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The Assassination of Ivan Stambolić

Ivan Stambolić was a Serbian politician. In his career he rose to become the president of Yugoslavia. In the August of 2000 he was assassinated just before a national, pivotal election, the event itself and reasoning for which is extremely important in understanding some of the events that occurred before the Yugoslav Wars.

Ivan Stambolić
Ivan Stambolić, May 1986
12th President of Serbia As President of the Presidency of SR Serbia
In office 5 May 1986 – 14 December 1987
56th Prime Minister of Serbia As President of the Executive Council of Serbia
In office 6 May 1978 – 5 May 1982
Personal details
Born	(1936-11-05)5 November 1936 Brezova, Drina Banovina, Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Died	25 August 2000(2000-08-25) (aged 63) Fruška Gora, Serbia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
Manner of death	Assassination
Resting place	Topčider, Belgrade, Serbia
Nationality	Serbian
Political party	League of Communists of Yugoslavia
Spouse(s)	Katarina Zivojinovic ​ ​ (m. 1962;  2000)​
Children	3
Relatives	Petar Stambolić (uncle)
Alma mater	University of Belgrade

Political Career Prior to Assassination

Ivan Stambolić was the 56th Prime Minister of Serbia from May 1978-1982, and at one point rose to the Presidency of Serbia in 1986; the 12th President of Serbia during an extremely important time in the break-up of the former Yugoslavia.

One of the most important relationships prior to the Yugoslav Wars was that between himself and Slobodan Milošević. He had been called a close personal friend of Slobodan Milošević, the main actor thought to be responsible for the assassination and for many of the horrors that occurred during the Yugoslav Wars. He had ‘supported him through elections’ to become the new leader of the League of Communists of Serbia. He reportedly spent several days advocating to members of the League of Communists for Milošević, securing him a victory and allowing him to become the president of the League of Communists of Serbia. The two had similar ideologies which lead to a mutually beneficial relationship at first.

This political and personal relationship is how his career came to an abrupt end in 1988. Slobodan Milošević ousted him from the Serbian State Presidency. He remained quiet on the political stage, mainly working in an advisory role after the Yugoslav Wars. He disappeared on 25th August 2000 under strange circumstances which was, in-fact, a politically motivated assassination.

Assassination

Disappearance

It is widely reported that several members of a Special Operations Unit had had a hand in the ordeal and were later tried and convicted. Details from police reports seem to suggest that “Mr Stambolić  failed to return from a morning jog a month before a Yugoslavian presidential election, at which some expected him to challenge Milošević. Police blamed his former protege for the murder". It is fairly clear that Milošević had a hand in his disappearance. The truth was uncovered years later. "His remains have been dug out of a pit in Mount Fruška Gora", said Mr Mihailovic. Fruška Gora is a national park north of Belgrade. "He was executed with two shots and buried in a quicklime pit dug out in advance" , and under the circumstances that saw Stambolić be sidelined by his former best friend as he “gave warning of the dangers of nationalism”.

Fruška Gora

Prosecution

The men, several members of the Special Operations Unit, who conducted the killing of Ivan were the first to be sentenced. It must also be noted that there was another attempted murder of the leader of the opposition to Milosevic at the time Vuk Draskovic.

Milorad Ulemek was among the first convicted in 2000: "a popular ex-communist’, whilst also being convicted for the attempted assassination of Draskovic, and for an even earlier attempt on Draskovic....Ulemek is found guilty of creating a criminal enterprise on the orders of Slobodan Milošević... Ulemek's co-accused, five fellow members of the so-called Red Berets secret police unit and another senior secret police officer, were sentenced to between four and 40 years for their roles in the crime”

Slobodan Milošević never officially served anytime for his actions. It is noted here that in a phone interview with Ivan Stambolić’s son, Veljko Stambolić, said "[he] do[es] think that a 40-year prison term is an adequate sentence for the executioners, however, those who gave orders need to be punished as well". Milošević awaited justice concerning the underground violence until his trial for war crimes had finished at the Hague. Although the comments from Veljko Stambolic were made before 2006, when Milošević passed away awaiting justice at the Hague, he was in-fact eventually convicted for his crimes by the Supreme Court, essentially accepting the ruling that had been previously put forth by the Special Court for Organised Crime in Belgrade.

Relationship with Slobodan Milošević

In the The International Criminal Tribunal For the Former Yugoslavia: Amended Indictment, it is clear that Slobodan Milošević was prosecuted for ordering both the killings, one successful, one not. What lead to this, his differences with his previous mentor and the circumstances of their relationship are essential in detailing why he was assassinated.

The bedrock of the conflict with Milošević was that Stambolić always remained a true Yugoslav. On many occasions Stambolić’ was seen to show negative sentiments towards the rising ‘nationalist’ ideology, in many instances warning of the dangers . As an authoritarian leader Milošević had his pathway clear cut. His personal deficiencies, were seen to be too large to mend this rift between them. Milošević now saw his once companion now the ultimate adversary in the Serbian political field.

It is said that since being ousted by former Milošević that Stambolić's political career was over, yet it is clear his journey was not complete. Stambolić was always considered more than a ‘sidelined’ Serbian intellectual and politician. Despite this the Stambolić family claimed he no longer had any enemies of any sort. Slobodan Milošević first rose to power during the time frame of the Stambolić presidency, and then was ousted by him. Why and how did this happen?

Yugoslav communist revolutionary Josip Broz Tito was the president of Yugoslavia from the 14^th January 1953 till his death on the 4^th May 1980. He was an extremely strong leader who many thought responsible for holding the ethnically diverse nations of Yugoslavia together for his 27-year term as president. Kosovo, an area populated by mostly Serbians with a minority Kosovar Albanians was getting more and more contentious since the death of Tito. The years from 1980-1986 involved Kosovo Albanian riots, the desecration of Serbian Orthodox architecture and graveyards. In reaction to this Stambolić sent Milošević to try and quell the ever-growing unrest in Tito’s absence. This was probably the first sign of a rift in their ideologies. No matter what, the Serbs were going to seek to stay in the region. He delivered the Speech of Milošević at Kosovo Polje. It was in stark contrast to Stambolić' sentiments he wish to convey, an attempt to bring the region together. The perspective was fiercely nationalist, ending it with:

“Rest assured, this is a feeling that is uplifting all of Yugoslavia. All of Yugoslavia is with you. The issue isn't that it's a problem for Yugoslavia, but Yugoslavia and Kosovo. Yugoslavia doesn't exist without Kosovo! Yugoslavia would disintegrate without Kosovo! ... Yugoslavia and Serbia will never give up Kosovo!"

"Unless you fight for Serbia, your ancestors will be betrayed, your descendants will be shamed. These are your lands, your fields, your gardens, your memories."

That speech alone had extreme consequences that his predecessors where aware of. Such nationalism had been banned under the reign of Tito, for good reason. It had in-fact been seen as his greatest strength. Managing to maintain unity and quell potentially devastating nationalist insurrections helping him to guide Yugoslavia through various tipping points in the regions history such as the Croatian Spring. Something Milošević clearly had no interest in. Under Tito "it was a forbidden topic at that time. No nationalism was ever permitted in Yugoslavia. And Serb nationalism was the first one to arise, to be raised, to be put on the agenda by Mr. Milosevic, and that caused a sort of scandal."

Stambolić publicly scolded Milošević for the speech once he returned home as a nationalist hero. He had claimed after the fact that he saw that event as "the end of Yugoslavia". Retaliation was quick, Milošević purged the Serbian Communist Party in 1987, after which the party ousts Stambolić, then making him president of the Yugoslav Bank for International Economic Cooperation, now known as Jubmes Banka. This is not to say Stambolić did not antagonise his former protégé. In 1995, during his time with the bank he joined the Serbian Civil Council along with together with Miladin Životić, Miša Nikolić, Žarko Korač, Rasim Ljajić and Nenad Čanak, they were participating in the attempt to create the Social Democratic Alliance of Serbia. They are reported to have tried to create a Social Democratic Alliance of Serbia before the 1996 federal election.

JUBMES was swallowed up by the federal government in 1997 and Miodrag Zecevic, a Serbian Statesmen, became the new director. The bank published harsh criticisms of former adversaries. On April 8^th, 2000 he released a statement detailing the fall of Slobodan Milošević . A translation of a quote is detailed here: "his fall will be difficult and dramatic, because the Yugoslav president," big and powerful "only thanks to the available forces of repression." During his time with the bank he continued to speak on this former protégé, further antagonising him by travelling to Montenegro on multiple occasions to meet with political rivals of Milošević.

Ljubica Markovic, director at beta news agency who had ties to Stambolić, despite his previous stances concerning the free press during his time as president, claims that Stambolić's name had appeared in the opinion polls leading up to the pivotal 2000 election.The reality of this threat was low. The Stambolić family lawyer has made the argument that the “well-connected Mr Stambolić  remained at least a potential threat to Mr Milošević - particularly in the wake of the Kosovo conflict of 1999 when Serbia under its authoritarian leader seemed destined to linger in continuing international isolation”.

See Also

• Slobodan Milošević

• Yugoslavia

• Serbia in the Yugoslav Wars
• Ivan Stambolić
• Josip Broz Tito

External Links

• https://www.sfgate.com/politics/article/Disappearance-Raises-Fears-in-Serbia-Milosevic-2741005.php
• https://www.rferl.org/a/1066641.html
• http://www.b92.net/specijal/stambolic/&prev=search
• http://www.icty.org/x/cases/slobodan_milosevic/ind/en/mil-ai010629e.htm
• http://www.slobodan-milosevic.org/news/milosevic-1987-3-eng.htm
• http://www.wou.edu/history/files/2015/08/Daniel-Van-Winkle.pdf

Further Reading

• Doder, Dusko; Branson, Louise, Milosevic : portrait of a tyrant / Dusko Doder and Louise Branson, Free Press
• Brown, Gary, 1950-; Australia. Department of the Parliamentary Library. Information and Research Services (1999), The Yugoslav war: where to now? / Gary Brown, Dept. of the Parliamentary Library{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
• Ianziti, Gary; Cicic, Muris (1997), Bosnia-Herzegovina in the Yugoslav aftermath : essays on the causes and consequences of the Balkan conflicts, 1992-1994 / edited by Gary Ianziti and Muris Cicic, Queensland University of Technology