User:TomathanChem/Solid lipid nanoparticles
 | This is the sandbox page where you will draft your initial Wikipedia contribution.
If you're starting a new article, you can develop it here until it's ready to go live. If you're working on improvements to an existing article, copy only one section at a time of the article to this sandbox to work on, and be sure to use an edit summary linking to the article you copied from. Do not copy over the entire article. You can find additional instructions here. Remember to save your work regularly using the "Publish page" button. (It just means 'save'; it will still be in the sandbox.) You can add bold formatting to your additions to differentiate them from existing content. |
Article Draft
[edit]Article body
[edit]Characteristics
[edit]A lipid nanoparticle is typically spherical with an average diameter between 10 and 1000 nanometers and comprised of various lipids. There are various types of LNPs such as solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs).
An LNP is generally spherical and consists of a solid lipid core stabilized by a surfactant. The core lipids can be fatty acids, acylglycerols, waxes, and mixtures of these surfactants. Biological membrane lipids such as phospholipids, sphingomyelins, bile salts (sodium taurocholate), and sterols (cholesterol) are utilized as stabilizers. Biological lipids having minimum carrier cytotoxicity and the solid state of the lipid permit better controlled drug release due to increased mass transfer resistance.[1] Shah et al. in their book Lipid Nanoparticles: Production, Characterization and Stability discuss these in detail.[2]
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) possess a solid lipid core matrix that can solubilize lipophilic molecules. The lipid core is stabilized by surfactants (emulsifiers). The emulsifier used depends on administration routes and is more limited for parenteral administrations.[3] The term lipid is used here in a broader sense and includes triglycerides (e.g. tristearin), diglycerides (e.g. glycerol bahenate), monoglycerides (e.g. glycerol monostearate), fatty acids (e.g. stearic acid), steroids (e.g. cholesterol), and waxes (e.g. cetyl palmitate). All classes of emulsifiers (with respect to charge and molecular weight) have been used to stabilize the lipid dispersion. It has been found that the combination of emulsifiers might prevent particle agglomeration more efficiently.[3][4]
Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are LNPs that contain a mixture of solid and liquid lipids in the central core of the lipid carrier. NLCs are distinct from SLNs due to their non-uniform structure.[5]
LNPs used in mRNA vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) are made of four types of lipids: an ionizable cationic lipid (whose positive charge binds to negatively charged mRNA), a PEGylated lipid (for stability), a phospholipid (for structure), and cholesterol (for structure).[6] Because of rapid clearance by the immune system of the positively charged lipid, neutral ionizable amino lipids were developed. A novel squaramide lipid (that is, partially aromatic four-membered rings, which can participate in pi–pi interactions) has been a favored part of the delivery system used, for example, by Moderna.[7]
Copied from Solid lipid nanoparticle
References
[edit]- ^ Manzunath et al., 2005
- ^ Shah, Rohan, ed. (2015). Lipid nanoparticles: production, characterization and stability. Springer Briefs in Pharmaceutical Science & Drug Development. Cham Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-319-10710-3.
- ^ a b Mehnert, Wolfgang; Mäder, Karsten (2001-04-25). "Solid lipid nanoparticles: Production, characterization and applications". Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews. Lipid Assemblies for Drug Delivery. 47 (2): 165–196. doi:10.1016/S0169-409X(01)00105-3. ISSN 0169-409X.
- ^ Small, 1986
- ^ Khan, Shadab; Sharma, Ajay; Jain, Vikas (2023-07-10). "An Overview of Nanostructured Lipid Carriers and its Application in Drug Delivery through Different Routes". Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 13 (3): 446–460. doi:10.34172/apb.2023.056. ISSN 2228-5881. PMC 10460807. PMID 37646052.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Cross, Ryan (March 6, 2021). "Without these lipid shells, there would be no mRNA vaccines for COVID-19". Chemical & Engineering News. American Chemical Society. Retrieved March 6, 2021.
- ^ Cornebise, Mark; Narayanan, Elisabeth; Xia, Yan (November 12, 2021). "Discovery of a Novel Amino Lipid That Improves Lipid Nanoparticle Performance through Specific Interactions with mRNA". Advanced Functional Materials. 32 (8). Wiley: 2106727. doi:10.1002/adfm.202106727. S2CID 244085785.