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SGang Gwaay Llnagaay (Ninstints)

SG̱ang Gwaay Llanagaay ("Red Cod Island"), commonly known by its English name Ninstints, is a village site of the Haida people and part of the Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site on Haida Gwaii on the North Coast of British Columbia, Canada.

The village site is a UNESCO World Heritage Site^[1], a National Historic Site of Canada, ^[2], and a National Marine Conservation site ^[3].

Name

The name of the village site, SG̱ang Gwaay llnagaay, is the Haida name for Anthony Island, where the village is located and means "Red Cod Island."^[4] During the late 18th and early 19th centuries the village was referred to as Koyahs or Coyahs, also rendered Quee-ah, after the chief at the time, Koyah. The name "Ninstints," also spelled "Nan Sdins," was the name of the most powerful of the village's chiefs in the mid-19th century and came to be used as the village's name as a result of the practice of ship captains referring to villages by the name of the headman or chief at the location.^[5]

Village site

The village was the southernmost of Haida villages, being just west of and facing Kunghit Island, the southernmost island in the archipelago. The island itself is small but also the most secluded and protected of all the major Haida settlements as it was located in a sheltered rocky bay on the eastern side of the island.^[6] SG̱ang Gwaay llnagaay is the earliest recorded village in the southern archipelago.^[7]

SG̱ang Gwaay llnagaay today features the largest collection of Haida totem poles in their original locations, many celebrated as great works of art, though they are being allowed to succumb to the natural decay of the lush temperate rainforest climate. Images of the ruins of SG̱ang Gwaay llnagaay are emblematic of Haida culture and of Haida Gwaii and are featured in tourism promotions for the islands and the province at large. The site is extremely remote, and access is only by sea or air from towns in the northern part of the islands. To protect the valuable Haida Heritage Sites, the Haida operate a Watchmen program, stationing Haidas at traditional village sites throughout Haida Gwaii including within Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve and Haida Heritage Site. The Watchmen ensure that visitors are acting in an appropriate manner and maintain a presence on their traditional territories.^[8]

History

Archaeological evidence shows that Haida Gwaii have been inhabited for thousands of years, with territories of the Haida extending North into Alaska.^[6]

The people of SG̱ang Gwaay llnagaay are sometimes referred to as the Kunghit Haida. The Kunghit Haida occupied the southern portion of the archipelago of Haida Gwaii, with territory stretching from Lyell Island to the farthest southern tip of the archipelago. They had approximately two dozen permanent villages, as well as other smaller seasonal settlements located near major resource areas ^[9].

Larger Kunghit Haida villages had as many as twelve or more longhouses, each which housed approximately thirty or forty longhouses, with village populations ranging from less than two hundred to more than five hundred^[10]. One of the chiefs of the Ninstints lineage, whose English name was Thomas Price, was a noted and highly artistic carver of Haida art, notably in argillite.

Post-contact era

SG̱ang Gwaay Llanagaay was the location of several notable episodes in the early history of European contact and trade with the Haida. At the outset of the maritime fur trade, the village was visited in 1787 by George Dixon, who noted the Haidas who met them at sea were eager to trade with sea otter fur. This marked the initially amicable trade relations, where SG̱ang Gwaay Llanagaay was visited once again in 1788 by Charles Duncan, and twice in 1789 – first by Robert Gray then by his partner John Kendrick later that year, at which point the trade relationship turned hostile.^[11]

In the decades which followed, the trade relationship improved between the Haida and European traders in the area. Because of this many moved to economic hubs such as Masset, Skidegate, and as far as Victoria to take advantage of this growing relationship.^[12]

For those who remained at SGang Gwaay Llanagaay, their population was greatly reduced by the smallpox epidemic of 1862. In the succeeding years the population continued to decline due to other introduced diseases. Sometime around 1885 the remnants of the people of SGang Gwaay Llanagaay moved to Skidegate.^[13] By 1875 the site was used primarily as a camp ^[14].

^ "UNESCO World Heritage Site" (PDF). UNESCO.org. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ "Nan Sdins National Historic Site of Canada". Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada. Parks Canada. Retrieved 28 January 2012.
^ "Submission Form" (PDF). UNESCO.org. Retrieved 16 September 2017.
^ "Ninstints". BC Geographical Names.
^ Koyah, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
^ ^a ^b MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology..Early records of Haida testimony recorded by John R. Swanton place the number of long houses at twenty.<ref name=":0">MacDonald, George F. (1983;1982). Ninstints: Haida World Heritage Site. Vancouver [B.C.]: University of British Columbia. Museum of Anthropology. pp. 4–7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
^ MacDonald, George F. and Richard J. Huyda (1994). Haida Monumental Art: Villages of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Vancouver (B.C.): UBC Press. p. 104.
^ "Haida Gwaii Watchmen Program | Coastal Guardian Watchmen Network". coastalguardianwatchmen.ca. Retrieved 2017-09-15.
^ MacDonald, George F. (1983;1982). Ninstints Haida World Heritage Site. University of British Columbia Press in Association with UBC Museum of Anthropology. pp. Page. 2. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
^ MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. pp. Page. 6.
^ MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. p. 43.
^ MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. p. 47.
^ Report for the Year 1957, Provincial Museum of Natural History and Anthropology, Province of British Columbia Department of Education
^ MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. p. 47.

[1] "UNESCO World Heritage Site" (PDF). UNESCO.org. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

[2] "Nan Sdins National Historic Site of Canada". Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada. Parks Canada. Retrieved 28 January 2012.

[3] "Submission Form" (PDF). UNESCO.org. Retrieved 16 September 2017.

[bcgnis-4] "Ninstints". BC Geographical Names.

[bio-5] Koyah, Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

[:1-6] MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology..Early records of Haida testimony recorded by John R. Swanton place the number of long houses at twenty.<ref name=":0">MacDonald, George F. (1983;1982). Ninstints: Haida World Heritage Site. Vancouver [B.C.]: University of British Columbia. Museum of Anthropology. pp. 4–7. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

[7] MacDonald, George F. and Richard J. Huyda (1994). Haida Monumental Art: Villages of the Queen Charlotte Islands. Vancouver (B.C.): UBC Press. p. 104.

[8] "Haida Gwaii Watchmen Program | Coastal Guardian Watchmen Network". coastalguardianwatchmen.ca. Retrieved 2017-09-15.

[9] MacDonald, George F. (1983;1982). Ninstints Haida World Heritage Site. University of British Columbia Press in Association with UBC Museum of Anthropology. pp. Page. 2. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)

[10] MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. pp. Page. 6.

[11] MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. p. 43.

[12] MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. p. 47.

[13] Report for the Year 1957, Provincial Museum of Natural History and Anthropology, Province of British Columbia Department of Education

[14] MacDonald, George F. (2001). Ninstints, Haida World Heritage site. University of British Columbia Press in association with the U.B.C. Museum of Anthropology. p. 47.

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