User:Swavey67/sandbox/Plantibody

A Plantibody is an antibody that is produced by plants that have been genetically engineered with animal DNA. An Antibody(also known as an immunoglobulin is a complex protein within the body that recognizes antigens on viruses and other dangerous cells in order to alert the immune system that there are dangerous pathogens within the body. The transgenic plants become transformed with the DNA and produce antibodies that are similar to those inserted. The term plantibody and the concept are trademarked by the company Biolex.

Production

A plantibody is produced by insertion of outside DNA(antibodies) into a transgenic plant, causing the plant to replicate those antibodies through glycosylation. Plantibodies are purified through processess such as filtration, immunofluorescence, chromatography, and diafiltration. It is more cost effective to produce antibodies in transgenic plants than in transgenic animals, because it costs about 100 dollars per gram in transgenic animals compared to 10 dollars per gram in plants.

Advantages

Antibodies produced in plants have many advantage that are beneficial to humans, plants, and the economy as well. They can be purified cheaply and in large numbers. The many seeds of plants allow for ample storage, and they have no risk of contracting diseases to humans because the antibodies are produced by the plant itself. Plants themselves could be engineered to produce their own antibodies which fight off diseases and pests, for example, nematodes, and eliminate the need for toxic pesticides.

Applications

Antibodies generated by plants are cheaper, easier to manage, and safer to use than those obtained from animals. The applications are increasing because recombinant DNA is very useful in creating proteins that are identical when exposed into a plant's. A recombinant DNA is an artificial DNA that is created by combining two or more sequences that wouldn't normally come together. In this way, DNA injected into a plant is turned into recombinant DNA and manipulated. However, producing products in this manner on a larger scope requires more thought because we can use cells that are closer to our own DNA and attain nearly perfect results, but the cost of manufacturing the cells is expensive. Bacteria cells are more cost effective, but are also more unreliable because they differ from the original cell in some critical way. One major example of this difference is that bacterial cells do not undergo glycosylation, causing the resulting antibody to be different.

Medical

The main reason plants are being used to produce antibodies is for treatment of illnesses such as immune disorders, cancer, and inflammatory diseases, given the fact that the plantibodies also have no risk of spreading diseases to humans. In the past 21 years, research has shown that plant derived vaccines have become easier invaluables to produce.

Commercial

Plantibodies are close to passing clinical trials and becoming approved commercially because of key points. Plants are more economical than most forms of creating antibodies and the technology for harvesting and maintaining them is already present. Plantibodies would not need to go through purification requirements because they can be classified as edible vaccines. Plants also reduce the chance of coming in contact with pathogens, making their antibodies safer to use. These reasons make it possible for industries such as Biolex and Planet Biotechnology to manufacture plantibodies easily and make them affordable and profitable. Plantibodies can be made at an affordable cost and easier manufacturing due to the availability and relatively easy manipulation of genetic information in crops such as potatoes, soybean, alfalfa, rice, and wheat.

Outlook

Commercial use is not yet legalized, but clinical trials are underway to implement the use of plantibodies for humans as injections. So far, companies have started conducting human tests of pharmaceutical products, creating plantibodies that include:

• Hepatitis B vaccine
• Antibody to fight cavity causing bacteria
• Antibodies to prevent sexually transmitted diseases
• Antibody vaccine for non-Hodgkin's -cell lymphoma
• Vaccine against HIV virus
• Anthrax vaccine(from tobacco)

By being able to genetically alter plants to create specific antibodies, it's easier to manipulate genetic material to produce antibodies that will fight diseases not only for humans but for plants as well. For that reason, plantibody applications will move more towards the medicinal field.

External links

• example.com

http://www.news-medical.net/health/Antibody-What-is-an-Antibody.aspx

http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=16873380

http://www.slideshare.net/pr1yank8/plantibodies