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User:Tom Hulse/draft Peony

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For the Pearl S. Buck novel, see Peony (novel).

Peony
Paeonia suffruticosa
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Core eudicots
Order:
Saxifragales
Family:
Paeoniaceae
Genus:
Paeonia

Peony or paeony is a name for plants in the genus Paeonia, the only genus in the flowering plant family Paeoniaceae. They are native to Asia, Southern Europe and Western North America. Boundaries between species are not clear and estimates of the number of species range from 25 [1] to 40.[2]

Description

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Most are herbaceous perennial plants 1.5 - 5 feet (0.5 - 1.5 metres) tall, but some have woody stems and resemble small trees up to 5 - 10 feet (1.5 – 3 metres) tall. They have compound, deeply lobed leaves, and large, often fragrant flowers, ranging from red to white or yellow, in late spring and early summer.

Taxonomy

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Peony close-up

The peony is named after Paeon (also spelled Paean), a student of Asclepius, the Greek god of medicine and healing. Legend holds that Asclepius became jealous of his pupil, and that Zeus saved Paeon from the wrath of Asclepius by turning him into the peony flower.[3]

The family name "Paeoniaceae" was first used by Friedrich K.L. Rudolphi in 1830, following a suggestion by Friedrich Gottlieb Bartling that same year.[1] The family had been given other names a few years earlier.[4] The composition of the family has varied, but it has always consisted of Paeonia and one or more genera that are now placed in Ranunculales.[2] It has been widely believed that Paeonia is closest to Glaucidium, and this idea has been followed in some recent works.[1][5] Molecular phylogenetic studies, however, have demonstrated conclusively that Glaucidium belongs in Ranunculaceae,[6] but that Paeonia belongs in the unrelated order Saxifragales.[7]
There have been three major classification schemes used to organize the species within Paeonia. First was F.C. Stern in his 1946 A Study of the Genus Paeonia published by the Royal Horticultural Society, which was widely used for the second half of the last century.[8] Then in 2004, Josef Halda's The Genus Paeonia used a classification system that was substantially different from both Stern's original work and from the newer molecular studies on the genus.[9] Since Halda failed to comment on, or even mention most of the taxonomic studies on Paeonia that were available at the time; and because his work diverges from newer molecular studies, his system has not been widely used.[10]. Most current is the work by Professor Hong De-Yuan of Beijing, in his 2010 Peonies of the World: Taxonomy and Phytogeography[11]






Hybrid classification

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A cultivated hybrid peony

Hybrid peonies can be classified by both plant growth habit and flower type. Plant growth types are Herbaceous (nonwoody), Tree (shrub), and Itoh (or "Intersectional"), which is intermediate between herbaceous and tree forms. In winter herbaceous peonies die back to their underground parts, whereas tree peonies lose their leaves but retain viable woody stems above ground. The Itoh hybrids are intermediate between herbaceous and tree forms. They are named after Toichi Itoh, who first produced a successful intersectional hybrid in 1948.[12][13]
The following sequence of flower types becomes more complex in its arrangement of petals. The flower types include Single (e.g., Athena, Scarlet O’Hara), Japanese (Nippon Beauty, Madame Butterfly), Anemone, Semi-Double (Paula Fay, Buckeye Belle), Double (Gardenia, Paul M. Wild) and Bomb-Double (Raspberry Sundae, Mons Jules Elie).[13]

Chemistry and biological activities

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Over 262 compounds have been obtained so far from the plants of Paeoniaceae. These include monoterpenoid glucosides, flavonoids, tannins, stilbenoids, triterpenoids and steroids, paeonols, and phenols.
Biological activities include antioxidant, antitumor, antipathogenic, immune-system-modulation activities, cardiovascular-system-protective activities and central-nervous-system activities.[14]

The herb known as Paeonia (Bai Shao, Radix Paeoniae Lactiflorae), in particular the root of Paeonia lactiflora has been used frequently in traditional medicines of Korea, China and Japan. Research suggests that constituents in Paeonia lactiflora - paeoniflorin and paeonol - can modulate IgE-induced scratching behaviors and mast cell degranulation.[15]

Propagation

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Paeonia caucasica
Fruit of Paeonia suffruticosa

Herbaceous and Itoh peonies are propagated by root division, and sometimes by seed. Tree peonies can be propagated by grafting, division, seed, and from cuttings, although root grafting is most common commercially.[16]

Species

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Symbolism and uses

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In this gold-engraved lacquerware food tray from the Song Dynasty (960–1279), the two long-tailed birds represent longevity, and the peony seen at the top center represents prosperity
Peony, by Chinese artist Wang Qian, Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368)
Portrait of a peony by Chinese artist Yun Shouping, 17th century

The peony is among the longest-used flowers in Eastern culture and is one of the smallest living creature national emblems in China. Along with the plum blossom, it is a traditional floral symbol of China, where the Paeonia suffruticosa is called 牡丹 (mǔdān). It is also known as 富贵花 (fùguìhuā) "flower of riches and honour" or 花王 (huawang) "king of the flowers", and is used symbolically in Chinese art.[17] In 1903, the Qing Dynasty declared the peony as the national flower. Currently, the Republic of China on Taiwan designates the plum blossom as the national flower, while the People's Republic of China has no legally designated national flower. In 1994, the peony was proposed as the national flower after a nationwide poll, but the National People's Congress failed to ratify the selection. In 2003, another selection process has begun, but to date, no choice has been made.

The ancient Chinese city Luoyang has a reputation as a cultivation centre for the peonies. Throughout Chinese history, peonies in Luoyang have been said to be the finest in the country. Dozens of peony exhibitions and shows are still held there annually.

In Japan, Paeonia lactiflora used to be called ebisugusuri ("foreign medicine"). Pronunciation of 牡丹 (peony) in Japan is "botan." In kampo (the Japanese adaptation of Chinese medicine), its root was used as a treatment for convulsions. It is also cultivated as a garden plant. In Japan Paeonia suffruticosa is called the "King of Flowers" and Paeonia lactiflora is called the "Prime Minister of Flowers."[18]

In 1957, the Indiana General Assembly passed a law to make the peony the state flower of Indiana, a title which it holds to this day. It replaced the zinnia, which had been the state flower since 1931.

Mischievous nymphs were said to hide in the petals of the Peony, giving it the meaning of Shame or Bashfulness in the Language of Flowers. While the peony takes several years to re-establish itself when moved, it blooms annually for decades once it has done so.[19]

Peonies are also extensively grown as ornamental plants for their very large, often scented flowers.

Peonies tend to attract ants to the flower buds. This is due to the nectar that forms on the outside of the flower buds, and is not required for the plants' own pollination or other growth.[20]

Peonies are a common subject in tattoos, often used along with koi-fish. The popular use of peonies in Japanese tattoo was inspired by the ukiyo-e artist Utagawa Kuniyoshi's illustrations of the Suikoden, a serialized novel from China. His paintings of warrior-heroes covered in pictorial tattoos included lions, tigers, dragons, koi fish, and peonies, among other symbols. The peony became a masculine motif, associated with a devil-may-care attitude and disregard for consequence.

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  • Unknown cultivar of Peony
    Unknown cultivar of Peony
  • A cultivar of Paeonia lactiflora
    A cultivar of Paeonia lactiflora
  • Paeonia ludlowii (syn. Paeonia lutea var. ludlowii
    Paeonia ludlowii (syn. Paeonia lutea var. ludlowii
  • Paeonia officinalis 'Rubra Plena' double-flowered cultivar
    Paeonia officinalis 'Rubra Plena' double-flowered cultivar
  • Paeonia lactiflora cultivar
    Paeonia lactiflora cultivar
  • Paeonia officinalis
    Paeonia officinalis
  • Paeonia tenuifolia
    Paeonia tenuifolia
  • Paeonia lactiflora cultivar
    Paeonia lactiflora cultivar
  • Paeonia anomala cultivar
    Paeonia anomala cultivar
  • Ant attracted to peony bud nectar
    Ant attracted to peony bud nectar
  • Peony close up top view
    Peony close up top view

Notes

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  1. ^ a b c Josef J. Halda and James W. Waddick. 2004. The genus Paeonia. Timber Press: Oregon, USA.
  2. ^ a b Michio Tamura. 2007. "Paeoniaceae". pages 265-269. In: Klaus Kubitski (editor). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants volume IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany.
  3. ^ Flowers in Greek Mythology, VALENTINE floral creations. Accessed 23 June 2008.
  4. ^ James L. Reveal. 2008 onward. "A Checklist of Family and Suprafamilial Names for Extant Vascular Plants." At: Home page of James L. Reveal and C. Rose Broome. (see External links below).
  5. ^ David J. Mabberley. 2008. Mabberley's Plant-Book.Cambridge University Press: UK.
  6. ^ Wei Wang, An-Ming Lu, Yi Ren, Mary E. Endress, and Zhi-Duan Chen. 2009. "Phylogeny and Classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 11(2):81-110.
  7. ^ Shuguang Jian, Pamela S. Soltis, Matthew A. Gitzendanner, Michael J. Moore, Ruiqi Li, Tory A. Hendry, Yin-Long Qiu, Amit Dhingra, Charles D. Bell, and Douglas E. Soltis. 2008. "Resolving an Ancient, Rapid Radiation in Saxifragales". Systematic Biology 57(1):38-57. (see External links below).
  8. ^ Stern, Frederick Claude (1946). A study of the genus Paeonia. Royal Horticultural Society.
  9. ^ Halda, Josef J. (17 September 2010). The Genus Paeonia. Timber Press (OR). ISBN 978-1-60469-246-4.
  10. ^ Smith, Donald (2009). Paeonia Newsletter http://www.yellowpeoniesandmore.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderfiles/ipov2.pdf. Retrieved 12 January 2013. {{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ Hong, De-Yuan (15 April 2010). Peonies of the World: Taxonomy and Phytogeography. Kew Pub. ISBN 978-1-84246-392-5.
  12. ^ http://www.sfgate.com/homeandgarden/pickoftheweek/article/Itoh-peony-a-cross-of-herbaceous-and-tree-types-3513956.php#ixzz2HHNnurEP
  13. ^ a b Rogers, Allen (2004). Peonies. Timber Press. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  14. ^ He, C.-N., Peng, Y., Zhang, Y.-C., Xu, L.-J., Gu, J. and Xiao, P.-G. (2010), Phytochemical and Biological Studies of Paeoniaceae. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 7: 805–838. doi:10.1002/cbdv.200800341
  15. ^ Lee B, Shin YW, Bae EA, Han SJ, et.al., effect of the root of Paeonia lactiflora and its constituents paeoniflorin and paeonol, Arch Pharm Res. 2008 Apr;31(4):445-50. PMID 18449501.
  16. ^ Coit, J. Eliot (1908). "Peony". Bulletin. 259. Cornell University: 104.
  17. ^ Terese Tse Bartholomew, Hidden Meanings in Chinese Art (San Francisco: Asian Art Museum/Chong-Moon Lee Center for Asian Art and Culture), 2006.
  18. ^ Sasaki, Sanmi. 2005. Chado: The Way of Tea: A Japanese Tea Master's Almanac. Translated from the Japanese by Shaun McCabe and Iwasaki Satoko. Boston: Tuttle. Page 247.
  19. ^ The Language of Flowers, edited by Sheila Pickles, 1990
  20. ^ "HPS Frequently Asked Questions: Ants of Peonies". Heartland Peony Society. Retrieved 2010-05-02.
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Wikispecies has information related to Paeonia.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paeonia.

Category:National symbols of China Category:Symbols of Indiana Category:Chinese gardening styles Category:Garden plants Category:Flowers Category:Plants with dehiscent fruit

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