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Early Life

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Kardashev was born in Moscow in 1932[1] to a family of professional revolutionaries involved with the Bolshevik Party. His father, Semen Karlovich Brike, was a prominent member of the party; his mother, Nina Nikolaevna Kardasheva, later joined as well, before the 1917 October Revolution. In 1937 and 1938 (during Stalin’s repressions), both of his parents were arrested. His father was ultimately shot. His mother was forced into labor camps and would not be released for many years.[2] Due to his parents’ absence, he was sent to an orphanage, where he then was taken by his mother’s sister after a great deal of effort. His aunt then died during WWII when he was 16 years old and he then had to live on his own in a large communal flat.[1] His mother was released in 1956, at which point Nikolai had completed university.[2]

His interest in astronomy began while in 5th grade, where he would attend a hobby group at the Moscow Planetarium.[2]

Education

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Kardashev was accepted to Moscow State University (Russian abbreviation MGU) in the department of Mathematics and Physics. He focused his studies on radio astronomy, a field which was new and constantly developing. After graduation in 1955, he worked in Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow, where he got his PhD by 1962.[2][1]

Career

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In 1964, Kardashev published “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations.” This work established a means for classifying civilizations based on their level of power consumption, spanning 20 orders of magnitude. This scale known as Kardashev Scale.[3]

Kardashev joined the Space Research Institute (Russian abbreviation IKI) of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union in 1967. He became deputy director of the IKI in 1977. In 1978, Kardashev started a project called the Space VLBI mission RadioAstron. This mission covered more than 30 years and was finally launched in 2011, becoming one of the highlights of modern observational astrophysics. During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, he became the director of the Astro Space Center of the Lebedev Physical Institute.[4]

Discoveries

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    1. VLBI - Very Long Baseline Interferometry[3]
      1. This replaced conventional radio transmission lines with magnetic tape recordings. Demonstrated in 1967[3]
  2. Awards and Honors
    1. 1980 - USSR State Prize [5]
    2. 1988 - Shared the USSR's State Prize for the discovery of Radio Recombination Lines.[3]
    4. In 2012, Nikolai received the Grote Reber Gold Medal for innovative lifetime contributions to radio astronomy.[3]
  3. Published Works
    1. 1963 - "Candidate of Science" dissertation, later promoted to higher level of doctoral thesis.[3]
    2. 1964 - “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations”[3]
      1. Presented the classification of civilizations based on their level of power consumption spanning 20 orders of magnitude. Became known as Kardashev Scale.[3]

Organizations & His Role in Them[6][7][3]

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  1. International Astronomical Union:[6]
    1. Vice-President of Executive Committee (1997-2003)[6]
    2. Vice-President of Commission 51 Bio-Astronomy (1982-1991)[6]
    3. Organizing Committee Member of Commission 40 Radio Astronomy (1967-1985)[6]
    4. Member of Division B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science (2019)[6]
    5. Member of Division F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology (2019)[6]
    6. Member of Commission 40 Radio Astronomy (2015)[6]
    7. Member of Commission 51 Bio-Astronomy (2015)[6]
    8. Member of Division III Planetary Systems Sciences (2012)[6]
    9. Member of Division X Radio Astronomy (2012)[6]
    10. Member of Special Nominating Committee (2000-2003)[6]
  2. USSR Academy of Sciences, Division of General Physics and Astronomy:[7]
    1. Corresponding (associate) member (December 12th 1976)[7]
    2. Full Member (March 21st 1994)[7]
    3. Served as chair of the Russian Academy of Sciences Council on Astronomy (1999-death)[7]
  3. Committee on Space Research[3]
    1. Vice President of the Committee for Space Research from 1982-1986.[3]

Scientific Career

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  1. Discoveries
    1. Kardashev scale - 1964[3]
    2. VLBI - Very Long Baseline Interferometry[3]
      1. This replaced conventional radio transmission lines with magnetic tape recordings. Demonstrated in 1967[3]
  2. Awards and Honors
    1. 1988 - Shared the USSR's State Prize for the discovery of Radio Recombination Lines.[3]
    2. In 2012, Nikolai received the Grote Reber Gold Medal for innovative lifetime contributions to radio astronomy.[3]
  3. Published Works
    1. 1963 - "Candidate of Science" dissertation, later promoted to higher level of doctoral thesis.[3]
    2. 1964 - “Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations”[3]
      1. Presented the classification of civilizations based on their level of power consumption spanning 20 orders of magnitude. Became known as Kardashev Scale.[3]

Film Career[8]

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  1. His first connection with the film industry was in 1981. He was asked to be a consultant on the set of Petyla Oriona a Russian tv series documentary.[8]
  2. Played himself in a tv show episode on the documentary series "Spaces Deepest Secrets" in 2018.[8]
  3. Played himself in a tv show episode on the documentary series "Horizon" in 2018.[8]


Extraterrestrial Research

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  1. May have predicted the existence of pulsars before they were officially discovered.[2]
  2. ‘Transmission of Information by Extraterrestrial Civilizations'[2]


Death

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  1. Passed away on August 3rd 2019 at the age of 87.[1]
  1. ^ a b c d "Astrophysics Legend Nikolai Kardashev, Civilization Ranking Scale Author, Died Age 87". asgardia.space. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  2. ^ a b c d e f "ShieldSquare Captcha". doi:10.3367/UFNe.0182.201206i.0677. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s I. Gurvits Leonid Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Dwingeloo; Y. Kovalev Yuri Astro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow; G. Edwards Philip CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Marsfield (2019-12-16). "Nikolai Kardashev". Physics Today. 2019 (4o): 1216a. Bibcode:2019PhT..2019R...4.. doi:10.1063/PT.6.4o.20191216a.
  4. ^ Gurvits, Leonid I.; Kovalev Yuri, Yuri Y.; Edwards, Philip G. (2019-12-16). "Nikolai Kardashev". Physics Today. 2019 (4o). Leonid I. Gurvits (Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC, Dwingeloo, and Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands) - Yuri Y. Kovalev (Astro Space Center of Lebedev Physical Institute, Moscow, and Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia, and Max-Planck-Institut fuer Radioastronomie, Bonn, Germany) - Philip G. Edwards (CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Marsfield, Australia): 1216a. Bibcode:2019PhT..2019R...4.. doi:10.1063/PT.6.4o.20191216a.
  5. ^ [lenta.ru/news/2019/08/04/kardashev/ "Academician Nikolai Kardashev dies"]. Lenta.Ru (in Russian). Rambler Media Group. 4 August 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2020. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "International Astronomical Union | IAU". www.iau.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Nikolai Kardashev, 1932-2019 | METI International". meti.org. Retrieved 2020-04-28.
  8. ^ a b c d "Nikolai Kardashev". IMDb. Retrieved 2020-04-28.

Loxley Economic Development

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https://www.prweek.com/article/1241494/campaigns-groundbreaking-event---ace-digs-local-support-store https://www.wkrg.com/baldwin-county/aldi-to-build-loxley-distribution-facility-add-spanish-fort-foley-stores/ https://www.bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2002/03/25/daily34.html https://www.fox10tv.com/news/chinese-manufacturing-company-brings-us-headquarters-to-loxley/article_69b9b06a-b082-5d5c-af52-27450f02b7f9.html https://www.homeworldbusiness.com/arizona-expansion-will-help-lift-aldi-past-2000-u-s-stores/

Railway map

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Launceston Steam Railway
Legend
 North Cornwall Railway to Halwill Junction
Launceston
Mill leat
River Kensey
Farm Crossing
Hunt's Crossing
Farm Crossing
Canna Park
Newmills
North Cornwall Railway to Padstow

This is a route-map template for the Launceston Steam Railway, a UK railway.

Note: Per consensus and convention, most route-map templates are used in a single article in order to separate their complex and fragile syntax from normal article wikitext. See these discussions [1],[2] for more information.


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