User:Ttop kafka/Health in Jamaica/Bibliography

You will be compiling your bibliography and creating an outline of the changes you will make in this sandbox.

Bibliography

Swimuser5

Health Related Stigma and Quality of Life in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease in Jamaica | Blood | American Society of Hematology, ashpublications.org/blood/article/132/Supplement%201/2285/261871/Health-Related-Stigma-and-Quality-of-Life-in. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

This article has a lot of statistics that I can use for adults and people with sickle cell disease. It also includes the health complications, life expectancy and overall life quality with Sickle Cell.

King, L, et al. “Newborn Screening for Sickle Cell Disease in Jamaica: A Review - Past, Present and Future.” The West Indian Medical Journal, U.S. National Library of Medicine, Mar. 2014, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4655669/.

This article includes the number of newborns with sickle cell, and the different vaccinations and treatments that are offered. It also shows how equipment and medicine has expanded over the years. There is also a plan for the future with the amount of diagnosis that has been growing. The amount of care clinics and healthcare that are available are also included

Ramsay, Zachary J A, et al. “How Free Is Free Health Care? An Assessment of Universal Health Coverage among Jamaicans with Sickle Cell Disease.” Health Equity, U.S. National Library of Medicine, 21 Apr. 2021, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8080932/.

There is information about the wide use of free healthcare in Jamaica, and how that is working for the country. There is also information about the sickle cell unit and how that works as well. It also goes into detail about Sickle Cell, the different classifications and the severity of it.  

Sneakerhead0624-

“Jamaica.” World Health Organization, World Health Organization, data.who.int/countries/388. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

This shows health statistics in Jamaica and specifically looks at the overall population their health and incomes. It shows the trend of Jamaica’s population throughout the years which I thought would be useful. The website also includes a lot of graphs and charts to show the data instead of just citing it. It goes into the age demographic of Jamaica and how this has changed over the years. I thought its information on life expectancy would be useful because it is updated which will allow me to update the information on the Wiki article. It also discusses the leading causes of death and general health statistics. It goes into healthcare statistics as well which will be useful to add to the Wiki because I feel like this is useful information.

“Jamaica.” Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, www.healthdata.org/research-analysis/health-by-location/profiles/jamaica. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

I found this article to be useful because it gives statistics on Covid and vaccinations which are both not already mentioned in the Wikipedia article. Covid was a major pandemic that had an impact on the entire world and countries are still feeling the effects. I found it to be interesting to go into how this pandemic impacted Jamaica specifically because I know it had lasting effects. I also found the vaccination statistics to be useful because it will go along with the overall population health and looking at if the demographics that are not getting vaccinated are the same demographics that are the most sick.

PAHO/OPS, 19 September. “Jamaica - Country Profile.” Health in the Americas, 2 Oct. 2024, hia.paho.org/en/countries-22/jamaica-country-profile.

I liked this article because it looks more specifically at the environment and social aspects and how that impacts the health in Jamaica. It provides a lot of statistics in these areas as well. None of the articles talked about maternal health so I thought this would be an interesting aspect to include because it would provide even more information on the health inside of Jamaica in all aspects. This article also looks at mortality more and communicable and non communicable diseases which are all valid things to include in the Wikipedia article. I like how it looks at mortality rates throughout the years and it is current information which gives me trust that it is reliable. It also looks specifically at cancer rates which I would like to include because it is an aspect that impacts a lot of people so having it included for the Jamaican population would be important.

WolfKnight314

Holtzman, Audrey. “New USF Health Partnership to Combat Severe Health Care Shortage in Jamaica.” Welcome to the University of South Florida, www.usf.edu/health/nursing/news/2024/jamaica-partnership.aspx. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

This website provides information on the fact that many people in the health care system leave Jamaica for better opportunities causing their health care to become worse. It also talks about how other countries and programs, such as University of South Florida, are working on helping them.

JP;, Figueroa. “Health Trends in Jamaica. Significant Progress and a Vision for the 21st Century.” The West Indian Medical Journal, U.S. National Library of Medicine, pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11824010/. Accessed 24 Oct. 2024.

This website provides statistics of Jamaica's health care system, and how those statistics have changed over time. This website also provides information on what specific illnesses they have struggled with recently, along with some basic information about what their healthcare system looks like.

PAHO/OPS, 19 September. “Jamaica - Country Profile.” Health in the Americas, 2 Oct. 2024, hia.paho.org/en/countries-22/jamaica-country-profile.

This website has lots of statistics with their current health system compared to past years. It also has many graphs that could be added. The main topics covered are social determinants, digital coverage, health situation, mortality, and prospects.

World Health Organization. “Iris Home.” Country Cooperation Strategy at a Glance, May 2018, iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/136900/ccsbrief_jam_en.pdf;sequence=1.

The website gives a lot of statistics of Jamaica's health care system, demographics, health systems, environment, and more. It also gives details of their health policies. It also lists four of their strategies that they are currently working on to improve their healthcare system, and details of each one.

ttop kafka

I began my search for Jamaican Healthcare history by utilizing my universities  databases such as jstor and pubmed. I cross-referenced google scholar and browsed over what wikipedia already had on it as well. These are from reputable sources such as University of West Indies at Mona and all the articles published are peer reviewed and go through a rigorous process to be published.

(PDF) the Development of Primary Health Care in Jamaica, www.researchgate.net/publication/11536255_The_development_of_primary_health_care_in_Jamaica.

A.B.

This article discusses how health care developed in Jamaica from its beginnings.  It describes the harsh and bare minimum health care it had during its slave era and then the care they did receive in 1790s when abolition was around the corner and they[slave owners] wanted to “preserve the remaining  stock”. When slavery was abolished in 1838. The number of doctors dropped from 300 to 75 because many were to look after the slave population. This was called the “estate healthcare system” and the fall of this system gave rise to the “Island Medical Service” in 1875. By 1903 40 District Medical Officers have been appointed.The early decades of twentieth century saw no improvement in life expectancy(figure A). The colonial government invited the Rockefeller foundation to assist in the control of major infectious diseases and a series of commissions were established in 1918. They tackled hookworm, tuberculosis(1927),malaria(1928) and yaws(1932).Infectious disease was a leading cause of death up until 1945.(Figure B)Here Jamaica received its first taste of genuine healthcare with island wide studies on disease, identifying risk, and in 1927 the bureau of health education was founded to develop appropriate methods of community education. Fellowships were provided by the Rockefeller foundation and incentives to work and hire in the medical field became prevalent. The riots of 1938 led to the moyne commission which recommended a school of hygiene which started formal training in nursing and in 1948 the faculty of medicine at the university college of west indies had its first class of  33, in 1944 The Training station for sanitary inspectors and health visitors trained PHNs(public health nurses and PHI(public health inspectors. It was renamed the west indies school of health in 1957 and later became assimilated with the university of technology in 2000. This kickstarted Jamaica's healthcare system and medical centers started slowly in 1935 in major cities and hospital outposts in the 1950s. These were funded by the minister of health and the minister of local government through parish council but the category of staff worked independent of each other and it was difficult for the respective multidisciplinary collaboration. As the 70s progressed and the tide of political change made its way, health care system grew. This article was made in 2001 before free health care system and its studies on the 70-90s are briefer and best be found in more current journals.

Cassells, Elsada Diana, et al. “The Colonial Legacy and the Jamaican Healthcare System.” SpringerLink, Springer International Publishing, 1 Jan. 1970, link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-86645-7_8.

This article also explores the role of the colonial system on Jamaica's healthcare system but is more current(2022) and does not dive so much in depth in the areas. It gives a brief overview of the colonial upheaval, moyne commission, but then it begins to talk about more recent changes like NHS act in1997 and NHF in 2003. This led to major reconstruction in the healthcare system. Healthcare became government funded enterprise with adjunct private sector funding. Here is where healthcare grew with different programs for elderly and blood banks. However only 30% (816,000)percent of the population enrolled in these programs(2018-2019). This article gives a good explanation of how colonial Jamaica history directly affected its policy changes and  growth as a country and specifically the healthcare system.This article is posted in the springer nature link and a part of a book International impacts on social policy made by professors at the university of Bremen, Germany.

• examine the role of British colonialism and its impact on the Jamaican healthcare system, casting an eye to the long-term policy conditions introduced by years of foreign rule
• the colonial, which concluded in 1962, and the post-colonial periods, which marked the introduction of a state-led healthcare system
• Public health measures represented 16 percent of the total amount recommended to finance projects, totalling £1,460,388¹ for the 1929–1940 period (Colonial Development Act 1929). The amount of funds available for each territory, however, was quite limited: for instance, the total assistance for all programmes recommended by the Colonial Development Fund to Jamaica over the same period was only £219,000 (Colonial Development Act 1929).
• Moreover, we assume that the experience of colonialism, with its deeply rooted social inequalities, generated long-term consequences for the health of the people
• The public healthcare system in Jamaica grew out of a turbulent and traumatic post-emancipation process during which disease and social dystopia set the framework for healthcare delivery in the period leading up to independence.
• During slavery, estate infirmaries, sick bays, alms houses, lunatic asylums and the Kingston Public Hospital established in 1776 formed the totality of the institutional framework in place for healthcare provision for the majority of the population.
• In response, the colonial government offered up the territory as a laboratory for the Rockefeller Foundation
• ^Footnote
• ³ to carry out epidemiological research. Beginning in 1918, the Rockefeller International Health Commission incorporated Jamaica into its network of studies on tropical illnesses such as hookworm infestations, tuberculosis, malaria and yaws, among others.
• For the first quarter of the twentieth century, Jamaican life expectancy hovered around 35.5 years.
• It was not until the passing of the National Health Services (NHS) Act in 1997 and the National Health Fund (NHF) Act of 2003 that a dramatic shift in policy paradigms and a major restructuring of health services would take place. This led to the current tax-financed Public Health System (PHS)
• What is clear, however, is that Jamaica stepped away from the social insurance model it once sought to advance in the direct aftermath of independence in favour of a tax-financed system

Jamaica’s Effort in Improving Universal Access Within ..., documents1.worldbank.org/curated/fr/408381468044133381/pdf/750050NWP0Box30n0Fiscal0Constraints.pdf. Accessed 31 Oct. 2024.

AB

C

Article is published by World Bank in collaboration with UNICO(Universal Health coverage studies series). The author used a wide variety of people(primaray sources) and even contacted the minister of health in Jamaica. The world Bank supports the efforts of countries to share the prosperity of UHC(universal health coverage). This article discusses the achievements and fails of the healthcare sytsem in Jamaica and the steps it took to UHC which it abolished user fees in 2008. The explain how the UHC system works but also explain how private sectors work(NGOs) and how they take care of 75% of ambulatory services and 82% of pharecmutical purchases and how they own nine small hospitals and that being 25% of the hospitals on the island. See how it is divied financially in figure A. This article shows data for all of this information and later covers its expansion of universal coverage. The bulk of the expansion lies in financials but this is where it gets difficult due to death and macroecnomic climate. NHF recieves funding from tax on payroll, tobacco, and other products like gas and alcohol. There is a high importance on NCD(non-communicable) diseases and if you are a resident or have a work permit for more than a year you can get free treatment for the 15 most abundant NCDs.(arthritis, asthma, benign prostatic hyperplasia or enlarged prostate, diabetes, ischemic heart disease, breast cancer, epilepsy, high cholesterol, major depression, rheumatic heart disease, glaucoma, prostate cancer, psychosis, vascular disease, and hypertension.) Copayments have been from 25-53% of drug cost. Figure B for more data. Figure C shows who has used the UHC. The goal for Jamaica is expandeing this system and keeping the NHF financed.

• “Jamaica’s primary health care system was a model for the Caribbean region in the 1990s. Because of it, Jamaicans enjoy relatively better health status than people in other countries of similar income level in the Caribbean region. However, Jamaica’s health system is being severely challenged by persistent and reemerging infectious diseases and by the rapid increase in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and injuries. At the same time, the country has suffered from low economic growth and carries a high debt burden, which leaves limited fiscal space for improving health care.”
• The Government of Jamaica has been trying to sustain the gain in health outcomes and improve access to health care for its population in an environment of constrained resources during the last decade. With the establishment of the Jamaica National Health Fund (NHF) in 2003 and the abolition of user fees at public facilities in 2008, the Government of Jamaica has taken steps toward achieving universal coverage.
• The NHF was approved by statute in 2003 with the aim to “reduce the financial burden of health care on the public sector in Jamaica.” Because NCDs had become the major causes of morbidity and mortality, the NHF aimed to introduce a public health management approach to their treatment, by providing individual and institutional health care benefits to Jamaicans. NHF Individual Benefits include subsidies on a range of prescribed pharmaceuticals for patients suffering from one of 15 specific chronic diseases. Beneficiaries are required to make a high copayment, ranging from 25 to 53 percent of the cost of the drugs.
• Based on the review carried out under this study, Jamaica’s approach to universal coverage has produced mixed results. On the one hand, people have access to free care at public health facilities, and the NHF subsidizes drugs for people with NCDs and the elderly, so it seems that Jamaica is achieving universal access. On the other hand, the NHF covers only 19 percent of the total population, and with a relatively high copayment. The rich have benefited more from the NHF Individual Benefits.
• Thus, while in theory, Jamaica has reached universal access to health care, in practice, such coverage is incomplete and inadequate. The abolition of user fees did not guarantee universal access to care, particularly for the poor. Moving forward, the government needs to invest wisely in the health sector to reach real universal coverage.
• The NHF can serve as an important building block for the ultimate goal of providing universal access to health care in Jamaica. For this reason, policy makers are expanding the role of the NHF. One option under discussion is to allocate to the NHF the government budget that has been earmarked to replace the income loss from user fees, and to use the NHF as a purchaser and financier for the most vulnerable population, while at the same time expanding the benefit package to offer a wider range of health services.
• Jamaica has made significant achievements in improving the population’s health status. Life expectancy at birth increased from 38 years in 1900 to 73.1 in 2009, and the infant mortality rate fell from 174.3 per 1,000 live births to 14.6 during the same period.
• The government has recognized the critical importance of preventing and controlling NCDs. The Strategic Plan and the National Policy for the Promotion of Healthy Lifestyles were developed and implemented over a five-year period starting in 2004. The goal was to decrease the incidence of chronic diseases, high-risk sexual behavior, violence, and injury by the adaption of population behaviors to more appropriate ones—particularly of children, adolescents, and young adults.
• The proposal to establish an NHIP faced opposition from the Ministry of Finance because of the difficult macroeconomic climate. It would cost the government a substantial amount to cover the premiums of the indigent population. The financial projections estimated that the NHIP would cost between J$12 billion to J$15 billion per year (US$337 million to US$421 million)—with about 50 percent to be provided by the government—while the annual MOH budget at that time was J$6 billion (US$169 million). The government revised the plan, which led to the design of the NHF, which took into consideration Jamaica’s macroeconomic and political context and funding limitations.
• Long-term financial sustainability requires the balancing of revenues against liabilities. The NHF has drafted a Strategy Plan for 2005 to 2030, “Securing the Future,” to understand more clearly the factors that affect its sustainability and identify strategies to address them. In developing this Strategy Plan, the NHF management reviewed each source of revenue and the key factors that affect the revenue and expenditures of the NHF program. Its diversified sources of income have provided the NHF with a more balanced revenue stream, which has made it less vulnerable to the changing economic environment. The global economic crisis that affected Jamaica led to a reduction in income from both tobacco and special consumption taxes in 2008, but income from the payroll deduction nevertheless has continued to increase, thereby increasing NHF total revenue.

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