°44′S, 44°0′E
Belobaka			Nesomyines: †Brachytarsomys mahajambaensis Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus kelyus			15°41′S, 46°25′E
Beloha			Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea Nesomyines: Hypogeomys australis			25°10'S, 45°03'E
Bemafandry			Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp. Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis			25°6′S, 44°16′E
Bemaraha (3 clustered sites on source map)						18°44′S, 44°47′E *Google Earth*
Bemavo						21°37′S, 45°23′E
Betioky			Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea			24°36′S, 44°45′E several options	**guess**
Bevoalavao-Ouest		Bevoalavo-Ouest				24°59′S, 44°16′E *estimate - Google Earth* coordinates appear to be here, but won't load
Bevoha		Beavoha	Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis			24°40′S, 44°46′E
Bungo Tsimanindroa			Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori			15°03′S, 47°18′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Cape Sainte-Marie			Birds: †Aepyornis medius
Gouffre de Tolikisy						23°49′S, 44°03′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Itampolo						24°41′S, 43°57′E
Itampolobe			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis			22°14′S, 43°15′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Itampulu Vé		Itampolo, Itampolobe?	Birds: †Aepyornis maximus
Lakaton'ny akanga			Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea			"in the far north near Antsiranana"	**unknown**
Lamboharana		Lambohorano	Birds: †Aepyornis maximus, Vanellus madagascariensis, †?Aquila small sp. Lemurs: †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Pachylemur insignis, †Daubentonia robusta		3495–1220 BP	22°11′S, 43°14′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Lelia			Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox			24°34′S, 43°58′E	**guess**
Manombo		Manombo-Toliara[1]	Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox, †Cryptoprocta spelea			"Excavations in the southwestern Madagascar date back at least to the White/Ramamonjy expedition to Manombo in 1929"[2], suggests "Manombo-Toliara" one of these choices However, I suspect it is close to the city of Toliara	**unknown**
Masikoro		Machicora	Birds:' Aepyornis maximus
Masinandraina		Masinandreina, Masinandriana	Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp. Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi			19°59′S, 47°34′E
Mitoho			Birds: †?Aquila large sp. Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena			24°03'S, 43°45'E (edge of Lac Tsimanampetsotsa, SW Mad.)
Morarano		Morarano-Betafo, Betafo	Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi, †Megaladapis grandidieri, †Pachylemur jullyi			Morarano: 19°59′S, 46°59′E *estimate - Google Earth* uncertain Betafo: 19°50′S, 46°51′E	Morarano Betafo
Mouroundava		"southwest coast near Mouroundava"	Birds: †Aepyornis maximus, †Mullerornis agilis Also (B206) M. rudis from "west coast between Bélo and Mouroundava" and (B207) A. maximus there. See Andrews 1894. Also probably A. medius (ME & Grand)
Mt. des Français (same as Andrafiabe?)			Lemurs: †Megaladapis madagascariensis			12°31′S, 49°19′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Sambaina			Lemurs: †Archaeolemur edwardsi			18°54′S, 47°47′E
Sirave		Tsiravé, Tsirave, Tsirave Beroroha	Bibymalagasy: †Plesiorycteropus sp. Euplerids: Cryptoprocta ferox Nesomyines: Hypogeomys antimena Lemurs: †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Hadropithecus stenognathus, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis, †Daubentonia robusta			21°50'S, 45°07'E
Taolambiby			Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis			23°38′S, 44°34′E *estimate - Google Earth*
Tsiandroina			Euplerids: †Cryptoprocta spelea Lemurs: †Palaeopropithecus ingens, †Mesopropithecus globiceps, †Archaeolemur majori, †Megaladapis edwardsi, †Megaladapis madagascariensis, †Pachylemur insignis			24°34′S, 44°06′E *estimate - Google Earth*

Notes

Elephant bird nomenclature after Brodkorb (1963):

• Mullerornis (type M. betsilei) = Flacourtia (type M. rudis)
  • M. betsilei (Antsirabé)
  • M. agilis (near Mouroundava)
  • M. rudis (betw. B & M)
• Aepyornis (type A. maximus) = Aepiornis, Epiornis, Epyornis
  • A. maximus = A. modestus = A. titan = A. ingens (Ambolisatra, Masikoro, Mouroundava, betw. B & M, Itampulu Vé, Lamboharana)
  • A. medius = A. grandidieri = A. cursor = A. lentus (Cape Sainte-Marie; prob. betw. Bélo & Mouroundava)
  • A. hildebrandti = A. mulleri (Antsirabe)
  • A. gracilis (apparently no precise localities)

Literature cited

• Andrews, C.W. 1897. On some fossil remains of carinate birds from central Madagascar. Ibis (7)3:343–359.
• Brochu, C.A. 2007. Morphology, relationships, and biogeographical significance of an extinct horned crocodile (Crocodylia, Crocodylidae) from the Quaternary of Madagascar. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 150(4):835–863.
• Goodman, S.M. 1996. Description of a new species of subfossil lapwing (Aves, Charadriiformes, Charadriidae, Vanellinae) from Madagascar. Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle (4)18C(4):607–614.
• Goodman, S.M. and Rakotozafy, L.M.A. 1995. Evidence for the existence of two species of Aquila on Madagascar during the Quaternary (subscription required). Geobios 28(2):241–246.
• Grandidier, G. 1900. Note sur des ossements d'animaux disparus, provenant d'Ambolisatra, sur la côte sud-est de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 6:214–218.
• Milne-Edwards, A. and Grandidier, A. 1895. Sur des ossements d'oiseaux provenant des terrains récents de Madagascar. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 1:9–11.
• Mlikovský, J. 2006. Subfossil birds of Andrahomana, southeastern Madagascar. Annales des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 107A:87–92.
• Muldoon, K.M., de Blieux, D.D., Simons, E.L. and Chatrath, P.S. 2009. The subfossil occurrence and paleoecological significance of small mammals at Ankilitelo Cave, southwestern Madagascar. Journal of Mammalogy 90(5):1111–1131.

To look at:

• Brodkorb, P. 1965. New taxa of fossil birds. Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 28:197–198. (should have something on Antsirabe)
• Goodman, S.M. 1994a. The enigma of antipredator behavior in lemurs: evidence of a large extinct eagle on Madagascar. International Journal of Primatology 15:129–134.
• Goodman, S.M. 1994b. Description of a new species of subfossil eagle from Madagascar: Stephanoaetus (Aves: Falconiformes) from the deposits of Ampasambazimba. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 107:421–428.
• Goodman, S.M. and Ravoavy, F. 1993. Identification of bird subfossils from cave surface deposits at Anjohibe, Madagascar, with a description of a new giant Coua (Cuculidae: Couinae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 106:24–33.
• Howard, H. 1964. Fossil Anseriformes. Pp. 233–326 in Scott, P. (ed.). The waterfowl of the world. Volume 4. London: Coutry Life.
• Olson, S.L. 1977. A synopsis of the fossil Rallidae. Pp. 339–373 in Ripley, S.D. (ed.). Rails of the world. Boston: David R. Godine.