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Lion From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Lion (disambiguation). peins

Conservation status

Vulnerable [1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Carnivora

Family: Felidae

Genus: Panthera

Species: P. leo

Binomial name Panthera leo (Linnaeus, 1758) Synonyms Felis leo (Linnaeus, 1758) The lion (Panthera leo) is a mammal of the family Felidae and one of four "big cats" in the genus Panthera. The lion is the second largest feline species, after the tiger. The male lion, easily recognized by his mane, weighs between 150–250 kg (330–550 lb). Females range 120–150 kg (260–330 lb).[2] In the wild, lions live for around 10–14 years, while in captivity they can live over 20 years. Though they were once found throughout much of Africa, Asia and Europe, lions presently exist in the wild only in Africa and India.

Contents [hide] 1 Population and distribution 2 Diet and hunting 3 Social behavior 4 Reproduction and sexuality 5 Physical characteristics 5.1 Manes 6 Evolution 7 Taxonomy 7.1 Subspecies 8 Variations 8.1 White lions 8.2 Cross-breeding lions with other big cat species 9 Attacks on humans 10 Lions in popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 External links

[edit] Population and distribution

The Gir Forest in the State of Gujarat, India is the last natural habitat of the 300-odd wild Asiatic Lions. Plans are afoot to re-introduce some to Palpur-Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary in the neighboring State of Madhya Pradesh in India. Distribution map of lions in AfricaIn historic times the habitat of lions spanned the southern parts of Eurasia, ranging from Portugal to India, and most of Africa except the central rainforest-zone and the Sahara desert. Around the beginning of the current era, they died out from Western Europe, and they had become extinct in Greece by AD 100. In the Caucasus, their last European outpost, lions were found until the 10th century. Between the late 19th and early 20th century they also became extinct from North Africa and the Middle East. Now, most of the population lives in eastern and southern Africa, and their numbers are rapidly decreasing, estimated as between 16,000 and 30,000 living in the wild, down from an estimated 100,000 in the early 1990s. The population is even more in jeopardy because the remaining populations are often geographically isolated from each other, which causes inbreeding.

The Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica), which in historical times ranged from Turkey to India through Iran (Persia) and from the Caucasus to Yemen, was eradicated from Palestine by the Middle Ages and from most of the rest of Asia after the arrival of readily available firearms in the 18th century. In Iran the last lion was shot in 1942. The subspecies now survives only in and around the Gir Forest of northwestern India. About 300 lions live in a 1412 km² (558 square miles) sanctuary in the state of Gujarat, which covers most of the forest. Their numbers remain stable.

Until the late Pleistocene, lions were also found in the Americas and in northern Eurasia. The most famous of these prehistoric subspecies were the Cave Lion (Panthera leo spelaea) and the American Lion (Panthera leo atrox) (not to be confused with the Cougar, which is also known as the Mountain Lion).

Lions in Etosha National Park fight for prey [edit] Diet and hunting Female lions usually hunt at night or dawn and in packs. Their prey consists mainly of large mammals, such as antelopes, gazelles, warthogs, wildebeest, buffalos and zebras, but smaller animals like hares and birds are also taken occasionally. Their diet consists of only about 20 different species. Carrion is readily taken and often recovered from other predators like hyenas and wild dogs. In some areas, lions specialise on rather atypical prey-species; this is the case at the Savuti river, where they constantly prey on young elephants, and at the Linyanti, where they hunt hippos (both rivers are in Chobe National Park, Botswana). It is reported that the lions, driven by extreme hunger, started taking down baby elephants, then moved on to adolescents and occasionally fully grown adults [1].

Lioness in the Serengeti National Park, TanzaniaYoung lions first try hunting at three months old, but are often not successful hunters until they are two years old.

Lions can reach speeds of about 60 km/h (37 mph), but they lack the endurance to be long-distance runners, so they have to come quite close to their prey before starting the attack. They sneak up to the victim until they reach a distance of about 30 m (98 feet) or less. Usually several lions work together and encircle the herd from different points. The attack is short and powerful, and the lion tries to catch the victim with a fast rush and some final leaps. The prey is usually killed by a bite into the nape or throat.

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Lions drinking in the Jubba River, SomaliaBecause lions hunt in open spaces, where they are easily seen by their prey, teamwork increases the likelihood of a successful hunt. Teamwork also enables them to defend their prey more easily against other large predators like hyenas, which can be attracted by vultures over kilometers in open savannas. The males attached to prides do not usually participate in hunting, except in the case of large animals such as buffalo.

An adult female lion needs about 5 kg (11 lbs) of meat per day, a male about 7 kg (15 lbs).

[edit] Social behavior

Male lions spend most of their life resting. Pride of lions on the move, Massai Mara, KenyaLions are predatory carnivores who manifest two types of social organization. Some are residents, living in groups, called prides. The pride consists of related females, their cubs of both sexes, and a group of one to four males known as a coalition who mate with the adult females. Others are nomads, ranging widely, either singly or in pairs.

Being smaller and lighter than males, lionesses are more agile and faster and do the pride's hunting, while the stronger males patrol the territory and protect the pride, for which they take the "lion's share" of the females' prey. When resting, lions seem to enjoy good fellowship with lots of touching, head rubbing, licking and purring. But when it comes to food, each lion looks out for itself. Squabbling and fighting are common, with adult males usually eating first, followed by the females and then the cubs.

Both males and females will defend the pride against intruders. Some individual lions consistently lead the defense against intruders, while others lag behind (Heinsohn and Packer 1995). These “laggards” are not punished by leaders. Possibly laggards provide other services to the group so that leaders forgive them (Morrell 1995). An alternative hypothesis is that there is some reward associated with being a leader who fends off intruders (Jahn 1995).

Typically, males will not tolerate outside males, and females will not tolerate outside females. Males are expelled from the pride or leave on their own when they reach maturity.

Lions spend a lot of their time resting. They are inactive for about 20 hours per day.

[edit] Reproduction and sexuality

Male and female African Lion (Panthera leo krugeri)Lions do not mate at any specific time of year, and the females are polyestrous. During a mating bout, which could last several days, the couple frequently copulate twenty to forty times a day and are likely to forgo hunting. At times, the female may couple with other males in the pride, giving rise to the possibility of different cubs in the same litter having different fathers. In captivity, lions reproduce very well.

The gestation lasts between one hundred and one hundred twenty days, and the female gives birth to a litter of one to four cubs. The females in a pride will synchronize their reproductive cycles so that they cooperate in the raising and suckling of the young, who suckle indiscriminately from any or all of the nursing females in the pride. Cubs are weaned after six to seven months. In the wild, competition for food is fierce, and as many as 80% of the cubs will die before the age of two.

When a new male (or a coalition) takes over a pride and ousts the previous master(s), the conquerors often kill any remaining cubs. This is explained by the fact that the females would not become fertile and receptive until the cubs grow up or die. The male lions reach maturity at about 3 years of age and are capable of taking over another pride at 4-5 years old. They begin to age (and thus weaken) at around 8. This leaves a short window for their own offspring to be born and mature — the fathers have to procreate as soon as they take over the pride. Sometimes a female may defend her and the ousted male's children from the new master, but such actions are rarely successful, as he usually kills all the previous top male's cubs that are less than two years old.[3]

Observers have reported that both males and females may interact homosexually.[4][5] Male lions pair-bond for a number of days and initiate homosexual activity with affectionate nuzzling and caressing, leading to mounting and thrusting. A study found that about 8% of mountings have been observed to occur be with other males, while female pairings are held to be fairly common in captivity but have not been observed in the wild. in the case of the females, the much older females of ages about 20 would show sexual attraction to younger females and would start a fight with the lionesses mate.

[edit] Physical characteristics

Comparative view of the human and lion frames, c1860The male lion, easily recognized by his mane, can weigh between 150-225 kg (330-500 lb), but usually most males average around 186 kg (410 lb) and females range from 120-150 kg (260-330 lb)[6], and average around 125 kg (275 lb). Head and body length is 170 to 250 cm (5'7" to 8'2") in males and 140 to 175 cm (4'7" to 5'9") in females; shoulder height is about 123 cm (4') in males and 100 cm (3'3") in females. The tail length is 70 to 100 cm (2'3" to 3'3").[7] The tail ends in a hairy tuft. The tuft conceals a spine, approximately 5 mm long, formed of the final sections of tail bone fused together. The lion is the only felid to have tuffed tail and the function of the tuft and spine are unknown.[8] In the wild, lions live for around 10–14 years, while in captivity they can live over 20 years.

The coloration varies from light buff to yellowish, reddish or dark ochraceous brown. The colour of the manes varies from blond to black. The underparts are generally brighter. The tail tuft is black.

[edit] Manes

Thermographic image of a lion in wintertimeIn the past, scientists believed that the "distinct" subspecific status of some subspecies could be justified by their external morphology, like the size of their mane. This morphology was used to identify them, like the Barbary lion and Cape Lion. However, now it is known that various extrinsic factors influence the colour and size of a lion's mane, like the ambient temperature.[9] The cooler ambient temperature in European and North American zoos, for example, can result in a heavy mane. Therefore, the heavy mane is an inappropriate marker for identifying subspecies.[10][11]

Maneless lions have been reported in Senegal and Tsavo-National Park. As well as having an inherited component, the presence, absence and degree of mane is also associated with sexual maturity and testosterone production. Castrated lions have minimal manes. The original male white lion from Timbavati was also maneless. Manelessness is also found in inbred lion populations; inbreeding also results in poor fertility. A heavy mane may provide an indicator of a lion's genetic and physical health. It may also afford him some protection in fights. In some animal species, females show a preference for males with better outward displays of fertility and vigour. It is possible that lionesses more actively solicit mating with heavily maned lions in prides led by a coalition of 2 or 3 males, though there seem to be no published studies.

[edit] Evolution The oldest fossil record of cat, which strongly resembles a lion, is known from Laetoli in Tanzania and is perhaps 3.5 million years old. Some scientists identify the material as Panthera leo. However, these records are not well-substantiated, and all that can be said is that they pertain to a Panthera-like felid. The oldest confirmed records of Panthera leo in Africa are about 2 Ma younger.[12]

700,000 years ago, Panthera leo appeared in Europe for the first time with the subspecies Panthera leo fossilis at Isernia in Italy. From this lion derived the later Cave lion (Panthera leo spelea), which appeared about 300,000 years ago. During the upper Pleistocene the lion spread to North and South America, and developed into Panthera leo atrox, the American lion.[13]

Lions were common in northern Eurasia and America during the upper Pleistocene, but died out there at the end of the last glaciation, about 10,000 years ago.

[edit] Taxonomy

[edit] Subspecies

Asiatic Lion Panthera leo persica, name MOTI, born in Helsinki Zoo (Finland) October 1994, arrived Bristol Zoo (England) January 1996. The Gir Forest in India is the natural home of the Asiatic lion, but this animal was born in captivity. Male lion showing his teeth to the crowds prior to feeding time at the Melbourne ZooThe major differences between lion subspecies are location, mane appearance, size and distribution. However, some of the forms listed below are debatable. Genetic evidence suggests that all modern lions derived from one common ancestor only circa 55,000 years ago. Mitochondrial variation in recent African lions is modest, which suggests that all sub-Saharan lions could be considered a single subspecies, possibly divided in two main-clades – one to the west of the Great Rift Valley and the other to the east. For example, lions from Tsavo (East Kenya) differ genetically hardly from lions in Transvaal (South Africa), but differ considerable from those in the Aberdare Range in Western Kenya.[14] [15]

Most scientists today recognise subspecies (not all named here are considered valid by all scientists).[16]

Panthera leo azandica - North East Congo lion. Panthera leo bleyenberghi - Katanga lion or Southwest African lion. Zimbabwe, Angola, Katanga (Zaire). Panthera leo europaea - European lion. Status as subspecies is unconfirmed. (Probably identical with Panthera leo persica or Panthera leo spelea) Extinct around 100 A.D. due to persecution and over-exploitation. Inhabited the Balkans, the Italian Peninsula, southern France and the Iberian Peninsula. It was a very popular object of hunting among Romans, Greeks and Macedonians. Panthera leo goojratensis - Indian Lion. Panthera leo hollisteri - Congo lion. Panthera leo krugeri - South African lion or Southeast African lion. Transvaal. Panthera leo leo (P. l. berberisca) - Barbary lion; extinct at least in the wild and was believed to be extinct in captivity. This was the largest of the lion subspecies, which ranged from Morocco to Egypt. The last wild Barbary lion was killed in Morocco in 1922 due to excessive hunting. Barbary lions were kept by Roman emperors to take part in the gladiator arenas. Roman notables, including Sulla, Pompey, and Julius Caesar, often ordered the mass slaughter of Barbary lions - up to 400 at a time [2]. Panthera leo melanochaita - Cape Lion; extinct in 1860. Panthera leo massaicus - Massai lion. Panthera leo nubica - East African lion. Panthera leo persica - Asiatic Lion or South Asian lion. 350 currently exist in and near the Gir Forest of India. Once widespread from Turkey, across the Middle East, to Pakistan, India and even Bangladesh, but large prides and daylight activity made it easier to poach than tigers or leopards. Panthera leo roosevelti - Abyssinian lion. Panthera leo somaliensis - Somali lion. Panthera leo senegalensis - West African lion, or Senegal lion. Western Africa. Panthera leo verneyi - Kalahari lion. Distinct behaviour and anatomy has been observed in this subspecies. Besides these subspecies there are also some prehistoric ones. [17]

Panthera leo atrox - American Lion or North American cave lion, about 35,000 to 10,000 years ago. Panthera leo fossilis - Early Middle Pleistocene European cave lion, about 500,000 years ago. Panthera leo sinhaleyus - Sri Lanka lion or Ceylon lion. Panthera leo spelaea - European cave lion, Eurasian cave lion or Upper Pleistocene European cave lion (300,000 to 10,000 years ago).[18] Panthera leo toscana - Tuscany lion - European primitive cave lion, was present around 1.6 million years ago. Panthera leo vereshchagini - East Siberian or Beringian cave lion Panthera leo youngi - North-Eastern Pleistocene China cave lion, 350,000 years ago. 1. The Marozi, a spotted lion, is sometimes believed to be a distinct subspecies (Panthera leo maculatus), but may be an adult lion that has retained its juvenile spotted pattern. If it was a subspecies in its own right, rather than a small number of aberrantly colored individuals, it has been extinct since 1931. A less likely identity is a natural leopard/lion hybrid commonly known as a leopon.

[edit] Variations

White lion male (subspecies Panthera leo krugeri)A number of natural variations have been observed in the lion populations. Some of these have been encouraged by captive breeding.

[edit] White lions Main article: White lion Although rare, white lions are occasionally encountered in Timbavati, South Africa. Their unusual color is due to a recessive gene. A white lion has a disadvantage when it comes to hunting: it can be given away by its color, unlike the regular lion which blends in with its surroundings. White lions are born almost pure white without the normal camouflaging spots seen in lion cubs. Their colour gradually darkens to cream or ivory colour (known as blonde).

[edit] Cross-breeding lions with other big cat species Further information: Panthera hybrid, liger and tigon

A liger is the offspring of a male lion and female tiger.Lions have also been known to breed with tigers (most often Amur and Bengal) to create hybrids called ligers and tigons. They have also been crossed with leopards to produce leopons and jaguars to produce jaglions. The marozi is reputedly a spotted lion or a naturally occurring leopon, while the Congolese spotted lion is a complex lion/jaguar/leopard hybrid called a lijagulep. Such hybrids were once commonly bred in zoos, but this is now discouraged due to the emphasis on conserving species and subspecies. Hybrids are still bred in private menageries and in zoos in China.

The liger is a cross between a male lion and a tigress. Because the lion sire passes on a growth-promoting gene, but the corresponding growth-inhibiting gene from the female lion is absent, ligers grow far larger than either parent. They share physical and behavioural qualities of both parent species (spots and stripes on a sandy background). Male ligers are sterile, but female ligers are often fertile. Males have about a 50% chance of having a mane, but if they grow one the mane will be modest, around 50% again of a pure lion mane.

The less common tigon is a cross between the lioness and the male tiger. Because the male tiger does not pass on a growth-promoting gene and the lioness passes on a growth inhibiting gene, tigons are often relatively small, only weighing up to 150 kilograms (350 lb), which is about 20% smaller than lions. Like ligers, they have physical and behavioural traits from both parental species and males are sterile.

[edit] Attacks on humans Some information in this article or section has not been verified and may not be reliable. Please check for inaccuracies, and modify and cite sources as needed. While lions usually don´t attack humans, some (usually male) lions seem to seek out human prey. Some of the more publicized cases include the Tsavo maneaters and the Mfuwe man-eater. In both cases the hunters who killed the lions wrote books detailing the lions' "careers" as man-eaters. In folklore, man-eating lions are sometimes considered demons.

The Mfuwe and Tsavo incidents did bear some similarities. The lions in both the incidents were all larger than normal, lacked manes and seemed to suffer from tooth decay. Some have speculated that they might belong to an unclassified species of lion, or that they may have been sick and could not have easily caught prey.

There have also been recorded attacks on humans by lions in captivity; tigers in captivity are statistically much more likely to attack humans. Wild lions are also much less likely to attack humans than wild tigers are.

Other contemporary research shows that lion-human conflict may be on the rise. Gnoske and Peterhans suggests that we should be surprised not that lions attack and kill humans but that such few incidents occur. The stereotype of injury and age being the main causes of man-eating behavior are largely debunked by the two men. (See: The science of ‘Man-eating’* among lions (Panthera leo) with a reconstruction of the natural history of the “Man-eaters of Tsavo” Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans1 and Thomas Patrick Gnoske [3])

Also, Professor Craig Packer of the University of Minnesota and Tanzanian scientist Dennis Ikanda authored an important paper in Nature in 2006 that showed man-eating behavior in rural areas of Tanzania had increased greatly from 1990 through 2005. More than 500 villagers were attacked and many eaten in this time period - a number far exceeding the more famed "Tsavo" incidents of a century and more earlier. The problem occurred near Selous National Park in Rufiji Province and in Lindi Province near the Mozambican border. While some of these problems are no doubt caused by the expansion of villagers into bush country, the authors argue that conservation policy must mitigate the problem because conservation policies contribute directly to human deaths. Cases in Lindi have been documented where lions seize humans from the center of substantial villages.

Author Robert R. Frump also wrote in 2006 that Mozambican refugees crossing Kruger National Park at night in South Africa regularly are attacked and eaten by the lions there. Park officials conceded that man-eating is a problem there. Frump believes thousands may have been killed in the decades after apartheid sealed the park and forced the refugees to cross the park at night. Mozambicans had for nearly a century before the border was sealed regularly walked across the park in daytime with little harm (see www.man-eater.info).

Generally, westerners do not understand the toll that animal-human conflict takes on human lives and crops in Africa. Packer estimates more than 200 Tanzanians are killed each year by lions, crocodiles, elephants, hippos and snakes, and that the numbers could be double that amount. Lions are thought to kill about 70 humans per year at least in Tanzania, Packer and Ikanda note. Packer and Ikanda are among the few conservationists who believe western conservation efforts must take account of these matters not just because of ethical concerns about human life, but also for the long term success of conservation efforts and lion preservation.

A man-eating lion was killed by game scouts in Southern Tanzania in April 2004. It is believe to have killed and eaten at least 35 people in a series of incidents covering several villages in the Rufiji Delta coastal region. Dr Rolf Baldus, the GTZ wildlife programme coordinator, is reported to have commented that it was likely that the lion preyed on humans because it had a large abscess underneath a molar which was cracked in several places. He further commented that "This lion probably experienced a lot of pain, particularly when it was chewing." GTZ is the German development cooperation agency and has been working with the Tanzanian government on wildlife conservation for nearly two decades. Like in other cases this lion was large, lacked a mane, and had a tooth problem. (See these links: [4] and [5] for additional information.)

The "All-Africa" record of man-eating generally is considered to be not Tsavo, but the lesser known incidents in the late 1930s through the late 1940s in what was then Tanganyika (now Tanzania). George Rushby, game warden and professional hunter, eventually dispatched the pride, which over 3 generations, is thought to have killed and eaten 1,500 to 2,000 in what is now Njombe district.

Tsavo and Patterson body counts vary from a pretty firm 28 up to 140. While some authors disparage the actual number, it should be kept in mind that Patterson kept firm records of skilled-labor killed by the lions, not indigenous Africans. The toll could easily have been much higher.

[edit] Lions in popular culture For more details on this topic, see Lions in popular culture. Lions appear as a theme in cultures across Europe, Asia and Africa. Despite the recorded incidents of attacks on humans, lions enjoy positive depiction in pop culture as creatures that appear strong but gentle at the same time. The most consistent depiction is in keeping with their image of "King of the jungle", hence the lion being a popular symbol of royalty and stateliness.

[edit] See also Asiatic Lion Barbary Lion Extinct in wild. Asiatic Lion's nearest cousin European lion Cape Lion Lion-baiting Lion taming Liger Marsupial lion In-situ conservation Ex-situ conservation Wildlife conservation Extinction

[edit] References ^ Nowell & Bauer (2004). Panthera leo. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a lengthy justification of why this species is vulnerable ^ BBC - Science & Nature - Wildfacts - Lion. Retrieved on 2006-10-24. ^ Honolulu Zoo lion information page ^ Bruce Bagemihl, Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity, St. Martin's Press, 1999; pp.302-305. In his discussion of lion same-sex relations, Bagemihl is making use of published work by: J.B. Cooper, "An Exploratory Study on African Lions" in Comparative Psychology Monographs 17:1-48; R.L. Eaton, "The Biology and Social Behavior of Reproduction in the Lion" in Eaton, ed. The World's Cats, vol.II; pp.3-58; Seattle, 1974; G.B. Schaller, The Serengeti Lion; University of Chicago Press, 1972 ^ Suvira Srivastav, Lion, Without Lioness in TerraGreen website ^ BBC Wildfacts – Lion. ^ Ronald M. Nowak: Walker's Mammals of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 ISBN 0-8018-5789-9 ^ The Cyber Zoomobile - lion. ^ West P.M., Packer C. 2002. Sexual selection, temperature, and the lion's mane. Science, 297, 1339–1343. ^ Barnett, R., N. Yamaguchi, I. Barnes & A. Cooper. 2006. Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation. Conservation Genetics. Online full-text pdf ^ Yamaguchi, N. & Haddane, B. (2002). The North African Barbary lion and the Atlas Lion Project. International Zoo News 49: 465-481. ^ Lars Werdelin: Plio-Pleistocene Carnivora of eastern Africa: species richness and turnover patterns, Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 144, Issue 2, Page 121 - June 2005 online ^ A. Turner: The big cats and their fossil relatives. Columbia University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-231-10229-1 ^ Ross Barnett et al.: The origin, current diversity and future conservation of the modern lion (Panthera leo). Proceedings of the Royal Society B, doi: 10.1098/rspb. (2006) Published online (PDF) ^ Jean Dubach et al.: Molecular genetic variation across the southern and eastern geographic ranges of the African lion, Panthera leo. Conservation Genetics 6: 15–24, 2005. online-PDF. ^ Barnett, R., N. Yamaguchi, I. Barnes & A. Cooper. 2006. Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: Implications for its ex situ conservation. Conservation Genetics. Online pdf ^ Burger J, Rosendahl W, Loreille O, Hemmer H, Eriksson T, Götherström A, Hiller J, Collins MJ, Wess T, Alt KW. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 30, 841–849. Online pdf ^ Burger J, Rosendahl W, Loreille O, Hemmer H, Eriksson T, Götherström A, Hiller J, Collins MJ, Wess T, Alt KW. (2004). Molecular phylogeny of the extinct cave lion Panthera leo spelaea. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol., 30, 841–849. Online pdf Heinsohn, R. and Packer, C. 1995. Complex cooperative strategies in group-territorial African lions. Science 269: 1260-1262. Jahn, G. C. 1996. "Lioness Leadership," Letters. Science 271: 1215. Morell, V. 1995. Cowardly lions confound cooperation theory. Science 269: 1216-1217.

[edit] External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: LionRare behaviour - swimming lions The Kingdom of Lions Asiatic Lion Information Centre Asiatic Lion and Gir Protection Soc. Lion: Wildlife summary from the African Wildlife Foundation ARKive - images and movies of the lion (Panthera leo) Lion (Panthera leo) from “ARKive images of life on Earth” website Panthera leo (lion) from “Animal Diversity Web” White Lions Heraldic dictionary. Positions of Beasts as Exemplified by Lions Lions in Jewish art Lion Research Center - the official website of a research group at the U. of Minnesota that has conducted extensive field research on lions and has published over 50 peer-reviewed scientific articles on lions. Owner of the heaviest living lion in captivity in the world Lion Conservation Fund - A fund dedicated to the research and conservation of the lion Nature Documentary: "The Vanishing Lions" SuperLions of africa Pictures of the African lion Pictures of the Asian lion v • d • eExtant mammal orders by subclass[hide] Australosphenida: Monotremata

Marsupialia: Didelphimorphia · Paucituberculata · Microbiotheria · Notoryctemorphia · Dasyuromorphia · Peramelemorphia · Diprotodontia

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This page was last modified 17:01, 14 February 2007. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License. (See Copyrights for details.) Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a US-registered 501(c)(3) tax-deductible nonprofit charity. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Your continued donations keep Wikipedia running! Shen Gong Wu From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Redirected from Moby Morpher) Jump to: navigation, search Contents [hide] 1 History of the Shen Gong Wu 2 Known Shen Gong Wu 3 Shen Gong Wu combinations 3.1 Eye of Dashi & Sword of the Storm 3.2 Any Shen Gong Wu & Name of Element 3.3 Mosaic Scale & Monarch Wings 3.4 Mala Mala Jong 3.5 Reversing Mirror & Any Shen Gong Wu 3.5.1 Reversed Shen Gong Wu 3.5.2 Serpent's Tail & Reversing Mirror 3.6 Mala Mala Jong & Ring of the Nine Dragons 3.7 Fountain of Hui & Eagle Scope 3.8 Ying Yo Yo & Yang Yo-Yo 3.9 Shen Gong Wu & Wudai Element 4 Wudai Weapons 4.1 Blade of the Nebula 4.2 Arrow Sparrow 4.3 Big Bang Meteorang 4.4 Shimo Staff 5 Treasure of the Blind Swordsman 6 Creator(s) 7 From the Trading Card Game 7.1 From the Xiaolin Showdown Set 7.1.1 Bubble Brains 7.1.2 Cube of Haniku 7.1.3 Culver Crystal 7.1.4 Da Hippa Hoppa 7.1.5 Danger Sneakers 7.1.6 Neptune Helmet 7.1.7 Ninja Sash 7.1.8 Preying Monster 7.1.9 Rainbow Star 7.1.10 Thorn of Tectonic 7.2 From the Wudai Warriors Expansion 7.2.1 Bear Baton 7.2.2 Bullhorn Blazer 7.2.3 The Horde of Haiku 7.2.4 Imo Gazer 7.2.5 Indigo Pyramid 7.2.6 The Komori Sword 7.2.7 Mask of Rio 7.2.8 Pearl of LiBai 7.2.9 Polar Paws 8 Postopia Shen Gong Wu 8.1 Fifi-Xiaogo 8.2 Genie Moo 9 References

The Shen Gong Wu (Chinese language: 神工物) are fictional mystical artifacts possessing magical powers featured in the animated television series Xiaolin Showdown. The powers of a Shen Gong Wu are activated when its name is called by the person who wishes to use it. "Shen Gong Wu" in Chinese means "holy skill thing" or literally "tool of God". The Shen Gong Wu are not to be confused with the Kamidogu from the Mortal Kombat series.

[edit] History of the Shen Gong Wu Shen Gong Wu are primarily used in Xiaolin Showdowns, eponymous challenges over Shen Gong Wu, themselves. The first Xiaolin Showdown was between the creator of the Shen Gong Wu Grand Master Dashi and the evil witch Wuya. It was a great battle, in which Dashi used the Shen Gong Wu against Wuya's Heylin magic. Eventually, Grand Master Dashi was the victor, and Wuya was trapped within a mystical puzzle box. Determined to ensure that Wuya would not be able to get her hands on the Shen Gong Wu and rule the world with them, Grand Master Dashi and the dragon Dojo hid the Shen Gong Wu all over the world. Dashi then created the Xiaolin Temple and began a lineage of Chosen Xiaolin Warriors to prevent the Shen Gong Wu from falling in the wrong hands. Each Xiaolin Warrior is endowed with the power of one of the classical elements; fire, wind, water, and earth. Should Wuya ever be freed, the Xiaolin Warriors would rise up and fight the forces of the Heylin.

After 1,500 years, Wuya was finally freed from the puzzle box by Jack Spicer, but she was reduced to a ghostly form. With Wuya's freedom, the latest set of Xiaolin Warriors were put into action; the orphaned monk Omi who wields the element of water, the technologically proficient Kimiko Tohomiko who wields the element of fire, the laid back Raimundo Pedrosa who wields the element of wind, and cowboy Clay Bailey who wields the element of earth. When the Xiaolin and Heylin sides meet, the Shen Gong Wu begin to reveal themselves, and the Xiaolin Showdowns begin again.

A Shen Gong Wu can only be located when it chooses to reveal itself, and at that point, both Wuya and Dojo can sense its activation and can find its general location. Wuya is able to tell what Shen Gong Wu has revealed itself, while the Xiaolin must defer to the Scroll of the Shen Gong Wu to find out which one has been revealed. Jack Spicer had also devised a mechanical device that senses a new Shen Gong Wu, and Chase Young is also capable of anticipating when a new Shen Gong Wu will be revealed.

It is unknown how many Shen Gong Wu there are, as the nature of the show is for at least one new one to be revealed in each episode. In the first episode, Wuya commented that there are "hundreds," lending to the show's open-endedness.

There are two occasions during which astronomical events affect the Shen Gong Wu. When the planets align themselves, the Shen Gong Wu gather to form Mala Mala Jong. When the rare Heylin Comet flies over Earth, the Shen Gong Wu come alive and take over their user. Raimundo was subject to the Heylin Comet's magic in the episode The Last Temptation of Raimundo, and he was taken over by the Golden Tiger Claws, Third Arm Sash, Helmet of Jong and many other Shen Gong Wu. He was turned into a giant freakish brute until the comet had passed and it was safe to take the Shen Gong Wu off.

[edit] Known Shen Gong Wu Main articles: List of Shen Gong Wu revealed in Season One, Season Two, and Season Three As of the end of Season Three, there have been 75 known Shen Gong Wu that were revealed in the series. In the episode The Crystal Glasses, several unnamed Shen Gong Wu were revealed. While these Shen Gong Wu were eventually collected by the Xiaolin, they have not been used, save for the Wushu Helmet. In the episode The Black Vipers, another unknown Shen Gong Wu was shown to be in the hands of the Xiaolin, and again, it was not used, named, or seen since.

[edit] Shen Gong Wu combinations First seen in the episode Shen Yi Bu, some Shen Gong Wu can be used in unison and result in completely different effects, essentially becoming a new Shen Gong Wu. The following combinations are those that have been used within the series.

[edit] Eye of Dashi & Sword of the Storm Raimundo first demonstrated the capabilities of Shen Gong Wu combinations by using the Eye of Dashi and the Sword of the Storm against Tubbimura in the first Shen Yi Bu Dare. This combination allows the user to fly around at lightning speed, become intangible, and manipulate the wind in various ways.

[edit] Any Shen Gong Wu & Name of Element When the Xiaolin Warriors reached Apprentice level, they were taught that many Shen Gong Wu, when coupled with the name of their Element, gain new powers.

When Omi uses the Orb of Tornami with his Water Element, the Orb of Tornami can freeze objects, instead of merely producing an endless supply of liquid water (The way this combination was activated was later changed to "Orb of Tornami-Ice").

When Kimiko uses the Star Hanabi or the Eye of Dashi with her Fire Element, the Shen Gong Wu can create fire instead of fireworks or lightning.

When Raimundo uses the Sword of the Storm or the Eye of Dashi with his Wind Element, both Shen Gong Wu can conjure up strong winds, and the Eye of Dashi can create storms.

When Clay uses the Third-Arm Sash with his Earth Element, it can turn into stone. He can also use the Fist of Tebigong with the Earth Element to create fissures in the ground.

It is assumed that other Shen Gong Wu gain these powers as well.

[edit] Mosaic Scale & Monarch Wings The Mosaic Scale held the imprisoned spirit of mischief, Sibini, and the Monarch Wings, the Mosaic Scale's sister Shen Gong Wu, would imbue Sibini with the ultimate strength and power of mayhem. When Sibini was freed from a broken Mosaic Scale, he took over Clay's body in preparation for the Monarch Wings' activation. Without the Monarch Wings, Sibini cannot exist very long on his own.

Before Sibini could attain ultimate power with the Mosaic Scale and the Monarch Wings, he was trapped within them by Kimiko using the Eye of Dashi and her Fire Element.

[edit] Mala Mala Jong When the Heart of Jong, the Helmet of Jong, the Two-Ton Tunic, the Jetbootsu, the Fist of Tebigong, the Third-Arm Sash, the Shroud of Shadows, and the Eye of Dashi are brought together, they create Mala Mala Jong, an ancient evil demonic warrior. The person to defeat Mala Mala Jong was Omi, using the Serpent's Tail and the retrieved Golden Tiger Claws from the center of the earth from the molten lava. He then took the Heart of Jong from Mala Mala Jong's chest. The Heart of Jong gives life to the lifeless, and as long as Mala Mala Jong has the Heart of Jong within itself, it can use all of the other Shen Gong Wu as if it were a human. Mala Mala Jong can either be brought into existence by others forming him, or by the mystical alignment of the planets.

[edit] Reversing Mirror & Any Shen Gong Wu The Reversing Mirror is a Shen Gong Wu which can be used with any other Shen Gong Wu to perform the opposite of what it would normally do. The example given by the Mystical Scroll of the Shen Gong Wu shows that the Two-Ton Tunic would become as light as a feather. The Reversing Mirror can also deflect Shen Gong Wu and similarly-based attacks, such as a blast of the Woozy Shooter or a punch from the Fist of Tebigong. These, however, are not reversed Shen Gong Wu.

[edit] Reversed Shen Gong Wu Below are various Shen Gong Wu that have been used in conjunction with the Reversing Mirror and have had their effects reversed.

Changing Chopsticks: The Reversing Mirror and the Changing Chopsticks make objects or people larger instead of smaller. In order to undo the change, the Reversing Mirror and Changing Chopsticks must both be used again, or the change is irreversible. If one tries to use just the Changing Chopsticks, they will become progressively smaller than their original size Crystal Glasses: When the Crystal Glasses look into the reflection of the Reversing Mirror, the user looks into a false or "opposite" future, than what will happen. Glove of Jisaku: The Glove repels objects instead of attracting them when combined with the Reversing Mirror. Gills Of Hamachi: When the Reversing Mirror and Gills of Hamachi are used at the same time, they can cause someone to lose the ability to breathe underwater and swim. Fountain of Hui & Eagle Scope: The user of these Shen Gong Wu sees the opposite information than what they desire. For example, instead of discovering the way to destroy evil, they mistakenly discover the way to destroy good. Sphere of Yun: Enables the person trapped inside to be freed.

[edit] Serpent's Tail & Reversing Mirror When the Serpent's Tail is used in conjunction with the Reversing Mirror, it can make non-corporeal (ghostly) entities solid. This dangerous combination is capable of returning Wuya, the Ancient Heylin Witch, to her physical form, since she was reduced to a ghost after being trapped in a magical puzzle box. This can bring Wuya back to her physical form with or without her full magical powers, if the user knows how.

[edit] Mala Mala Jong & Ring of the Nine Dragons When Mala Mala Jong receives the Ring of the Nine Dragons, it divides itself into the Fearsome Four, four separate Mala Mala Jongs that have slightly altered parts. Instead of the Helmet of Jong, the other three have the Wushu Helmet, and in place of the Eye of Dashi, are the Orb of Tornami, the Star Hanabi, and the Ruby of Ramses. One of the Fearsome Four also has the Sword of the Storm. Apparently, according to the Ancient Scroll, the appearance of the Fearsome Four symbolizes the end of the world. The only way to control the Mala Mala Jongs is to use the Emperor Scorpion, a Shen Gong Wu that can control other Shen Gong Wu.

[edit] Fountain of Hui & Eagle Scope The Fountain of Hui is a Shen Gong Wu that gives its user all of the information in the universe randomly, but if used by itself it can overload the user's mind and cause harm. If the Fountain of Hui is used alongside the Eagle Scope, its sister Shen Gong Wu, the user(s) can focus to find out a certain bit of information. This combination was first used by Omi and Chase Young to try and discover a way to defeat the giant spiders that dwell within the center of the Earth and will consume everything in their path, after the Hoduku Mouse was lost in a lava flow. Omi also used this time in using the two Shen Gong Wu to find a way to destroy evil (or so he thought). The Egale Scope alone seems to act as a telescope as demonstrated by Chase Young when first revealed.

[edit] Ying Yo Yo & Yang Yo-Yo When combined, the Ying Yo-Yo and the Yang Yo-Yo become the Ying-Yang Yo-Yo, allowing the user to travel into the Ying-Yang World and leave without having either their good or evil chi trapped within the other dimension. If either Shen Gong Wu were to be used alone, one form of chi would be lost depending on whether or not the user was good or evil. The Ying-Ying Bird (Hannibal Roy Bean's messenger) is apparently immune to the magics of the Ying-Yang World and remains evil when it leaves.

[edit] Shen Gong Wu & Wudai Element Although used only twice (by Raimundo and Omi), when the user activates a Shen Gong Wu and then calls out his or her Wudai Element Attack, he or she can use a combined impulse attack.

When Raimundo used the Cannon Blaster and then called out, "Wudai Star-Wind," he became a charged thunder ball.

When Omi used the Orb of Tornami and then called out, "Wudai Neptune-Ice," he was able to freeze anything in sight while using it to boost himself upwards.

[edit] Wudai Weapons The Wudai Weapons are mystical artifacts that are similar to Shen Gong Wu that the Xiaolin Monks all own. They each have a power relating to their owner's Xiaolin Dragon element. They were found using a magical map, not Dojo's ability to sense Shen Gong Wu, so they are not Shen Gong Wu, simply other mystical objects that are classified with them. They have minds of their own, as the Spirit of the Blind Swordsman tells the monks to work with their weapons. Even though numerous times, the Wudai Weapons have been lost or stolen, by the next episode, they have been reunited with their item, once again questioning the continuity of Xiaolin Showdown, of course, when they were first discovered, the weapons traveled to their Owner all by themselves, perhaps this is how they return.

[edit] Blade of the Nebula Raimundo's Wudai Weapon, the Blade of the Nebula, is a blue, glass-like sword, that, when activated, turns into powerful wind-chain nunchaku that have control over wind and gales that can pick up enemies and blow them away. This was the first Wudai Weapon that revealed itself, and was guarded by rattlesnakes. It appears to be a blue, jagged version of the Sword of the Storm. Raimundo uses it quite often and it seems to "replace" the Sword of the Storm

[edit] Arrow Sparrow Kimiko's Wudai Weapon is the Arrow Sparrow, a purse-like Wudai Weapon with a strap (perfect for Kimiko) with a symbol on it that looks like a bird. It contains an unlimited amount of metal sparrows, that when thrown, catch on fire and blow up in fiery explosions. This was the second Wudai Weapon to be revealed, and was guarded by a living portrait (a man who came out of a painting and fought the Wudai Warriors).

[edit] Big Bang Meteorang Clay's Wudai Weapon, the Big Bang Meteorang, is a bronze boomerang. When thrown, it can cut through anything, including stone, rock and metal. It can also split into up to 5 smaller versions of itself for a multiple attack. This is the third Wudai Weapon that is revealed, and is guarded by humanoid cacti. Sometimes Clay has a hard time catching it, usually when it has splits into its multiple form, and has to jump out of the way of it.

[edit] Shimo Staff Omi's Wudai Weapon is the Shimo Staff. It can transform into various weapons made of ice. It was not guarded by any sort of being, but when the Wudai Weapon was obtained, the cave in which it was kept collapsed. It is made of "solid water" (literally, ice), and seems to have human feelings and emotions. The staff seemed sad when Omi said, "No! This cannot be! My Wudai Weapon is a pitiful stick?! And guarded by ... nothing!"

In Japanese, Shimo means Frost.

[edit] Treasure of the Blind Swordsman The Treasure of the Blind Swordsman is a mysterious, black-lustrous chest, that at first look, contains nothing. But if the user concentrates on the object of their desire, that object or objects will materialize (with the power of the spirit of the Blind Swordsman). The spirit of the Blind Swordsman seems to dwell within the chest to guide the user on how to use the chest. Even though it is wagered as a Shen Gong Wu, it is not considered one. This is the only one of the items (which aren't Shen Gong Wu) wagered in a Xiaolin Showdown, this also includes Omi's freedom. It was found with the Shimo Staff when the warriors went to find their Wudai Weapons. The Treasure Of The Blind Swordsman is almost like a genie's lamp, since the Blind Swordsman can grant you any wish you desire.

Although some may argue that the Treasure of the Blind Swordsman is technically not a Shen Gong Wu, it bears a similar effect of the Emperor Scorpion as it has such a great command over all other Shen Gong Wu. It is unknown whether it can summon Wu that are being used at that time but if so this Wu could strip the power from the majority of foes that face the Xiaolin Monks.

Possession of:

Xiaolin (305: "Treasure of the Blind Swordsman") Hannibal Roy Bean (Heylin) (305: "Treasure of the Blind Swordsman" - 307: "The Return Of Master Monk Guan") Xiaolin (307: "The Return Of Master Monk Guan" - present)

[edit] Creator(s) Although it is sometimes noted that Dashi was the only Grand Master Dragon and created the Shen Gong Wu, there is a less-circulated theory that there were other Grand Master Dragons that made others, such as the Eye of Dashi was created by Dashi, the Fist of Tebigong was created by Tebigong, and so on. No one really knows who created the Shen Gong Wu.

[edit] From the Trading Card Game The following Shen Gong Wu did not appear in the television series, but do appear in the Xiaolin Showdown Trading Card Game released in October 2005 and in the Wudai Warriors Expansion Set released in March 2006. The promotional materials for the game suggest that the Shen Gong Wu in the game will appear in future episodes, however it is unknown if they will as it as equally unknown if Xiaolin Showdown was renewed for a new season

[edit] From the Xiaolin Showdown Set

[edit] Bubble Brains This skullcap Shen Gong Wu with a brain-shaped design grants its user a photographic memory. It is unknown whether the photographic memory will retain itself after the removal of the Bubble Brains or whether one will photographically remember occurrences when they were wearing the Wu.

[edit] Cube of Haniku The Cube of Haniku creates ironic situations for one's opponents. This could be similar to the Puzzle Box Wuya was trapped in; since she had ultimate power, the ultimate irony would be that she had no powers whatsoever. As seen when she has her body, she is also incredibly strong, and so having no body would strip her of her strengths.

[edit] Culver Crystal This amulet has the appearance of a white crystal inside a clear globe. It creates a glittering sphere of light to distract one's enemies or light dark areas.

[edit] Da Hippa Hoppa This Shen Gong Wu turns all of its user's speech into rhymes, which possibly could be used to confuse your opponent. Another possible use comes from the fact that one who speaks in rhymes is quite confusing, and will be unable to let others know of certain facts, such as secrets and the plans of their enemies.

[edit] Danger Sneakers A Shen Gong Wu that warns its user of impending danger. Although if it warns the user physically or mentally is unknown. Also the radius of the sensing danger of the Sneakers is unknown as well.

[edit] Neptune Helmet A full-face helmet Shen Gong Wu (like the Helmet of Jong, Wushu Helmet, and Mask of Rio) which, when activated, will manipulate the air around the user to create a tiny hurricane. The created hurricane will move around with the helmet being inside the hurricane's eye.

[edit] Ninja Sash The Ninja Sash is a golden sash with a red pendant in the middle. Once activated, it gives the user a duplicate of him/herself. Strange Wu as it has a similar ability to both the Ring of the Nine Dragons and the Shadow Slicer.

[edit] Preying Monster This Shen Gong Wu turns its user into a preying mantis-like creature.

[edit] Rainbow Star This strange Shen Gong Wu causes things to be rainbow colored. A possible use of this Shen Gong Wu would be to make invisible things, such as someone using the Shroud of Shadows, visible (if the Shroud of Shadows is rainbow-colored, you still cannot be seen; however, the rainbow-colored Shroud will be noticed easily).

[edit] Thorn of Tectonic This powerful Shen Gong Wu turns your enemy's Earth Shen Gong Wu to your advantages. It has the same shape as the Thorn of Thunderbolt, and may actually be a misprint of the Thorn of Thunderbolt. However, the two Shen Gong Wu have different effects (control of earth vs. lightning).

[edit] From the Wudai Warriors Expansion

[edit] Bear Baton A brown baton Shen Gong Wu that allows the user to transform into a bear.

[edit] Bullhorn Blazer A small pair of bullhorns, this Shen Gong Wu has the ability to transform into a raging bull, capable of attacking or scaring enemies.

The Bullhorn Blazer made a brief appearance in the episode 'The Black Vipers' among the Wu that Dojo had hid in a cactus patch. This was odd because it has never been mentioned in the show before and it never was after.

[edit] The Horde of Haiku A scanner-like Shen Gong Wu that can translate any language or symbol.

[edit] Imo Gazer A telescope-like Shen Gong Wu that allows the viewer to put anyone seen through it into a deep sleep.

The Imo Gazer makes an appearance in the Nintendo DS video game as a usable Shen Gong Wu.

[edit] Indigo Pyramid A blue and gold pyramid-shaped Shen Gong Wu that allows its user to change an opponent's mind.

According to the text on the card, when it is combined with the Reversing Mirror, "it changes the user's mind instead!"

[edit] The Komori Sword A sword Shen Gong Wu that lets its user hang upside down like a bat and fight well in darkness.

Komori is the Japanese word for bat.

[edit] Mask of Rio A mask Shen Gong Wu from the Wudai Warriors expansion. The Mask of Rio helps its user blend in with their surroundings by changing the color of the skin to become the color the mask senses around the user, much like how chameleons blend in. However, the Shen Gong Wu is a perfect match, allowing the user to blend in without technically becoming invisible.

[edit] Pearl of LiBai The Pearl of LiBai makes its user's enemies babble poetry nonstop.

Li Bai is the name of a Chinese poet.

[edit] Polar Paws A white glove Shen Gong Wu, the Polar Paws turns its user into a polar bear that has the ability to withstand extremely cold temperatures.

[edit] Postopia Shen Gong Wu These Shen Gong Wu were revealed through the Postopia website's section on Xiaolin Showdown. It is unknown as to whether or not these will appear in the television series or any of the other Xiaolin Showdown media.

[edit] Fifi-Xiaogo This Shen Gong Wu transforms into a dog-shaped camper.

"Xiao go" means "little dog" when translated from Mandarin.

[edit] Genie Moo This Shen Gong Wu looks like a golden cow sitting on a pedastal with a taijitu pendant around its neck. It allows the holder to bring the yin or yang personality out of the target, without knowing which side will come out.

[edit] References Official Site for Xiaolin Showdown Official Site for Xiaolin Showdown TCG (licensed by Wizards of the Coast) Xiaolin Showdown at TV.com Xiaolin Showdown

Shen Gong Wu Season One | Season Two | Season Three

List of episodes Trading Card Game | Video game

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Gong_Wu" Categories: Xiaolin Showdown | Fictional objects

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