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User:Tintero21/Roman usurpers

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The following is a list of usurpers in the Roman Empire. The term "Roman usurper" tipically refers to individuals who unsuccessfully claimed and/or attempted to usurp the throne of a ruling emperor. The ancient term was "tyrant" (Latin: tyrannus), which had negative connotation in and of itself. Usurpation was common during the whole imperial era; virtually all imperial dynasties rose to power through usurpation and conspiracies. The "imperial office" established by Augustus never defined an stable system of succession, and emperors often had to rely solely on military power to survive.

In the Eastern Roman Empire (395–1453), rebellion and usurpation were so notoriously frequent (in the vision of the medieval West, where usurpation was rare) that the modern term "byzantine" became a byword for political intrigue and conspiracy. For usurpation in the Eastern Roman Empire, see List of Byzantine usurpers.

Usurpers who became legitimate emperors

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Further information: List of Roman emperors

The following individuals began as usurpers, but became the legitimate emperor either by establishing uncontested control of the empire or by confirmation of their position by the Roman Senate or by the legitimate emperor. Emperors marked in bold are those who managed to secure the throne for themselves; all other emperors, unless noted, were murdered in office.

First civil war

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Main article: Year of the Four Emperors

Second civil war

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Main article: Year of the Five Emperors

Crisis of the Third Century

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Main articles: Year of the Six Emperors and Crisis of the Third Century

Western Empire

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The last emperors of the West were all accepted by the Senate but never recognized as colleagues by the Emperor of the East.[1]

Unsuccessful usurpers or rebels

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Individuals marked in bold are those who adopted the title of "emperor" (augustus). All "usurpers" began as rebels, but not all rebels claimed the imperial titles. In most cases, it is not known whether they attempted or intended to claim the throne. Either way, they all had the potential of becoming usurpers.

Julio-Claudian dynasty (27 BC – AD 68)

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Portrait Name Emperor Tenure Life details & notes Ref
"Pseudo-Agrippa" (Clemens) Tiberius
(r. 14–37) 		AD 16 Former slave of Agrippa Postumus, the grandson of Augustus. Pretended to be him and marched to Rome to claim the throne. [2]
L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus Claudius
(r. 41–54) 		AD 42 Consul in AD 32, appointed legate of Dalmatia in AD 41. He rebelled with the support of Vinicianus, but was killed within 5 days. [3]
L. Clodius Macer Nero
(r. 54–68)
Galba
(r. 68–69) 		c. May–October AD 68 Rebelled against Nero and proclaimed himself propraetor; continued his revolt after his death, but was put to death by Galba [4]
C. Nymphidius Sabinus c. June AD 68 Nero's Praetorian prefect, plottet usurp the throne after Nero's suicide, claiming to be the illegitimate son of Caligula. Killed by the Praetorian Guard as Galba approached Rome. [5]
"Pseudo-Nero" Otho
(r. 69) 		AD 69 In Achaia, modern Greece; the first Nero imposter. [6]
Titus
(r. 79–81) 		AD 79 A rebel named Terentius Maximus who claimed to be Nero reborn; supported by the Parthians in Syria.
Domitian
(r. 79–81) 		AD 88 An obscure figure; supported by the Parthians.
L. Antonius Saturninus Domitian
(r. 81–96) 		January 89 Governor of Germania Superior, started a rebellion in Mainz. He was killed by Lappius Maximus. [7]
C. Avidius Cassius Marcus Aurelius
(r. 161–180) 		April – July 175
(3 months and 6 days) 		Suffect consul in AD 66, governor of Syria. Declared himself emperor upon the rumor that Marcus Aurelius had died, continued his revolt even upon learning that he was alive. [8]
C. Pescennius Niger Septimius Severus
(r. 193–211) 		April 193 – April 194
(1 year) 		Proclaimed himself emperor after the murder of Pertinax and the elevation of Julianus. Killed by Septimius Severus while attempting to flee to Parthia. [9]
D. Clodius Albinus  December 195 –
19 February 197
(1 year and 2 months) 		Proclaimed emperor in April 193, but allied himself with Septimius Severus, who gave him the title of caesar (heir). Rebelled after learning of the appointment of Caracalla as Severus' new caesar. Killed at the Battle of Lugdunum. [10]

References

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  1. ^ Philip Grierson, Mark A. S. Blackburn (1986). Medieval European Coinage: With a Catalogue of the Coins in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Cambridge University Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-521-26009-1.
  2. ^ Cassius Dio Roman History 57:16
  3. ^ OCD, p. 169 (online); Kienast, p. 87.
  4. ^ OCD, p. 336 (online).
  5. ^ OCD, p. 1027 (online); Kienast, p. 96.
  6. ^ Hilhorst, Anthony; Kooten, George H. van (2018). The Wisdom of Egypt. BRILL. p. 180. ISBN 978-90-474-0767-6.
  7. ^ OCD, p. 114 (online); Kienast, p. 113.
  8. ^ OCD, p. 216 (online); Kienast, pp. 138–139.
  9. ^ OCD, p. 1116 (online); Kienast, pp. 153–154.
  10. ^ OCD, p. 337 (online); Kienast, pp. 154–155.

Bibliographgy

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