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Xiān Kingdoms 暹國 (Chinese) Xiān Guó
c.11th century–1438
Capital	Phetchaburi (1205–1351) Suphan Buri (1349–1424)
Common languages	Old Thai
Religion	Theravada Buddhism
Government	Mandala kingdom City-state confederation (11th century–1351) Mandala federation (1351–1438)
Monarch
Historical era	Post-classical era
• Decline of Dvaravati	11th century
• First mentioned in Chinese sources	1178
• Siam dominant of Ligor	Late 13th century
• Joined confederative with Lavo	1351
• Annexed of Suphan Buri and Sukhothai to Ayutthaya	1438
• Demoted of Ligor to Rattanakosin's province	1782
Preceded by Succeeded by Dvaravati Siam city-states Ayutthaya Kingdom
Today part of	Thailand Malaysia Myanmar

Xiān (Chinese: 暹) or Siam (Thai: สยาม) was a confederation of maritime-oriented port polities along the present Bay of Bangkok, including Ayodhya, Suphannabhum, and Phip Phli, as well as Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor), which became Siam in the late 13th century. Previous research suggested that the Xiān mentioned in Chinese dynasty records was Sukhothai, but this presupposition has recently been rebutted.

Xiān was formed from city-states on the east Chao Phraya plain after the decline of Dvaravati in the 11th century. In 1178, the region was mentioned in the term San-lo 三濼, as recorded in the Chinese Lingwai Daida.

Xiān or Siam, which was also recorded as Suphan Buri and Nakhon Si Thammarat in the late 13th century, joined the federative with Lavo in 1351; this led to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom with the federal seat at Ayutthaya. Suphan Buri was completely annexed into the Ayutthaya Kingdom in 1438, whereas Nakhon Si Thammarat maintained its vassal status throughout the Ayutthaya and Thonburi eras with short periods of independence and was demoted to Rattanakosin's province in 1782.

Location

As described in the Chinese Daoyi Zhilüe, Xiān was surrounded by height mountains and deep valleys and was not located in the infertile land, which made the polities have to depend upon the neighbor Luó hú (Lavo) for the rice supply. It supports the people with commerce. Several studies propose that Xiān might refer to the Suphannabhum Kingdom centered in the present Suphanburi Province as some tributary missions sent to the Chinese in the Hongwu era were done under the name of King of Su-men-bang 蘇門邦 of Xiānluó hú, in which the term Su-men-bang has been identified with Suphanburi. In 1295, an envoy led by Xian's king Gan-mu-ding from Pi-ch'a-pu-li, which identified with Phetchaburi, visit the Chinese court. These correspond with the Chinese The Customs of Cambodia by Zhou Daguan in 1296–1297, who records that Xiān is on the southwest of Chenla.

In the Jinakalamali, a local Pali chronicle of the northern Thai principality of Lan Na (Chiang Mai) mentions siam-desa and siam-rattha refer to the "area (desa) or state (rattha) of Siam," which one passage further identifies as the Sukhothai region.

History

Early perception

Prince Damrong, who constructed a unilinear system of Thai history that was previously generally acknowledged in school textbooks, proposed in 1914 that the history of Thais in Siam proper began with establishing the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238. This first Siamese kingdom was succeeded by Ayutthaya, Thonburi, and Rattanakosin. His works were eventually translated and edited in 1924 by Cœdès, who made this theory proliferated through his influential writings, such as The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. However, the equation that Xian was long-believed Sukhothai was contested in 1989 by Tatsuro Yamamoto, who proposes that the term "Xian 暹" found in Dade Nanhai-zhi during the era of the Yuan Dynasty (1297–1307) was probably another polity politically superior to Sukhothai. Several modern studies also declined the theory that Sukhothai was the first independent Siam polities.

Chinese records

As Xiān: 13th–14th century

Xiān was first mentioned in Chinese record Yuán Shǐ 元史 in 1278 when Yuan dynasty sent He Zi-zhi 何子志, a commander with 10,000 households, as an emmissary to Xian but they were detained by Champa. Xiān was on the list of the entities that Kublai Khan prepared to conquer, together with Lavo and several kingdoms on the Malay peninsular, Sumatra, South India, and Ceylon after his final conquest of China in 1279.

Ten years later, the first tribute sent to China by Xian was mentioned in 1292. The Chinese court dispatched emissaries to persuade Xian to submit the following year, but Xian refused. It is recorded that an imperial order was issued again to summon and persuade the king of Xian in 1294.

Due to such a persistent persuasion, the king of Xian named Gan-mu-ding (Kamrateng, กมรเต็ง) from Pi-ch'a-pu-li city (Phip Phli; present Phetchaburi) personally appeared at the Chinese court to present the tribute with a golden plate in 1295. The tribute was sent from Xian again the following year. In 1297, emissaries from Xian, Luó hú (羅斛, Lavo), and Jambi (Srivijaya) were recorded. In 1299, both Xian and Sù gǔ chí (速古漦, Sukhothai) sent tribute to China. These last two records indicate that Xian is not Sukhothai and the polities in the Chao Phraya River basin at that time consisted of at least 3 polities, including Lavo, Sukhothai, and Xian.

In 1304, the Dade Nanhai-zhi 大德南海志 mentions that Sù gū dǐ (速孤底, Sukhothai) rely on Xian: "Xian controlled Shàng shuǐ and Sù gū dǐ" ("Xiān guó guǎn Shàng shuǐ sù gū dǐ; 暹国管：上水速孤底"). This makes Tatsuro assume that Sukhothai was controlled by Xian. However, a Thai academic, Keatkhamjorn Meekanon, proposes that Sukhothai may have had to use Xian to export. Xian additionally sent tribute to China in April and July 1314, 1319, and the last one in 1323. As described in Daoyi Zhilüe (1351), the export items of Xian included sappanwood, tin, chaulmoorgra, ivory, and kingfisher feathers.

Xian appearing in Chinese dynastic history is found in the biography of Chen-yi-zhong in the Sung-shi. It reads, “In the 19th year of the Zhi-yuan 至元 era (1282–83) the Great Army attacked Champa and [Chen] Yi-zhong fled to Xian, where he died eventually.” Chen-yi-zhong was a defeated minister of the Southern Sung Dynasty who tried unsuccessfully to find a haven in Champa, which was eventually invaded by the Yuan army. Chen’s subsequent flight to Xian might suggest that Xian was a commercially flourishing port in the post-Srivijayan Southeast Asian trade order, where the Southern Sung Dynasty minister could find a settlement of compatriots.

Another term San-lo 三濼 in the Lingwai Daida, written in 1178, is believed to have been an early Chinese attempt to transcribe the name of the country or the people of the upper and central Menam, which Khmer inscriptions had called Syam and which the Chinese were soon to call Xiān and Xiānluó.

As Xiānluó hú/ Xiānluó: 14th century

Main article: Ayutthaya Kingdom

According to the Daoyi Zhilüe, Luó hú (Lavo) annexed Xiān in 1349; this was consistent with the establishment of Ayutthaya, which was said to be formed by the merging of Lavo and Siam's Suphan Buri. The new polity was recorded by the Chinese as Xiānluó hú 暹羅斛 and was later shortened to Xiānluó 暹羅. This confederative performed 41 tributary missions to the Chinese court during the Hongwu era, 33 in the name of Xiānluó hú and as Xiānluó for the remaining.

People

Further information: Tai peoples, Thai people, and Peopling of Thailand

Image in the Angkor Wat, dated to the early 12th century, shows Siamese mercenaries, who later become a major rival of the Angkor.

Chart shows the peopling of modern Thailand, in which the government policies during the late 1930s and early 1940s resulted in the successful forced assimilation of various ethnolinguistic groups into the country's dominant Central Thai (Siam).

Xian or Siam people are described as maritime-oriented groups as said in Chinese Daoyi Zhilüe:

Its people are aggressive. Whenever they see another country in a state of disorder, they immediately dispatch as many as one hundred ships full of sago to invade it. Recently more than seventy ships invaded Tanmayang (identified as far as Tumasik, or Singapore).

— Wang Dayuan, Daoyi Zhilüe p. 155 (1351)

At the end of the 13th century, an emerging Xian seems to have started a southward advance to the cost of the Malay peninsular. The well-known Chinese imperial admonition issued in the year 1295 well reflects such a move, reading “do not harm Ma-li-yü-êrh (Melayu). The maritime Xian also attacked Samudera Pasai Sultanate on Sumatra probably between 1299–1310, but failed. The troops might have been launched by the southernmost Xian of Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom with either Takua Thalang or Trang or Syburi/Kedah as the navy bases.

In the The Customs of Cambodia written by Zhou Daguan, who visited Zhenla as part of an official diplomatic delegation during 1296–1297, also referred to Siam people as:

In recent years people from Siam have come to live in Cambodia, and unlike the locals, they engage in silk production. The mulberry trees they grow and the silkworms they raise all come from Siam. (They have no ramie, either, only hemp.) They themselves weave the silk into clothes made of a black, patterned satiny silk. Siamese women do know how to stitch and darn, so when local people have torn or damaged clothing they ask them to do the mending.

— Zhou Daguan, The Customs of Cambodia (1296–1297)

The term Siam, whose origin remains disputed, first occurs as syam in Old Khmer inscriptions of the 7th century. It is probably a toponym referring to some location in the lower Chao Phraya Basin. In surviving inscriptions of this period, syam occurs four times to designate female slaves ("ku syam", Inscriptions K557 (dated 611 CE), K127 (683 CE), K154 (685 CE), and K904 (713 CE)) and once to identify a landlord-official ("pon syam"), who donates rice fields to a temple (K79 639 CE). In one case syam occurs in a list where the preceding entry has the word vrau in the same sentence position (K127). The term vrau has been considered the name of an ethnolinguistic minority group, possibly ancestors of the modem Bru or Brau people. Therefore, syam may have similarly functioned at that time, perhaps as a toponym that could also be used to refer to people of the area.

Siam later occurs in slave lists on inscriptions of the Champa and Khmer kingdoms, dated in the 11th and 12th centuries. From about the same period there is also a well-known bas relief panel of Angkor Wat showing mercenaries of the Khmer army, who are identified as syam-kuk, perhaps "of the land of Siam." One cannot be certain what ethnolinguistic group these mercenaries belonged to, but many scholars have thought them to be Siam people. At about the same time (from AD 1120 onwards) in Pagan to the west syam occurs over twenty times in Old Mon and Burmese inscriptions. One syam reference is to Saṁbyaṅ an Old Mon title for a high government official, but the term mainly occurs in lists of temple slaves, both male and female. Some Syaṁ are identified by occupation, such as dancers, weavers, or carpenters.

The people in the early Xian proper—based on inscriptions dated to the Dvaravati period, found in the area together with the existing Dvaravati evidence—were probably the Buddism Mon. The migration of the Tai-speaking people from the north to the Chao Phraya River basin happened around the 9th century. It was speculated that the trade interaction between the polities as well as the intermarriage caused a language assimilation among the people in this area.

Political entities

Phip Phli

According to the Chinese records, the early Xian or Siam probably consisted of at least two main polities, including Phip Phli, which sent emissaries to the Yuan dynasty during the late 13th century to the early 14th century, and Su-men-bang (Suphannabhum), which later joined Lavo in the Ayutthaya Kingdom formation. Ligor became Siam proper after the preceding Tambralinga fall due to the losses in the 1247–70 wars in Sri Lanka, the 1268–69 invasion of the Javanese Singhasari, and the 1270 plague. It was revived by the Siam people from Phip Phli and evolved to the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom.

Although archaeological studies specify that the region was once a vibrant trading spot controlling long-distance maritime trade between the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea since the beginning of the 1st millennium, the historical records about them were rarely found, and most of the existing evidence is local legends. The ancient entities mentioned in the Chinese records potentially located in the region are the five cities of Tun Sun and its northern neighbor Jinlin.

In 1002–1050, the Prince of Tambralinga seized the throne of Cambodia and conquered the Mons of the Menam and the peninsula.

Ayodhya

Further information: Ayutthaya Kingdom and Lavo Kingdom

Discovering an inscription in Khmer, dated 937, in Ayuthia (Ayutthaya), suggests that a Khmer dynasty may have been ruling in that region for some time before that date, as said in local legend......

Ayodhya has been existing before the formation of Ayutthaya Kindom. no later than during the Loe Thai reign. (1298–1323). In northern chronicles, also mentioned Ayodhya (1134). At that time, Ayutthaya may have been a city that flourished academically but had no political power.

Jean Boisselier proposes that after the fall of Mueang Uthong, the people possibly moved to settle in the present Ban Rai Rot (บ้านไร่รถ) in Don Chedi district, north of Suphanburi. King Uthong might have originated there, as antiques founded in the area are dated to Lavo continued to the early Ayutthaya periods, whereas Ban Sala Khao (บ้านศาลาขาว) in Mueang Suphan Buri district was suggested by a Thai scholar, Srisakra Vallibhotama.

According to the legend of Nakhon Si Thammarat, the quarrel between Tambralinga and Ayodhya over the territories claimed happened in 1179–80. The wars ended with negotiation and form an ally; the area north of the present-Bang Saphan, which included Phetchaburi, belonged to Ayodhya, and the remaining south was of Tambralinga. This is in accord with Lawrence P. Briggs who speculates that the relationships between Tambralinga and the Tai leaders in the north of the Kra Isthmus have begun in the 12th–13th centuries.

The fact that it was rated as a dependency at the beginning of Jayavarman VII's reign seems to indicate that up to that time, it had not formed an integral part of Cambodia, as it probably never did. because sending embassy to China.

The six vassals (San-lo, Lavo, Chen-li-fu, Po-ssu-lan, Ma-lo-wen, Tambralinga) mentioned above, most of which were brought into the Khmer Empire by Suryavarman I (r.1006-1050), were probably brought into closer relations by Jayavarman VII (r.1181-1218).

The following is a list of legendary rulers of Ayodhya before King Narai (พระนารายณ์) set it the Lavo's seat in 1082.

1. 5555
2. 6666
3. 7777

Phip Phli

Phetchaburi or Phip Phli was a former political entity that existed before 1351 on the coast of the Bay of Bangkok, west of central Thailand. It was established around the 7th century during the Dvaravati period as an important maritime-oriented port on the ancient trade route between India and China.

In the 12th century was possibly became under the Angkorian control and was later absorbed into the emerging Siam's Sukhothai and later formed part of the Ayutthaya kingdom from 1351, when it functioned as a significant fortified frontier town against the Burmese.

History Ph

Earlt settlements

Human settlement in Phetchaburi dates back to the prehistoric era, according to archaeological evidence found in caves and rock shelters, such as Ban Nong Fab in the west of Tha Yang district, and Tham Fa Tho in Mueang district. Several settlements dating to the Metal Age in the late prehistoric period have been discovered on the plains and coastal area. Prominent archaeological sites from the Iron Age include Ban Khok Phrik, an ancient community established on a large hummock along the coastline in Khung Krathin sub-district, Mueang district, Ratchaburi. This community performed burial rituals, established relationships with other communities at important regional mineral sites, and had maritime connections with faraway communities for bartering foreign goods.

Trade ties with other communities in faraway lands from the late Metal Age onwards contributed to the formation of large communities on fertile alluvial plains. These components made the location suitable for cultivation and settlement, as evidenced by archaeological sites and religious monuments from the Dvaravati period. The communities in this region were influenced by the expansion of the ancient Khmer civilization, especially the Phetchaburi River basin, where traces of the ancient monument of Wat Kamphaenglaeng were discovered in Mueang district, Phetchaburi province. The sanctuary features ogival, lotus bud-shaped towers made of laterite, adorned with stucco motifs, and encircled by laterite walls. It is hypothesized that the sanctuary was possibly the city of Sri Jaya Vachara Puri, mentioned in the Preah Khan inscription, which dates to the reign of King Jayavarman VII. During that time, both Ratchaburi and Phetchaburi might have functioned as port cities that connected several far-off communities.

The cities of Ratchaburi and Phetchaburi took on a crucial role in subsequent eras such as the Ayutthaya period. Ratchaburi was a major border town that fought in wars with Burma, and artistic evidence discovered there shows some relation to Ayutthaya art, for instance, the main sanctuary of Wat Mahathatworawihan. Phetchaburi was a hub that linked cities in the Chao Phraya River basin with coastal cities in the south and was also an important port city where merchant vessels lay at anchor before sailing to the capital or major southern cities (Figure 1). These significant roles of the two cities lasted until the Rattanakosin period.

Although no traces of Dvaravati-style communities have been found in the Phetchaburi River basin, many historic sites and artefacts dating to the Dvaravati Period (6th-11th centuries), including Buddha statues and sculptures of the Wheel of Dhamma, were found scattered in the area.

In Ban Lat district, traces of buildings and stone statues were recovered at Ban Nong Phra in Ban Lat district and pieces of earthenware, moulds of Buddha statues and glass beads in Noen Pho Yai. Traces of human settlement and historic sites were found near Khao Krajiew of Tha Yang district, while ruins of a large religious building were uncovered in Thung Setthi, Cha-am district.

There is no clear evidence to confirm the year of the establishment of Phetchaburi. However, the base of Wat Maha That main stupa is made of large bricks in the Dvaravati art style. The long corncob top of the pagoda is in the Ayutthaya style. This temple also has a large red sandstone Buddha statue in the pre-Ayutthaya U Thong art form. Given such evidence, Phetchaburi must have been founded before the Ayutthaya period -- possibly when Buddhism spread from Ceylon via the southern city of Nakhon Si Thammarat.

Apart from learning about local history through art, visitors should taste the town's famous khao chae and local desserts, especially khanom mor kaeng (Thai-style custard). Beachgoers will love the sandy Chao Samran, Puek Tian and Cha-am beaches. In all, Phetchaburi has almost everything from art and culture to nature and delicious food to offer visitors.

According to the Chinese record during the Yuan dynasty, the king of Xian named Gan-mu-ding (Kamrateng, กมรเต็ง) from Pi-ch'a-pu-li city (Phip Phli; present Phetchaburi) visit the Chinese court in 1295 to present the tribute as China requested since 1293. This potentially specifies that Xian mentioned in the records was centered in the present Phetchaburi during the late 13th to the early 14th centuris.

Together with several cities in the west-central Thailand, the city of Phetchaburi was mentioned as Srijayavajrapuri in the Jayavarman VII inscription (Preah Khan inscription), which was engraved by his son Veerakumar (วีรกุมาร), but the texts do not provide any political exercise among them, only subjugating of some little former ally states were mentioned, including Ts'an-pan (southern Battambang), Chen-li-fu (Chanthaburi) and Teng-liu-mei (Tambralinga). However, some Bayon-style architectures, which were limited to the Jayavarman VII era, were found, such as Wat Kamphaeng Laeng's shrine.

List of rulers

Rulers		Clan	Reign	Notes/Contemporary events
Romanized name	Thai name
Katae	กาแต	Pagan dynasty	1165–1205	Pagan's king Saw Lu lineage
Phanom Thale Sri	พนมทะเลศรี	Phetchaburi	Unknown
Phanomchaisiri	พนมไชยศิริ	Phetchaburi	Unknown
Intharacha	อินทราชา	Phetchaburi	Unknown
The region was possibly under the influence of the Ankorian's king Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218)
Sam	เจ้าสาม	Phetchaburi	1205–?	Son of Lavo Ayodhya's king Uthong I (r. 1205–1253)
Chaiyasiri?
Kamrateng "Gan-mu-ding"	กมรเต็ง		1295
Worachet	เจ้าวรเชษฐ์	Sai Nam Phueng (สายน้ำผึ้ง)	1325–1344
Uthong II	อู่ทอง	–	1344–1351	Luó hú (Lavo) annexed Xiān in 1349;

Notes

Origin of Ayodhya–Phetchaburi clan

Currently, there are two contested theories regarding the origin of the Ayodhya–Phetchaburi clan, which was later known as the Uthong dynasty after the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. 1. From Chiang Sean, and 2. from Lavo.

Suphannabhum

Suphannabhum Kingdom แคว้นสุพรรณภูมิ (Thai) Kwaen Suphannabhum
c. mid-12th century–1438
Monarch
• Unknown (first)	Phra Chao Uthong
• 1408–1424 (last)	Chao Ai Phraya
Historical era	Post-classical era
• Establishment	Mid-12 century
• Tributary of Sukhothai	1283
• Declared Independent	1298
• Foundation of Ayutthaya	1351
• Claimed Ayutthaya throne	1370
• Lost Ayutthaya to Lavo	1388
• Reclaimed Ayutthaya	1424
• Annexed to Ayutthaya	1438
• First Fall of Ayutthaya	1569
Preceded by Succeeded by Lavo Phetchaburi Dvaravati Ayutthaya Kingdom
Today part of	Thailand

Suphannabhum or Suvarnbhumi; later known as Suphan Buri (Thai: สุพรรณภูมิ or สุพรรณบุรี) was a group of the city-states, that emerged in the early "Siam proper" which stretched from present-day west central Thailand to the north of the Kra Isthmus, with key historical sites at Uthong, Nakhon Pathom, Suphan Buri, and Ban Don Ta Phet. Suphannabhum became the center of Xiān no later than 1349, when Xiān was defeated by Luó hú (Lavo) and the tribute sent to China under the name of Xiānluó hú (Siam-Lavo) was led by King of Su-men-bang, in which Su-men-bang has been identified with Suphanburi.

In the era of Ankorian king Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218), an inscription called Prasat Phra Khan (จารึกปราสาทพระขรรค์) was made. Among others, the name Suvarnapura is mentioned, which has been identified with Suphanburi. However, few historical sources on the sociopolitics of the Menam Valley from the 6th to 11th centuries were found. This is most likely owing to the change in maritime trade routes, which no longer need to cross the Kra Isthmus as before 500 C.E., as well as the degradation of paper, which is more favored as a recording material in the Buddhist-dominated area.

Suphannabhum History

According to the local legends, Suphannabhum is the succeeding state of an ancient port city of Mueang Uthong, which evolved into complex state societies around 300 C.E. Since the river leading to the sea was dried up in places, shallow, and consequently not navigable, and also due to some pandemics, Uthong lost its influence as the trading hub; the city was then abandoned around the 11th century and the people then moved to resettle in the present day Suphanburi. This timeline corresponds with that the Tambralinga's king Sujita seized Lavo and was said to conquer the Mons of the Menam Valley and the upper Malay peninsula in the 10th century, the 9-year civil wars in the Angkor in the early 11th century, which led to the devastation of Lavo, as well as the Pagan invasion of Lavo around the mid-11th century.

After the end of the ancient maritime-oriented port era and the decline of Dvaravati, Suphannabhum then emerged around the mid-12th century following the prosperity of Lavo Kingdom and the Ankorian during the reign of Jayavarman VII and the influx of people from the north. This has been supported by several ancient ruins in the area that were dated before the Ayutthaya period; two of them were the Ankorian Bayon style and the other two were the Indian Pala-Sena architects, which were also found in Lavo, Pagan, and Haripuñjaya. Suphannabhum gradually controlled the economy of all Tha Chin Rivers and raised its power until being annexed to the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1283, as recorded in the Ram Khamhaeng Inscription.

After the death of Sukhothai's Ram Khamhaeng in 1298, several tributary states of Sukhothai, which included Suphannabhum, began to break away rapidly. Via Royal intermarriage, Suphannabhum united with the eastern neighboring Lavo Kingdom, to establish a confederated polity seat in Ayodhya in 1351. Suphannabhum gained recognition in the mid-13th century when the state leaders named ‘Khun Laung Pao Ngouy’ (later Ayutthaya's Borommarachathirat I) and ‘Jao Nakhon In’ (later Ayutthaya's Intharacha) extended their political economy influence to Ayutthaya.

In the early Ayutthaya period, Suphannabhum was ruled by the Ayutthaya's crown princes. It was demoted to the frontier city and was completely annexed to Ayutthaya in 1438.

Loe Thai □ Uthong □ Baromaraja I Princess Lithai Ramesuan Thong Lan Sri Thephahurat Intharacha I Princess Luethai Ramracha Chao Sam Phraya Devi Saileuthai Trailok Phaya Ram Boromapan

Left chart shows the royal intermarriage between the Suphannabhum dynasty of Suphan Buri and the Uthong dynasty of Lavo Kingdom, which led to the formation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom. The close connection between the Suphannabhum dynasty and the Sukhothai dynasty has also been observed.   Uthong dynasty of Lavo   Suphannabhum dynasty of Suphanburi   Phra Ruang (Sukhothai) dynasty of Sukhothai

Suphannabhum clan origin

The origin of the Suphannabhum dynasty remains unclear. Previous scholars believed that the first king of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, later called by modern historians King Uthong, once ruled the city of Uthong, but the theory has been proven to be false. It was expected that Khun Laung Pho Ngouy, who was later known as the 3rd Ayutthaya' king Borommarachathirat I, might have lineage from Sukhothai as he married to a princess in Sukhothai's Loe Thai and royal intermarriages between his descendants and the Sukhothai dynasty happened multiple times.

Local legends say Khun Laung Pho Ngouy is a descendant of Khun In (ขุนอิน), while the Ayutthaya Kingdom's 1st king, Uthong, is a descendant of Khun Kham Phong (ขุนคำผง) who found Yonok Nahaphan as the center of the Singhanavati Kingdom. Both Khun In and Khun Kham Phong are two of seven sons of Khun Borom, a legendary progenitor of the Southwestern Tai-speaking peoples. Simon de la Loubère's record, Du royaume de Siam, refers to the first Siamese king as a descendant of Chaiyasiri, son of a legendary King Phrom of the Singhanavati clan.

Lists of rulers

Rulers		Clan	Reign	Notes/Contemporary events
Romanized name	Thai name
The region was possibly under the influence of the Ankorian's king Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218)
Unknown				Suphan Buri was listed as a tributary state of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1283. Suphan Buri became independent in 1298.
Phra Chao Uthong	พระเจ้าอู่ทอง			Father of Khun Laung Pho Ngouy. Father-in-law of the 1st Ayutthaya's king, Uthong. (r.1351–1369)
Phraya Uthong	พระยาอู่ทอง		?–1351
Khun Laung Pho Ngouy (formerly Wattidet)	ขุนหลวงพ่องั่ว/วัตติเดช	Suphannaphum	1351–1370	Foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351) Later became the 3rd Ayutthaya's king, Borommarachathirat I. (r.1370–1388)
Sri Thephahurat?	ศรีเทพาหูราช?	Suphannaphum	1370–1374	Younger brother or son of Borommarachathirat I, and also Chao Nakhon In's father or relatives. Born into the Suphannaphum dynasty father and Sukhothai dynasty mother.
Chao Nakhon In Zhao Lu-qun Ying	เจ้านครอินทร์	Suphannaphum	1374–1408	Also the crown prince of Xiānluó. Later became the 6th Ayutthaya's king, Intharacha. (r.1408–1424; offered crown) Sent several tributes to China, sometimes in the name of Suphanburi. An emissary Zhao Xi-li Zhi from Xiānluó visit China in 1374. The crown prince, Zhao Lu-qun Ying, as Xiānluó's envoy, visit China in 1377. King Can-lie Bao Pi-ya Si-li Duo-luo-lu of Xiānluó sent Ya-la-er Wen-zhi-li and others to present the tribute to China in 1379. Ya-la-er Wen-zhi-li was sent by the crown prince to China in 1389. The minister Nai Po-lang-zhi-shi-ti and others were sent by the crown prince to China in January 1396. Death of Xiānluó's king Can-lie Bao Pi-ya Si-li Duo-luo-lu. In 8 February 1396, Zhao Da and Zhu Fu were sent by China to offer sacrifices for the deceased king and authenticate Zhao Lu-qun Ying as the successor. Zhao Lu-qun Ying as the Su-men-bang Prince sent envoy to China in 1398.
Chao Ai Phraya	เจ้าอ้ายพระยา	Suphannaphum	1408–1424	Son of the previous, Chao Nakhon In, and older brother of the 7th Ayutthaya's king Borommarachathirat II.

Notes

Legendary

The political context of the Suphannabhum region before the 13th century is almost solely based on local legends, which provide details regarding the fall of ancient cities, the formation of Ayutthaya, the migrants of the north, as well as relations with neighboring polities, which are extracted into each subject below.

Subject	Details
Foundation and fall of Nakhon Pathom (probable centered of Dvaravati)	ตัวอย่าง
Fall of Mueang Uthong and foundation of Suphanburi	ตัวอย่าง
Territory disputed with Nakhon Si Thammarat	The quarrel between Tambralinga and Ayodhya over the territories claimed happened in 1179–80. The wars ended with negotiation and form an ally; the area north of the present-Bang Saphan, which included Phetchaburi and Suphanburi, belonged to Ayodhya, and the remaining south was of Tambralinga. Ayodhya troops were led by either King Uthong or his father, Phichaithep Chiang Saen (พิชัยเทพเชียงแสน). (The Legend of Nakhon Si Thammarat)
Fall of Mueang Uthong and foundation of Ayutthaya	Due to the plague, king Uthong of Mueang Uthong moved the city to Ayutthaya. (Suphanburi local version of "The Legend of Uthong")
Foundation of Ayutthaya	Ayutthaya's king Uthong is of the lineage of Kaerk (พระยาแกรก) who ruled a city with unknown name. The 3rd king had no prince, his princess then married an aristocrat named Uthong who was later enthroned as the new king. Due to the plague, the city was then moved to Ayutthaya. (The Northern Chronicle)
	Ayutthaya's king Uthong is the son-in-law of King Sirichai Chiang Saen who passed the throne to him. Due to the plague, Uthong moved to found Ayutthaya. (Story King Mongkut given to an American Missionary, Dr. Dean, in 1851.)
	Ayutthaya's king Uthong is of the lineage of a noble from Chiang Rai who moved south due to the invasion of Thaton kingdom to settle in Tri Treung City in present Kamphaeng Phet province. Son in the Princess of the 3rd Tri Treung king later moved south to found the Ayutthaya Kingdom. King Uthong's father named Sirichai Chiang Saen (พระเจ้าศิริชัยเชียงแสน; formerly Saenpom แสนปม). (Chronicle compiled during king Mongkut era)
Migrants of the north
	Mon of Thaton invades Singhanavati, King Chaisiri (ชัยศิริ), son of Phrom, evacuates south to the Tri Treung City. The city was built earlier during Phrom's Khom Elimination campaign. (The Legend of Singhanavati)
Royal intermarriage

• 7 Dec 1373 At this time, the king of the country of Siam Can-lie Zhao Pi-ya had become incompetent and unable to rule. The people of the country thus promoted his paternal uncle Can-lie Bao Pi-ya Si-li Duo-luo-lu to manage the affairs of state. This memorial was presented to advise of this.[1]

[2]

Nakhon Si Thammarat

Main articles: Tambralinga and Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom

Centered in Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor)

• Ban Don Gulf was of Kalah Kingdom in early 1000s.Kalah

Chên Li Fu: 1200–1205

[3]

Note

• Chen-li-fu: Chanthaburi
• Po-ssu-lan: bounds Chen-li-fu on the southeast. Chen-li-fu was on the southwest frontier of Chenla and was bounded on the southeast by Po-ssu-lan and on the southwest by Teng-liu-mei.
• Ma-lo-wen is doubtless the Malyang of the inscription of Palhal, which was subdued at the beginning of the reign of Jayavarman II, which was in revolt again at the beginning of Jayavarman VII's reign. Another name Mu-liang? located in southern Battambang.
• Ts'an-pan; a predecessor of Malyang.
• Mau Shans Raid Phuket.[4] [5]
• Lang-chia or Kamalangka; Mon with strong India influence.