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Tanner Dana

i)       Synopsis(Summary)

(1)  Planet Ocean, 2012, is a documentary film that explores the history of the organisms that live in our oceans and the relationships they have with each other and with humans. This film uses the aerial photography skills of Yan Arthus Bertrand while relying on director Michael Pitiot to get the marine segments of the film. The film shows the viewer how our plastic waste, global warming of the planet, and the over fishing of the seas is hurting our planet’s ocean.

This movie made a box office earning of $1,807,000 while also winning best Scenography at the Blue Ocean Film Festival in 2012 and was screened at the UN Headquarters. This film has become free to view through sites like Bertrand’s, http://www.yannarthusbertrand.org/, and sites like http://www.goodplanet.org/en/ocean/.

(2) Summary:

Planet Ocean starts the film by showing you footage of coastal cliffs. The narrator describes to you how she, meaning humanity, can see how the ocean has shaped our lands but still cannot see how it really affects her. The film then progresses to Shark Bay, a place where the narrator states that we, humanity, come from. She explains how Shark Bay hosts a species of organism called stromatolite; the earth’s most ancient being and the organisms that we as species come from. The film then shows footage of people swimming, people fishing, and people transporting goods across the ocean. The narrator explains that people have become the “super-predator” and that she, meaning us, is aware of the power she holds. The power in this case that the narrator holds is also the power to pollute, over fish, and to deplete our sources.

The plot of the movie then begins as the narrator tells you about earth in the beginning. The earth was covered in lava, constantly consuming itself before it cooled off creating the flood of water which created our ocean and seas. This new planet became as we know it today, covered in water. The film’s narrator tells you of the last ice age and how the resulting ice melted from the greenhouse gas of the earlier volcanoes, leaving the North Pole and the South Pole as the remnants of the past ice age. The narrator explains that these two poles act as the cooling system to our earth. It is the combination of the coldness of the earth’s poles and the heat from the equator that creates the pressure needed for wind. The wind created by the heating and cooling of the air pressure also plays a vital role in spreading the oceans water. This water, divided into hot and cold currents circulate around the earth to create the temperate climate today. As hot water is pushed to the poles of the earth it becomes cooler and sinks lower into the ocean. The now cold current is pushed back to surface as it hits the warmer parts of the world.

It’s because of the heating of the cold water, the narrator explains, that supplies the environment for plankton to bloom, which is fundamental for life. The film shows footage of plankton blooming as the narrator informs the viewer that these microscopic organisms, and others, provide half of the earth’s oxygen. Our narrator explains that even though these bloomings are a show of life they are also a show of death. These bloomings perish after there aren’t any sources of food, or when a virus attacks. The narrator explains then that nature doesn’t tolerate excess. From the plankton blooming our narrator begins to tell us of the chain of life and how these ancient organisms are the basis of this food chain. From them other smaller organisms feed on them, and bigger ones feed on them, and so on. The film then focuses on mackerel, a species of fish that feed on the plankton and smaller organisms. Then the film shows sail fish that have appeared to hunt the mackerel to further the explanation of the food chain. The narrator explains that for every one sail fish, that fish has eaten one-thousand kilos of mackerel, and that mackerel has eaten ten-thousand kilos of plankton highlighting how the pyramid food chain is set up.

As the sea birds start to bombard the mackerel from the sky large Manta rays start to swim by, apathetic to mackerel’s plight. The narrator goes on to explain that it is not all killed or be killed in the ocean. In fact, Manta rays provide protection to smaller fish that clean it of parasites. The film then shows a giant whale shark providing the same symbiotic relationship to other smaller species of fish. From these relationships the film starts to show areal coverage of Raj Ampat, Indonesia, an area dominated by limestone hills. These hills, created by fossilized plankton, sit in the coastal waters and display lush, green plants. The narrator explains that this region is one of the richest areas in biodiversity and that one fourth of all marine species are found in this area. Raj Ampat also holds around one-thousand, five-hundred species of fish.

Below the green hills and in the ocean the camera shows the rich coral reef that was started by the plankton who settled there thousands of years ago. Our narrator explains that what we really see of the coral reef is the outer skeleton which hosts hundreds of different marine species like sun powered algae and spider crabs. All the species here have evolved to live in the coral reef. This reef is diverse that most species find their own place to fit in. The film shows marine footage of a fish hiding behind a rock as sharks pass above and around it and it shows a spider crab covered in shells to blend into its surroundings.

The film then takes a darker turn. It becomes night at the reefs and the narrator states that even though the reef is seen as a safe haven during the daylight hours, at night it becomes very dangerous. The inner organism of the reef comes out to feed during the night to feed on a variety of food. The reef’s inner organism is actually a cousin of the jelly fish and feeds on floating plankton and even fish. The film then focuses on the reproduction of the coral reefs. The annual release of eggs is carried away by the currents where they are deposited and wait to be fertilized. The film goes on to show where a lot of these eggs wind up which are land like formations of coral reef.

At this point the film turns to viewing swimming Groupers as they make their own trip to mate. The narrator explains that these fish are unique in that they all are born female, but as they become of sexual maturity there is a chance that the fish will become male. As the film swims along with the Groupers they eventually get to their breeding ground where it is seen that grey sharks lay in wait above them. The grey sharks end up feasting on the Groupers in a mass feeding frenzy. Groupers are going as fast as they can to fertilize their eggs before getting eaten by the sharks. The narrator tells us that this is actually good for the sharks and the Groupers as a species because if the sharks did not eat them there would be an overflow of Groupers. Our narrator goes on to reiterate again how nature doesn’t allow for excess, and that evolution has always governed by predation.

Then the film switches gear and starts to show shanty houses on stilts, on the open water. The narrator tells us that humans have built villages for protection and shelter, boats to go across the oceans, and we have modified the earth around us to suit our needs. The film presents the viewer with numbers on population demographics. It tells us that half of the population on the globe is located on the coast, especially when considering sub-Saharan Africa. Almost their whole population is living on the coast. A Lagos, Nigeria, shanty town is shown to the viewer as the narrator explains that there are one hundred, thousand people living here in this shanty town. The people living here migrated here seeking land but found no room for them on it, so they built on the sea. At this point the film begins its discussion of fishing and the number of people who depend on the sea. The film states that on this earth there are three billion people who directly depend on the resources of the ocean and seas. One billion people will only eat fish for their meet, and there are about four million boats on the ocean fishing every day. Most of the boats on the water are small fishing boats that are operated by family who have been doing the craft for generations. The narrator explains that it is the poorest people who turn to the sea for sustenance, and says an estimated five million do turn to the sea for resources.

The oceans bring other food sources than just fish and the film begins to pan across these giant sea weed farms in Indonesia. The narrator tells us that about fifteen million tons of sea weed is produced and distributed worldwide and has been doing so for centuries. The film shows how the submerged coastal land is cut up into giant square plots for sea weed production. It’s explained that there are more than five-hundred, thousand squares dividing up coastal spots globally. The film turns from looking at fishing and farming traditionally to what is happening today. It explains that fishing isn’t about fishing for family’s sake anymore but for profit. The film shows footage starting at small fishing boats, to bigger boats, to the massive factories that are now on the seas. The film shows how deep seas troll net works; it explains that the coned shape of the net is like the shape of a whale shark. This changed substantially increased the size of the catch that these boats were pulling in.

The narrator begins to tell us that ninety-million fish are hunted annually and half of that number is caught by the one percent. The narrator explains that studies have shown that eighty percent of the world’s fish stock are exploited or over exploited by fishing. In fact experts had attested that the world may be at its biological limit for fishing. As fish in the upper part of the ocean disappear, fisheries have been traveling deeper and deeper for fish. The film shows actual footage from the films submarine of the life that lives at these depths. The organisms shown are more gelatinous and colorful, using their unique looks and abilities to snatch their food. The film then goes even deeper until it hits the bottom where the carcasses of dead organisms wind up. Through time lapses the film shows eels, crabs, and other organisms feasting on all that hits the bottom of the floor. Here, at the bottom where the dead go, the narrator states that here is humanity, at the lowest part we can get to, just because we are scared of running out.

The film starts to focus on what looks to be snow under water. It pans up these cliff like formations that look like they are covered in fresh snow. The narrator then breaks it to the viewer that this is in fact “marine snow,” which in laymen’s terms means the dust of organisms. This is how most marine life ends up; as white dust collecting at the bottom. The film turns its head to divers welding pipe lines constructed in deep parts of the ocean. The narrator explains that oil is found all over the world, on land and in the water. The film goes on to show footage of oil rigs in operation and explains that there are twenty thousand on the ocean now. As shots of fire from the rigs are shown the viewer is told that per year these rigs burn one million years of the laying down of plankton.

Not only does humanity draw oil from the ocean, we also transport two billion tons of the oil across the waters on our super tankers. Our narrator tells us, as the camera pans through giant expanses of the canal, about the Panama Canal. The narrator states that humanity has disconnected two continents for the soul purpose of trading through the ocean. The narrator tells the viewer that three-fourths of the global products move by way of ocean. This trade through the ocean has allowed small towns to become cities and it’s how those cities became powerful states.

The film then highlights that all sea trade routes run through China. Out of the fifty biggest ports in the world, China holds eleven of them. Shanghai, the greatest port, was a man-made island created for the soul purpose of being a port. In fact, the narrator explains that this port is a big player in keeping the world’s trade in sync. The demand for trade has expanded very quickly in China, as the fleet of ships on the open water has tripled in ten years and three thousand more ships are in construction. The narrator explains that many of the companies located here come from over-seas which have substantially increased their production and movement of goods.

The film starts to show giant boats of logged trees as the narrator highlights China’s need for wood as they are the number one importer of trees. Shang Hai has one of the highest growth rates of any city and the wood is used for the on-going construction projects happening. As the camera pans over construction sites in Shang Hai the narrator explains how the ocean of past is long gone. We are told that within the time since the Industrial Revolution, two hundred years about, humanity has substantially hurt the four billion years of evolution in the ocean. The film has footage of giant boats polluting the water and whales’ being hunted while the narrator tells us that humanity hurts everything around them.

The footage then cuts to glaciers melting and collapsing on itself into the water. The viewer is told that we have accelerated the heating of the earth which has created global warming. In the past the ice sheets acted as reflectors against the sun’s rays, but as humanity warmed the earth those sheets disappeared. Not having those natural reflectors meant that the earth is absorbing more heat, further accelerating the warming of the planet. The film also brings attention to the fact that these glaciers are made up of freshwater and not the salt water found in the ocean. When these fresh water glaciers melt into the sea they change the pH level of the ocean. This affects the marine life in the water and it affects the currents of the ocean.

Coral is seen again as the narrator tells us that coral is affected greatly by changes in temperature and pH balance. The viewer is told that in fifty years one-fourth of the coral died, taking away critical oasis spots for other marine life. After coral it’s the plankton that is in danger next. The narrator poses the question of what is going to happen to the marine life we eat that feeds on these smaller organisms. Our traditional fishing spots used for generations are changing because the fish are either leaving or we have fished the original species out.

The audience is brought to Chile where the effects of over fishing are being felt. There was one species of fish that Chile had traditionally fished for commercial use, but over the years they fished out this specific species. This left Chile with the option of finding a new species of fish to hunt, which they did. While the narrator tells the viewer the risks and unknowns in fishing a species of fish that humans typically have never eaten before, images of huge nets and floating factories are shown. Tons of fish are seen being dragged into the ship, along with seals and birds that have gotten in the way of the net.  

The film introduces the industry of farming fish, a practice where fish are bred and sold like cattle or other farmed animals. Each year twenty-five million tons of fish are farmed with Norway and Chile leading the way. This practice only farms “high-value” fish like tuna and salmon, but uses other species of fish for fish-meal for these high-value fish. This results in thousands of tons of other fish being hunted and used just for fish-food for other fish.

The film then brings up the idea of ownership of the ocean and the seas. It states that two-thirds of the ocean belongs to no one/any one. In these areas of no man’s water pirate fisherman are found. Images of run-down boats of pirate fishermen are shown, netting up to twenty-six million tons in fish. These fishermen are not just fishermen coming for an easy catch, the narrator explains that many of these are small time fishermen who are in debt and are forced to fish to repay their debt. These fishermen are responsible for one-fourth of the global profit in the fish industry.

The narrator turns the switch and states that around four hundred marine areas are officially dead around the world. Loss of these necessary areas and species of marine life affect the whole ocean. The narrator highlights the growing reports of jelly fish sightings as an example of what happens when a certain species of marine life is fished out of the ocean. Red tuna were once the main predator of jelly fish, but once man has fished it out the jelly fish had no threats to their survival. This allowed the jelly fish to reproduce and live without the worry of being eaten. As the footage takes the viewer around the clumps of jelly fish, it starts to focus on the water quality itself showing plastic debris and a film in the ocean.

The narrator states that the currents of the ocean spread and move the six billion kilos of plastic waste found in the waters. Fish and birds alike are at a high risk of being killed by plastic waste in the ocean. The film focuses on birds flying around the cliffs on the coasts of countries and stops on several decomposing birds whose stomachs were filled with plastic scraps. The narrator begs the question of how we will be affected by eating the fish and birds that have eaten our own waste. As the narrator leaves us to think about that, the narrator goes on to compare the human race to a group of fish. There isn’t one singular leader that the world follows, but get enough people to react and something will change.

The film ends on looking at the attempts made before on helping the environment, like the Rio Climate Hearing in 1982, and what can be done today to help. The narrator explains that even though the climate hearing produced two-thousand, five hundred suggestions for countries to take, barely any of them were actually done. The narrator tells us that at this rate we are doomed to a future where the global temperature has risen as well as the ocean level. We are doomed to continue to kill of marine life and coastal life if we do not change. Then the film finishes with different ways we can help our future; like respecting fishing quotas, by rejecting subsidies for industrial fishing, by banning deep sea fishing, by promoting small fishing practices, and by controlling our pollution. As the credits roll, extra behind the scenes footage is played.

ii)     Production and Release

(1)Official Sites: Yann Arthus-Betrand

(2)  Country: France

(3)  Language: French | English | Portuguese

(4)  Release Date: 26 June 2012 (Belgium)

(5)   Budget: $1,458,080 (estimated)

(6)  Runtime: 94 min

(7) Sponsors: Omega, Good Film

i)       Reviews

The online movie reviewer, Rotten Tomatoes, has given Planet Ocean a 71% rating.  

Melanie Conrad who wrote on nancydbrown.com that, “The thrill of Planet Ocean lies in the fact that it takes viewers on a journey to a place that most of us will never be able to see in person,” and, “From the smallest plankton to the biggest whale, Planet Ocean’s cinematography makes you feel like you’re right there with the underwater camera crew.”

Ariel Adams, a contributor to Forbes, said, “Planet Ocean is by no means the first (or last) movie to share the beauty of our oceans… It is however needed pieces in the overall awareness puzzle that will be available to school children and organizations globally.”

Omar Malick of bringthenoiseuk.com wrote that, “Documentaries such as Life and Planet Earth have raised the bar, and when it comes to the films visual appeal Planet Ocean doesn’t disappoint.”

ii)   Expert Reaction

(1)  There are many academic studies and online articles by scientist suited for this field that attest to the fact that climate change and environmental damage are in fact a man-made occurrence, such as the Earth Policy Institute. This organization posts studies and articles by researchers that investigate climate change and environmental health. The page dedicated to the melting ice in the world sheds light on just how much ice is melting. The page states that present research estimates that the sea level will rise six feet within the next century . The second page from the Earth Policy Institute site dealt with global, over fishing. The study highlighted that the global total of caught fish has dropped around four percent from ninety-four million to ninety million kilos. This study suggests that the large size of the fishing boats on the ocean are the cause of the drop in fish caught. It is not that these large vessels, essentially factories, cannot catch the fish, it’s that these vessels have been continually fishing out species/groups of fish. The ocean may be at its biological limit of sustaining both the marine life within it and humanity. The third page used from this site focused on global water usage and the problem of lost water. Globally fresh water use has tripled in the second part of the twentieth century. This strain on our fresh water sources has caused rivers, lakes, and streams to disappear while water tables drop. This increase in water usage is powered by our present day technology that allows us to drill deeper and pump out bigger amounts of water. Seventy percent of the fresh water pulled from this earth is used to irrigate crops, while the remaining thirty percent is spread amongst the corporations and the common household. This page also suggests that the pressure of an ever-growing human population is the cause for the increase withdrawal of water . 

(2)  Another online site, tcktcktck.org sponsored by the Global Call For Climate Action group, has posted articles discussing various pressures the ocean faces today. One article looked quickly at the causes and effects of six different pressures put on the ocean. These topics included the acidification, warming, hypoxia (lack of oxygen), sea level rise, pollution, and the overfishing of our marine life. The research, done by Stockholm Environment Institute, revealed that over the last two hundred years the ocean has absorbed around twenty to thirty percent of the CO2 emissions, creating a much more acidic environment for marine life. The research also showed that the ocean has absorbed around eighty percent of the heat within the last two hundred years, which has noticeable effects on the marine life in the water. They allot these causes to the rise, and future rise, in sea level around the globe . Another article looked closer at the effects of the warming and the overfishing of the ocean. This article discusses how the ocean is already being stressed by excess fishing, but also looks into how the heating of the ocean is pressuring the ecosystems of the ocean. The Worldwatch Institute’s report stated that fifty percent of commercial fish are being exploited while another twenty percent are extremely exploited by fishing. The report follows this up by discussing how the number of dead zones in the ocean, areas incapable of supporting life, has doubled in the last decade. The article states that it is because of the growing amount of heat taken in by the ocean from the Sun’s rays, factored in with the amount of human waste in the ocean .

(3)  In the article State of the Cryosphere, they highlight research on the rising sea level of the oceans. This effect cause by global warming and due, according to research, to a lot of smaller ice caps and glaciers melting puts millions of people at risk. The research had given light to the fact that the ice caps were responsible for not only keeping the earth temperate but for also bouncing back the Sun’s rays. This limited the amount of CO2 and heat absorbed by the earth and ocean. About half the world’s population lives on the coasts and are endanger of losing land and earth to the rising sea level.

(4)  Grant Harse’s article in UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy delves into the inner workings of environmental law and plastic waste. His research too shines light on a different side of ocean harm, and that is the plastic waste problem. His research shows, like in Planet Ocean, that more and more marine life is being affected by the plastic humans put in the ocean. His research shows that over 250 species of aquatic life are affected by the plastic waste found in our oceans and the species vary from fish to birds to mammals .

iii)   Extra Scenes

1.     Behind the scenes footage is shown at 1:25:12 till the end of film.

iv) Further Reading

(1)  Planet Earth

(2)  Blue Planet

(3)  Species Threatened by Climate Change, World Wild Life Fund, 2015

(4)  Armstrong, R. L., Dyurgerove, M., Fetterer, F., Maslanik, J., Meier, M., Meier, W., . . . Zhang, T. (n.d.). State of the Cryosphere.

(5)   Harse, G. A. (n.d.). Plastic, The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and International Miscues. UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy.

(6)   Ramanujan, K. (n.d.). Dwindling Artic Ice.

(7)   Earth Policy Institute. (n.d). Retreieved April 3, 2016, from http://www.earth-policy.org/

vii)  External Links

(1)  http://www.bringthenoiseuk.com/201304/films/film-review-planet-ocean  3/1/16

(2)  http://www.c2es.org/federal/congress/113/climate-change-legislative-proposals  -about bills coming to pass-3//2/16

(3)  http://www.c2es.org/blog/lawsona/2015-was-warmest-year-record  -about warming of ocean-3//2/16

(4)  http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C50  -ice melting-3//2/16

(5)  http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C55  -fishing drops to 90 mil, farm fish on rise-3//2/16

(6)  http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C57  -water availability-3//2/16

(7)  https://www.heartland.org/policy-documents/research-commentary-myth-global-warming-consensus-3//2/16

(8)  http://www.forbes.com/sites/arieladams/2013/05/02/how-planet-ocean-is-both-a-watch-and-environmentalism-movie/#10e2d7c37b70   3/1/16

(9)  http://www.nancydbrown.com/2013/05/08/planet-ocean-movie-review.html  3/1/16

(10)          http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/08/12207/side-climate-change-denial-your-coffee-alec-dishes-some-hard-swallow-spin-heartla  -story of bilboard and heartland inst-3//2/16

(11)          http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2013/09/what-ocean-heating-reveals-about-global-warming/  what ocean heating reveals about global warming-3//2/16

(12)          http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/planet_ocean_2013/ 3/1/16

(13)          http://tcktcktck.org/2015/08/too-warm-too-few-fish-health-warning-for-worlds-oceans/  -fishing-3//2/16

(14)          http://tcktcktck.org/2013/11/new-study-examines-complex-challenges-face-oceans-health/  -6ways the oceans are valued for health-3//2/16

(15)          http://tcktcktck.org/2013/05/arctic-faces-threat-from-rapid-ocean-acidification/  -acidification of ocean-3//2/16

(16)          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Planet  -Blue Planet wiki-3/2/16

(17)          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_SA  -Omega watch

(18)          https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(TV_series)  -wikipage of Planet Earth-3/2/16

(19)          http://www.yannarthusbertrand.org/en/films-tv/planet-ocean 3/1/16

References

What ocean heating reveals about global warming. (2013, September 25). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2013/09/what-ocean-heating-reveals-about-global-warming/

Adams, E. E. (n.d.). Eco-Economy Indicators: Ice Melting. Retrieved from http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C50

Arctic faces threats from rapid ocean acidification. (2013, May 9). Retrieved March 23, 2016, from http://tcktcktck.org/2013/05/arctic-faces-threat-from-rapid-ocean-acidification/

Armstrong, R. L., Dyurgerove, M., Fetterer, F., Maslanik, J., Meier, M., Meier, W., . . . Zhang, T. (n.d.). State of the Cryosphere.

BILLS OF THE 113TH CONGRESS CONCERNING CLIMATE CHANGE. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.c2es.org/federal/congress/113/climate-change-legislative-proposals

Bast, J., & Smith, T. (n.d.). Research & Commentary: The Myth of a Global Warming Consensus. Retrieved March 22, 2016, from https://www.heartland.org/policy-documents/research-commentary-myth-global-warming-consensus

Brown, N. D. (2013, March 8). Planet Ocean Movie Review. Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.nancydbrown.com/2013/05/08/planet-ocean-movie-review.html

Cooke, K. (2015, August 25). Too warm, too few fish: Health warning for world’s oceans - See more at: Http://tcktcktck.org/2015/08/too-warm-too-few-fish-health-warning-for-worlds-oceans/#sthash.gu5RYeUc.dpuf. Retrieved March 23, 2016, from http://tcktcktck.org/2015/08/too-warm-too-few-fish-health-warning-for-worlds-oceans/

Graves, L. (2013, August 8). A Side of Climate Change Denial with Your Coffee? ALEC Dishes up Some Hard to Swallow Spin with the Heartland Institute. Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.prwatch.org/news/2013/08/12207/side-climate-change-denial-your-coffee-alec-dishes-some-hard-swallow-spin-heartla

Harse, G. A. (n.d.). Plastic, The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, and International Miscues. UCLA Journal of Environmental Law and Policy.

Lawson, A. (n.d.). 2015 WAS THE WARMEST YEAR ON RECORD. Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.c2es.org/blog/lawsona/2015-was-warmest-year-record

Malick, O. (n.d.). FILM REVIEW: Planet Ocean. Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.bringthenoiseuk.com/201304/films/film-review-planet-ocean

Mygatt, E. (n.d.). Eco-Economy Indicators: Water Resources. Retrieved from http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C57

Novak, A. (2013, November 3). New Study Examines the Complex Challenges that Face Ocean’s Health. Retrieved March 23, 2016, from http://tcktcktck.org/2013/11/new-study-examines-complex-challenges-face-oceans-health/

Omega SA. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_SA

PLANET OCEAN. (n.d.). Retrieved March 22, 2016, from http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/planet_ocean_2013/

Planet Earth. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Earth_(TV_series)

Planet Ocean. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2016, from http://www.yannarthusbertrand.org/en/films-tv/planet-ocean

Ramanujan, K. (n.d.). Dwindling Artic Ice.

Roney, J. M. (n.d.). Eco-Economy Indicators: Fish Catch. Retrieved from http://www.earth-policy.org/indicators/C55

Species Threatened by Climate Change, World Wild Life Fund, 2015

The Blue Planet. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blue_Planet

The Heartland Institute. (n.d.). Retrieved March 23, 2016, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Heartland_Institute#Global_warming