User:TX55/Middle Chinese consonants

The following is a table of reconstructed consonants from Middle Chinese.

Classical Chinese Consonants Place IPA Romanization 30 Consonants 30 Consonants (Revised) 36 Consonants 38 Consonants Phonetic Symbols Type English approximation Bilabial p p 不 幫 幫 幫 ㄅ Fully Clear spin pʰ ph 芳 滂 滂 滂 ㄆ Lesser Clear pin b b 並 並 並 並 Fully Muddy bin m m 明 明 明 明 ㄇ Lesser Muddy moon Labiodental p̪ pf 非 - Fully Clear p̪ʰ pfh 敷 - Lesser Clear b̪ bv 奉 - Fully Muddy ɱ mv 微 - Lesser Muddy symphony Alveolar t t 端 端 端 端 ㄉ Fully Clear stop tʰ th 透 透 透 透 ㄊ Lesser Clear top d d 定 定 定 定 Fully Muddy dam n n 泥 泥 泥 泥 ㄋ Lesser Muddy noon Alveolo-palatal (Retroflex Alveolar) ȶ tj 知 知 知 知 - Fully Clear like steam, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). ʈ tr ȶʰ tjh 徹 徹 徹 徹 - Lesser Clear like team, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). ʈʰ trh ȡ dj 澄 澄 澄 澄 - Fully Muddy like deem, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). ɖ dr ȵ nj 日 娘 娘 - Lesser Muddy like niece, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). ɳ nr Alveolo Sibilant t͡s ts 精 精 精 精 ㄗ Fully Clear bats t͡sʰ tsh 清 清 清 清 ㄘ Lesser Clear tsunami (with t pronounced) d͡z dz 從 從 從 從 Fully Muddy pads s s 心 心 心 心 ㄙ Fully Clear sap z z 邪 邪 邪 邪 ㄙ。 Fully Muddy zap Alveolo-palatal Sibilant t͡ɕ tsj 照 照 照 章 ㄐ Fully Clear like itchy, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). t͡ɕʰ tsjh 穿 穿 穿 昌 ㄑ Lesser Clear like cheap, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). ʑ (d͡ʑ) zj (dzj) 日 床 (牀) 常 Fully Muddy like jeep, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). ɕ sj 審 審 審 書 ㄒ Fully Clear like sip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). d͡ʑ (ʑ) dzj (zj) 禪 禪 禪 船 Fully Muddy like zip, pronounced further forward toward the teeth (palatalized). Retroflex Sibilant (Palato-alveolar Sibilant) ʈ͡ʂ tsr 莊 ㄓ Fully Clear t͡ʃ tsc ʈ͡ʂʰ tsrh 初 ㄔ Lesser Clear like church, with a flat tongue (retroflex). t͡ʃʰ tsch church ɖ͡ʐ dzr 崇 - Fully Muddy like jump, with a flat tongue (retroflex). d͡ʒ dzc jump ʂ sr 生 ㄕ Fully Clear like show, with a flat tongue (retroflex). ʃ sc show ʐ zr 俟 ㄖ Fully Muddy like vision, with a flat tongue (retroflex). ʒ zc vision Velar k k 見 見 見 見 ㄍ Fully Clear skin kʰ kh 溪 溪 溪 溪 ㄎ Lesser Clear kin g g 群 (羣) 群 (羣) 群 (羣) 群 (羣) Fully Muddy gun ŋ ng 疑 疑 疑 疑 兀 Lesser Muddy singer Glottal stop, Palatal approximant and Velar Fricative (Glottal Fricative) ʔ 7 / ? 影 影 影 影 - Fully Clear uh-oh j j 喻 喻 喻 以 弋 Lesser Muddy yes x x / h 曉 曉 曉 曉 ㄏ Fully Clear Scottish English: loch h h hat ɣ y- / gh 匣 匣 匣 匣 Fully Muddy Icelandic: saga ɦ Australian: behind ɦ y- 云 Lateral Approximant ʟ? l 來 Lesser Muddy l 來 來 來 ㄌ lake Consonant cluster ȵʑ nzj 日 日 -

References

• Wang Li, 《漢語語音史》 ISBN：9787101097030
• Pan Wuyun
• Bernhard Karlgren

See also

• Kuang-yün ("Wide Rime")
• Yün-Thu ("Rime Table")
• zh:三十六字母
• zh:中古漢語聲母
• 從中古漢語到官話的語音演變 (Phonological shift from Middle Chinese to Modern Mandarin)
• ja:音読み#中古音との関係
• Sinitic languages
• Varieties of Chinese

External links

• "Kuang-yün". 韻典網 (Yün Tian Wang, "Rhime Scripture Web") (in Traditional Chinese).
  • "Reconstructed Consonants in Kuang-yün". 韻典網 (Yün Tian Wang, "Rhime Scripture Web") (in Traditional Chinese).
  • "Reconstructed Vowels in Kuang-yün". 韻典網 (Yün Tian Wang, "Rhime Scripture Web") (in Traditional Chinese).