User:Swiãtopôłk/sandbox

Santa Fe Province
	Invincible Flag
Use	Civil and state flag
Proportion	1:2
Adopted	September 1822; 202 years ago (first adoption); 1986; 38 years ago (restored);
Relinquished	1880; 144 years ago
Designed by	Don Estanislao López

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2345

The Santa Fe flag is a symbol of the Argentine province of Santa Fe, features a vertical tricolour of red, white and blue. In the center is the oval coat of arms of the province. The roots of this design date back to the League of the Free Peoples and the Argentine Civil War. Although the flag was abandoned during the era of centralization in the 1880s, it was reinstated in 1986.

==Symbolism The colors are derived from the colors of the Federalist Party of the first half of the 19th century. White and blue are the colours of the Argentine national flag. Red was chosen by José Artigas to represent federalism. In the middle there is a yellow oval with an inscription Provincia Invencible de Santa Fe (Invincible Province of Santa Fe). Inside the oval are two crossed arrows and a spear with half a sun above them. The sun alludes to the Sun of May, although it has no face. A spear with its head pointing upwards and crossed with two arrows with their heads pointing downwards symbolizes the triumph of culture over the aboriginal tribes.

==History

kiedys jak bedzie wiecej zrodel

[1][2][3][4]

Flags of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas

Draft:Flags of the Kingdom of Beni Abbas

The Beni Abbas was a Kabyle,^[1] Berber state of North Africa. The Kingdom had a number of royal flags and standards, but did not use a national flag in the modern sense. There is no exhaustive study of the flags or emblems of the Ait Abbas kingdom, while various historical sources have reported flags attributed to the reigning family of the kingdom (the Mokrani).

=Emirate of Béjaïa The Emirate of Béjaïa was the predecessor of the Kingdom Beni Abbas. There are no known Muslim descriptions of the symbols of this country, but European sources agree that they show the reds the flag with the gold crossbow. The golden crossbow is shown in the Catalan Atlas (conventionally dated 1375) and in Castilian Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms from 1385. The same symbolism later appeared on various Portolan charts in the 15th century. Probably the last appearance of the red-gold flag in European sources dates back to 1511, i.e. a year after the end of the existence of the state.^[2]

14th-15th century
An anonymous portolan chart from the workshop of Pere Rossell, probably 1450s

=Beni Abbès In "Legendary Algeria" by Corneille Trumelet, the author described the flag of the lords of Medjana in the eighteenth century (the Mokrani ^[a]), as follows: a flag with three stripes, one green and two red, with their motto edged with gold in the center: "El-Kheir en-Nasirin" (God is the best helper).^[4]

In 1844, the French painter Adrien Dauzats mentioned in his painting "The Taking of Setif during the Conquest of Algeria, 21st October 1839, 1844",^[5] two flags in green and red. Flags that he attributed to the Khalifat of Medjana (Ahmed El Mokrani) in his book "Diary of the expedition of the Iron Gates".^[6]

The red and green flag is the most famous flag of Beni Abbas, but it is not known what its function was.

Paul Gaffarel indicates in "Algeria - History, Conquest and Colonization" that a Mokrani who had been invited by Napoleon III before 1871, carried a white flag with a golden fleur-de-lys.^[7] The Academy of Sciences, Letters and Arts of Arras assures that the Mokrani family's coat of arms was the fleur de lys (⚜).^[8] Laurent-Charles Feraud indicates in the "Histoire Des Villes de la Province de Constantine" that during the period of the Bey and the first years of French colonization, the Mokrani had as their distinctive insignia, a silk standard, in the middle of which were written in gold letters "Help comes from God, and victory is near".^[9]

Red and green flag
Banner of the House of Mokrani (18th–19th century)^[10]
Banner used during Boumezrag El Mokrani's meeting with Napoleon III. (1871)

=Flag captured in the Djurdjura mountains

Flag captured by the French army in the Djurdjura mountains during the conquest of Algeria and attributed to the kingdom of Kuku, but may also originate from Aït Abbas.^[11] The flag consisted of a red field with white hamsa in the center and four crescent moons in the corners. The symbols from this flag were adopted in the French army as the pennant of the 14th company in the 4th battalion.^[12]

=Notes

^ The surname Mokrani comes from a Berber word "Amokrane" "Ameqqran" which means "chief", a title that became a dynastic name during the time of Ahmed Amokrane, chief of Beni Abbès from 1556 to 1596.^[3]

= See also

= References

^ "Le Royaume fort et indépendant des Ath Abbas (1510 -1871)".
^ https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59062503/
^ Feraud, Laurent-Charles (March 2011). Histoire des villes de la province de Constantine: Sétif-Bordj-Bou-Arréridj (in French). Paris: L’Harmattan. p. 150. ISBN 978-2-296-54115-3..
^ Trumelet, Corneille (1892). L' Algérie légendaire : en pélérinage çà et là aux tombeaux des principaux thaumaturges de l'Islam (in French). pp. 74–75.
^ MeisterDrucke. "La prise de Sétif lors de la conquête de l'Al..." MeisterDrucke (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-06.
^ Nodier, Charles (1780-1844) Auteur du texte; Raffet, Denis-Auguste-Marie (1804-1860) Dessinateur; Graveur, Hébert; Graveur, Pinaud; Graveur, Brévière; Graveur, Lavoignat; Dauzats, Adrien (1804-1868) Graveur; Graveur, Montigneul (1844). "[Illustrations de Journal de l'expédition des Portes de Fer.] / Raffet [des.]; Hébert, Pinaud, Brévière, Lavoignat, Dauzats, Montigneul [grav.]; Charles Nodier, aut. du texte". Gallica. Retrieved 2020-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^ Gaffarel, Paul (1883). L'Algérie: Histoire, conquête et colonisation (in French). Librairie de Firmin-Didot et cie. p. 310.
^ Académie des sciences, lettres et arts (Arras) Auteur du texte (1872). "Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, lettres et arts d'Arras". Gallica. Retrieved 2020-12-06.
^ Féraud 1872, p. 203
^ Féraud, Laurent Charles (1872). "Histoire des Villes de la Province de Constantine".
^ "Algeria: The achievement of the French colonization (1847-1871)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02.
^ "Pennants of the Algerian Tirailleurs (French Army)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2020-09-20.

[[Category:Obsolete national flags] [[Category:Flags of Algeria]

The following is a list of flags and banners related with Algeria.

Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen

The Kingdom of Tlemcen was a late medieval Islamic kingdom ruled by the Zenata Berber Zayyanid dynasty in what is now the northwest of Algeria^[1]^[2]. During the existence of this country, national flags in the modern sense were not used. There are no Arabic sources describing the flags used by Tlemcen, however Iberian sources show similar blue and white banners with a crescent moon. The white banner with blue crescent is consistently served by Angelino Dulcert (fl. 1320s) as well as the authors of the Book of All Kingdoms (dated to c. 1385) and the Catalan Atlas (often conventionally dated 1375)^[3]^[4]. Early 14th century genoese cartographer Pietro Vesconte showed the banner as white with a red crescent and three fringes. Lopo Homem on a map from 1519 shows a coat of arms with a blue shield and a golden crescent. A 16th century map created 8 years after the fall of Tumcan and 3 years after the death of its last ruler in Spanish Oran^[5] shows inverted colors, i.e. white crescent on a blue background^[6]. The flag of the Kingdom of Tlemcen shows the earliest use of the crescent in present day Algeria. Widespread use of the crescent in Islam develops during the 14th to 15th century.^[7] Algeria now uses the crescent along with the star in national flag.

=Gallery

Flag of Kingdom of Tlemcen on according Iberian sources.
Flag from Algiers on Pietro Vescontes' map.
A currently popular version of the flag.

=See also

References ===

^ "Abd al-Wadid Dynasty | Berber dynasty". Retrieved 2016-07-22.
^ Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 475. ISBN 9780195337709.
^ Ferandez-Armesto, F.F.R. (1995). The European opportunity. Aldershot, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt. : Variorum. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-86078-501-9. The Catalan Atlas is conventionally attributed to 1375, because that year is used as the starting-point for the computation of the Golden Number, but 1376 and 1377 are also mentioned in its accompanying texts; it conforms closely to the description of such an atlas in the French royal library catalogue, dated 1380 [...] The Catalan Atlas can be assigned with some confidence to the late 1370s or the early 1380s.
^ The date "1375" is mentioned in several places in the map: Gunn, Geoffrey C. (15 October 2018). Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4985-9014-3.
^ Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The 'Abd al-Wadids or Zayyanids or Ziyanids". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9780748696482.
^ Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. Canon. Ital. 143: https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/2b9b61b9-9056-4bcf-8af1-62752309358c/
^ Pamela Berger, The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary (2012), p. 164f

[[Category:Obsolete national flags] [[Category:Flags of Algeria]

The following is a list of flags and banners related with Algeria.

SHz

Australia
Australia
Australia
India
India
India
India
India
India
iran
Iran
Ottoman
Ottoman
Ottoman
Ottoman
Ottoman
Ottoman
Ottoman
usa
usa
usa
Kaz
Kirgistan
Italy
Peru
Poland
Poland
Czechia
UK
Venezuela
Albania
Albania
Albania
Albania
Albania
Albania
Albania
Albania

[4] The surname Mokrani comes from a Berber word "Amokrane" "Ameqqran" which means "chief", a title that became a dynastic name during the time of Ahmed Amokrane, chief of Beni Abbès from 1556 to 1596.^[3]

[1] "Le Royaume fort et indépendant des Ath Abbas (1510 -1871)".

[2] ttps://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b59062503/

[3] Feraud, Laurent-Charles (March 2011). Histoire des villes de la province de Constantine: Sétif-Bordj-Bou-Arréridj (in French). Paris: L’Harmattan. p. 150. ISBN 978-2-296-54115-3..

[5] Trumelet, Corneille (1892). L' Algérie légendaire : en pélérinage çà et là aux tombeaux des principaux thaumaturges de l'Islam (in French). pp. 74–75.

[6] MeisterDrucke. "La prise de Sétif lors de la conquête de l'Al..." MeisterDrucke (in French). Retrieved 2020-12-06.

[7] Nodier, Charles (1780-1844) Auteur du texte; Raffet, Denis-Auguste-Marie (1804-1860) Dessinateur; Graveur, Hébert; Graveur, Pinaud; Graveur, Brévière; Graveur, Lavoignat; Dauzats, Adrien (1804-1868) Graveur; Graveur, Montigneul (1844). "[Illustrations de Journal de l'expédition des Portes de Fer.] / Raffet [des.]; Hébert, Pinaud, Brévière, Lavoignat, Dauzats, Montigneul [grav.]; Charles Nodier, aut. du texte". Gallica. Retrieved 2020-12-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

[8] Gaffarel, Paul (1883). L'Algérie: Histoire, conquête et colonisation (in French). Librairie de Firmin-Didot et cie. p. 310.

[9] Académie des sciences, lettres et arts (Arras) Auteur du texte (1872). "Mémoires de l'Académie des sciences, lettres et arts d'Arras". Gallica. Retrieved 2020-12-06.

[10] Féraud 1872, p. 203

[11] Féraud, Laurent Charles (1872). "Histoire des Villes de la Province de Constantine".

[12] "Algeria: The achievement of the French colonization (1847-1871)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2016-04-02.

[13] "Pennants of the Algerian Tirailleurs (French Army)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 2020-09-20.

[:5-14] "Abd al-Wadid Dynasty | Berber dynasty". Retrieved 2016-07-22.

[15] Appiah, Kwame Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis, eds. (2010). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 475. ISBN 9780195337709.

[16] Ferandez-Armesto, F.F.R. (1995). The European opportunity. Aldershot, Great Britain ; Brookfield, Vt. : Variorum. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-86078-501-9. The Catalan Atlas is conventionally attributed to 1375, because that year is used as the starting-point for the computation of the Golden Number, but 1376 and 1377 are also mentioned in its accompanying texts; it conforms closely to the description of such an atlas in the French royal library catalogue, dated 1380 [...] The Catalan Atlas can be assigned with some confidence to the late 1370s or the early 1380s.

[17] The date "1375" is mentioned in several places in the map: Gunn, Geoffrey C. (15 October 2018). Overcoming Ptolemy: The Revelation of an Asian World Region. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4985-9014-3.

[18] Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (1996). "The 'Abd al-Wadids or Zayyanids or Ziyanids". The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9780748696482.

[19] Oxford, Bodleian Library MS. Canon. Ital. 143: https://digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/objects/2b9b61b9-9056-4bcf-8af1-62752309358c/

[20] Pamela Berger, The Crescent on the Temple: The Dome of the Rock as Image of the Ancient Jewish Sanctuary (2012), p. 164f

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