User:Tatabox8/sandbox

Units 1-2

Graded milestone at the end of these units: 10 points: We should be able to find your user page through the student list on the course page, and be able to read your introduction of yourself. We should be able to find your sandbox page, read your summary of the five pillars, see that you have used some text formatting, and that you used edit summaries when making edits. Text formatting should include bold and italic style, as well as at least one Heading and one Subheading.

Introduction and setting up a sandbox

This is my sandbox. I will use this sandbox to practice editing and using text formatting.

Summary of Wikipedia's Five Pillars

1. Wikipedia is an online encyclopedia.

Wikipedia is an online public source that has articles written by the public using information provided from journal papers, textbooks, encyclopedias, almanacs and gazettes.

2. Wikipedia has a neutral point of view.

Wikipedia does NOT advocate any specific views on it's articles.

3. Wikipedia is free content resource.

Everyone has access to Wikipedia given they have internet access. It is created by the people and for the people to use, edit and modify as they find appropriate to make the article more accurate.

4. Wikipedians should interact in a respectful and civil manner.

There should be no personal attack to any Wikipedians. Any disagreements should be discussed by individuals respectfully.

5. Wikipedia does not have firm rules.

General policies and guidelines are put in place to set expectations for Wikipedian's, but is constantly changing over time adapting to the best interest of it's users. All in all use your best judgement when making edits, if a mistake arises all previous versions of articles are save so, it's possible to go back.

Summary of the characteristics of articles at our target quality level

Our goal for this class is to take a stub-class articles and make the article more complete throughout this semester into a B-class or Good article.

Stub-Class Characteristics

- Article has been started with very minimal information or dictionary definition.

- Lack of details, sources, and content on subject matter.

- Definitely needs to be improved and worked on.

B-Class Characteristics

- Article is mostly completed with relevant information, but will need some more work to improve the quality of article.

- Author has list of sources and citations, but may require more expert knowledge.

- May contain pictures and chart.

- Article is organized.

- Well written.

- Contains supporting material.

Good Article Characteristics

- Article is almost complete and has been passed by an official review for good article.

- All information is cited properly and extensive research on topic has been made by author.

- Contain appropriate pictures and chart with correct captions.

- Article is well organize and content flows naturally.

- No spelling and grammar mistakes.

- Author has neutral viewpoint.

Unit 5 Short Paragraph on PubMed articles

In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a method of obtaining female and male gametes and fertilizing them in vitro. When embryos are obtained they can be implanted or cryopreserved for later use. This is a common method used in research to expand, rederive, or cryopreserved animals. IVF technicians are constantly looking at ways to improve their methods such as, increasing the fertilization rates. They do this by testing out new media or changing their techniques to mimic the conditions as if the embryos are being fertilized in vivo. One recent study looked at the addition of myo-inositol into IVF culture media. The researchers discovered that with the addition of myo-inositol to the IVF culture media they were able to obtain an "increase in proliferation activity and developmental rate of in vitro cultured early mouse embryos, representing a substantial improvement of culture conditions." Another study, took a look at sperm with the addition of metformin. They discovered that the addition metformin in sperm actually increased the fertilization rate. Therefore, adding metformin to sperm for IVF and Cryo may be beneficial. These are just a few studies to improve IVF, but researchers all over are continuing to find better techniques everyday.

Unit 7 Article outline for Spermatocyte

1. Lead/Definition- Define and expand on current definition.

2. Synthesis/Formation- Describe the synthesis/formation of spermatocytes. Include image showing the phases during formation, with explaination of process.

2a. Primary spermatocyte (subtopic of synthesis/formation define and discuss ploidy)

2b. Secondary spermatocyte (subtopic of synthesis/formation define and discuss ploidy)

3. Mutations-Discuss possible mutations that may take place.

4. Function/Difference in species??? (depends on if we can find sources)

5. Add appropriate links to relating articles on subject matter.

• spermatogenesis
• spermatids

References

1. Connecticut, [edited by] Walter F. Boron, MD, PhD, professor, David N. and Inez Myers/Antonio Scarpa Chairman, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, Emile L. Boulpaep, MD, professor, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, (2012). Medical physiology : a cellular and molecular approach (Updated second edition. ed.). Philadelphia, Pa.: Saunders. pp. Chapter 54. ISBN 1437717535.https://www.inkling.com/read/medical-physiology-boron-boulpaep-2nd/chapter-54/biology-of-spermatogenesis-and (Chapter 54 contains definition, formation and images of process)
2. Education, Pearson. "The Male Reproductive System". Web Tutorials. Retrieved 3 March 2014. http://wps.aw.com/bc_goodenough_boh_3/104/26721/6840825.cw/content/index.html (Discuss spermaturation and video clip towards the end of video)
3. "Spermatogenesis". universities of Fribourg, Lausanne and Bern. Retrieved 3 March2014.http://www.embryology.ch/anglais/cgametogen/spermato03.html (more development information and images)
4. http://books.google.com/books?id=M4kEdSnS-pkC&dq=spermatocyte&source=gbs_navlinks_s (chapter 4 male reproductive system. Details on synthesis and pics)
5. Starr, Taggart, Evers, Starr, Cecie, Ralph, Christine, Lisa. Volume 5 - Animal Structure & Function. Cengage Learning, 2012. p. 736. ISBN 9781133714071.http://books.google.com/books id=5U0KAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=9781133714071&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zcQaU8iSA87zoATjqYLoDw&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=spermatocyte&f=false (sperm formation and images)
6. http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio211/Chap27/Reproductive_System.html (has good images and info on spermatogenesis not sure if we can use the image commerically though and post on wiki)
7. http://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/2/1/21(A Mutation in Mtap2 Is Associated with Arrest of Mammalian Spermatocytes before the First Meiotic Division)
8. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, et al. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 4th edition. New York: Garland Science; 2002. Sperm. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26914/ (Synthesis and formation and images)
9. Looijenga, LH; Hersmus, R; Gillis, AJ; Pfundt, R; Stoop, HJ; van Gurp, RJ; Veltman, J; Beverloo, HB; van Drunen, E; van Kessel, AG; Pera, RR; Schneider, DT; Summersgill, B; Shipley, J; McIntyre, A; van der Spek, P; Schoenmakers, E; Oosterhuis, JW (2006 Jan 1). "Genomic and expression profiling of human spermatocytic seminomas: primary spermatocyte as tumorigenic precursor and DMRT1 as candidate chromosome 9 gene.". Cancer research 66 (1): 290–302.PMID 16397242. (Paper on primary spermatocyte as tumorigenic precursor)
10. 1. Raverdeau, Mathilde, Aurore Gely-Pernot, Betty Feret, Christine Dennefeld, Gerard Benoit, Irwin Davidson, Pierre Chambon, Manoel Mark, and Norbert Ghyselinck. "Retinoic Acid Induces Sertoli Cell Paracrine Signals for Spermatogonia Differentiation but Cell Automonously Drives Spermatocyte Meiosis." PNAS 109.41 (2012): 16582-16587<http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3478620/(Retinoic Acid Induces Sertoli Cell Paracrine Signals for Spermatogonia Differentiation but Cell Automonously Drives Spermatocyte Meiosis)
11. Dyer, N; Rebollo, E; Domínguez, P; Elkhatib, N; Chavrier, P; Daviet, L; González, C; González-Gaitán, M (2007 Dec). "Spermatocyte cytokinesis requires rapid membrane addition mediated by ARF6 on central spindle recycling endosomes.". Development (Cambridge, England) 134 (24): 4437–47. PMID 18039970. (Spermatocyte cytokinesis)
12. 1. Hogarth, Cathryn, and Michael Griswold. "The Key Role of Vitamin A in Spermatogenesis." Journal of Clinical Investigation 120.4 (2010): 956-962. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2846058/>. (The Key Role of Vitamin A in Spermatogenesis)
13. 2. Mays-Hoopes, L.L. (1995). Preparation of Spermatogonia, Spermatocytes, and Round Spermatids for Analysis of Gene Expression Using Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting. (in: BIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTION 53, 1003-1011) ( if we want to include infro about prepping spermatocytes for analysis of gene expression using FACs)
14. 1. IP, A Rohrwasser, DA Terreros, RF Gesteland, and JF Atkins. "Discovery of Spermatogenesis Stage-specific Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme: Antizyme 3." PNAS 97.9 (2000): 4808-4813. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10781085> (Discovery of Spermatogenesis Stage-specific Ornithine Decarboxylase Antizyme)
15. Mark, M., H. Jacobs, M. Oulad-Abdelghani, C. Dennefeld, B. Feret, N. Vernet, C.-A. Codreanu, P. Chambon, and N. B. Ghyselinck. "STRA8-deficient Spermatocytes Initiate, but Fail to Complete, Meiosis and Undergo Premature Chromosome Condensation." Journal of Cell Science 121.19 (2008): 3233-242. Article found @ http://jcs.biologists.org/content/121/19/3233.full. Discusses implications of STRA8 mutation.
16. Ashley, T., C. Westphal, A. Plug-de Maggio, and D. G. De Rooij. "The Mammalian Mid-pachytene Checkpoint: Meiotic Arrest in Spermatocytes with a Mutation in Atm Alone or in Combination with a Trp53 (p53) or Cdkn1a (p21/cip1) Mutation." Cytogenetic and Genome Research 107.3-4 (2004): 256-62. Web. 11 Mar. 2014. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15467370>. I'm unable to access the full article (for free) but maybe you will be able to Linda. It may be useful for adding some info to the mutation section.
17. Barchi, M., S. Mahadevaiah, M. Di Giacomo, F. Baudat, D. G. De Rooij, P. S. Burgoyne, M. Jasin, and S. Keeney. "Surveillance of Different Recombination Defects in Mouse Spermatocytes Yields Distinct Responses despite Elimination at an Identical Developmental Stage." Molecular and Cellular Biology 25.16 (2005): 7203-215. Discusses recombination defects and implications (mutations section).
18. Sun, Fengyun, and Mary Ann Handel. "A Mutation in Mtap2 Is Associated with Arrest of Mammalian Spermatocytes before the First Meiotic Division." Genes 2.1 (2011): 21-35.Discusses repro4 mutation, and Mtap2.
19. Kim, Jung-Hak, Sun-Ji Park, Tae-Shin Kim, Hyo-Jin Park, Junghyung Park, Bo Kyung Kim, Gyeong-Ryul Kim, Jin-Man Kim, Song Mei Huang, Jung-Il Chae, Choon-Keun Park, and Dong-Seok Lee. "Testicular Hyperthermia Induces Unfolded Protein Response Signaling Activation in Spermatocyte." Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 434.4 (2013): 861-66. For function section maybe?
20. Sciurano, R. B., M. I. Rahn, G. Rey-Valzacchi, R. Coco, and A. J. Solari. "The Role of Asynapsis in Human Spermatocyte Failure." International Journal of Andrology (2011).This article discusses spermatocyte failure...I'm wondering if this should be a section in the outline? Or maybe can be combined with the mutagen section.
21. Solari, Alberto J., and Oscar Vilar. "Multiple Complexes in Human Spermatocytes." Chromosoma 66.4 (1978): 331-40. Synthesis/formation.
22. Wieman, H. L. "The Chromosomes of Human Spermatocytes." American Journal of Anatomy 21.1 (1917): 1-21. Do not have access to this either. Just noticed it is from 1917(!) maybe that's why...could contain useful basic info however. It claims to have been published online in 2005.