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Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general, statesman, and author who played a key role in the collapse of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire. He was a member of the First Triumvirate, an informal political alliance with Crassus and Pompey.Known for his military campaigns, including campaigns in Gaul, Caesar significantly expanded the Roman territory. In 49 BC, Caesar initiated a civil war by crossing the Rubicon river, defying the Roman Senate's authority. Following decisive victories, including the Battle of Pharsalus in the civil war, Caesar assumed the title of dictator perpetuo ("dictator for life") in February 44 BC. His administrative reforms included the introduction of the Julian calendar, which aligned the Roman calendar with the solar year. Caesar’s concentration of power led to his assassination on the Ides of March, 44 BC, by a group of senators. Following his death, he was deified by the Roman Senate, and the Temple of Divus Julius was built in his honor by his adoptive heir, Augustus in the Roman Forum.

Caesar's name and legacy have been preserved in numerous ways throughout history and culture. Cities such as Casares and Cáceres trace their names back to him, as do geographical features like the Julian Alps . Astronomical entities, including Caesar's Comet and a lunar crater, also bear his name. Monuments like the Basilica Julia, commissioned by him, and Caesar's Tower are named in his memory. His influence extends to titles of kingship like "Tsar", "Kaiser" and "Caesar" and political concepts such as Caesarism and Caesaropapism. Several works of literature, operas, and films are named after him, including Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Julius Caesar and Chapman's Caesar and Pompey. Many operas, like Giulio Cesare in Egitto by Handel and Die Ermordung Cäsars by Klebe, are dedicated to him.