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Electoral fraud in the United States

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July 15th version just before JSwift49 started editing --> August 31st version just before Superb Owl started editing --> current version. A couple requests for Wikipedia:Third opinion mediation have been ignored. Below are some ongoing issues

Lead

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User:Superb Owl/sandbox/Electoral fraud in the United States

Election Integrity Partnership

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Talk:Electoral fraud in the United States#Election Integrity Partnership proposed wording

By 2023, Meta, YouTube and X rolled back efforts to label or remove lies about election fraud.[1][2] As of September 2024, the Heritage Foundation, among other groups, were spreading election misinformation about noncitizen voting, with one debunked video getting over 56 million views on X.[3] Some researchers and groups studying and combatting election misinformation and disinformation, such as those at the Election Integrity Partnership, were scaled back or shut down by 2024 as a result of expensive lawsuits that were dismissed, subpoenas, time-intensive document requests, threats and online harassment.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10]

Which types of fraud are easier to prove

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Article needs a summary of which types of fraud are easier to discover and punish/prevent

Noncitizen voting and felony voting easier to prove than some types of mail-in ballot fraud.[11] The focus on those types of fraud by Republicans has been at the expense of more prevalent types is for political, not election security reasons according to Bob Hall.[11] The Hill argued that "unlike other crimes where it can be difficult to sort out the culprit, voter registration and casting a ballot creates the paper trail that is itself the crime."[12] Noncitizen voting, according to nonpartisan election experts interviewed by CNN, is quickly caught.[13]

Relationship to other election issues

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"Major threats" for US elections in 2022 according to a 2022 poll by the Institute of Governmental Studies at UC Berkeley of California voters[14]

Election experts in the 21st century rank voter fraud low on their list of election concerns, except in relation to false claims of voter fraud which exacerbate more pressing concerns. Concerns ranked above election fraud include voter suppression, and especially since 2016, foreign interference, and since 2020, election subversion and political violence.[citation needed]

"Many election officials and experts are worried false narratives could again take off, eroding public trust and leading to chaos, confusion and, in a worst-case scenario, violence...Trump has a long history of blaming his electoral shortcomings on nonexistent voter fraud."[15]

Organizing by:

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  • Ineligible to vote (which are the most common of these?)
    • People with felony convictions in certain states (explain how the rules differ and change in each state)
    • Not voting in the place of residence
    • Double voting
    • Noncitizens
    • Voter impersonation
  • Illegal practices
    • Election worker applying different standards when verifying vote-by-mail ballots
    • Politician throwing out legal votes using illegal means (election subversion)
    • Intimidating someone in your house to vote a certain way (major concern with mail-in ballots)

Voter roll maintenance

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Main page: User:Superb Owl/sandbox/Noncitizen voting

History of untrue fraud allegations

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Impacts: voter turnout, voter suppression policies and practices, election subversion

Prevalance:

What is different now is the scale at which voter fraud is being claimed.[16]

Definition/Public perceptions

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Expand upon this in the lead? Its own section?

Misc. edits to address

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'According to experts'

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Consensus depends on what @[[User:Gowser]] thinks, and Gowser was the one that initially suggested this change, which I came around on creating the new consensus. I will investigate the citations you referenced. And you are right, some of the citations do not use 'extremely rare', there's a whole spectrum including infinitesimal and statistically zero

Court cases

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In the 2018 Fish v. Kobach case, U.S. District Court Judge Julie Robinson ruled that Kansas' proof of citizenship law was unconstitutional, in part because the state did not demonstrate that any meaningful illegal noncitizen voting occurred and that 31,089 citizens without the right documentation had their voter registration cancelled or suspended.[48][49][50][51] In a 2023 case in Arizona, U.S. District Judge Susan R. Bolton struck down the documentary proof of citizenship requirement along similar lines but upheld some provisions, citing as credible disputed and unverified estimates of 2022 noncitizen voting rates.[52][53]

Challenging as a type of voter fraud

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Add citations?

Provable debate (non-citizen voting section)

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JSwift49 deleted 'provable' for a second time and a third time and Jc3s5h reverted after citing personal experience that he does not believe it is easy here

We now have 4 sources (2-3 WP:RS) saying that identifying or catching noncitizen voting is easy. I have tried to include but JSwift49 and Jc3s5h have voted them all down for reasons I still can't understand. Does anyone else want to weigh-in on these?

CNN

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Noncitizen voting, according to nonpartisan election experts, is quickly caught.[13]

Brennan Center

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The Brennan Center argued in 2017 that detection of noncitizen voting is "very easy" because there are records of who casts a ballot.[54]

"'Well, the thing is, we actually do have the numbers, and we know that noncitizens don’t vote illegally in detectable numbers, let alone in large numbers,' said Eliza Sweren-Becker, a senior counsel in the Voting Rights & Elections Program at the Brennan Center for Justice, pointing to a study reviewing data from 42 different jurisdictions.

"The Brennan Center study from the 2016 general election showed an estimated 30 incidents of suspected — not confirmed — noncitizen votes out of 23.5 million, which is 0.0001 percent of the votes cast. So the Speaker’s intuition is incorrect,” she told The Hill."[12]

The Hill

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"Unlike other crimes where it can be difficult to sort out the culprit, voter registration and casting a ballot creates the paper trail that is itself the crime."[12]

The Associated Press

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Full quote

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"Republicans who have been vocal about voting by those who are not citizens have demurred when asked for evidence that it’s a problem. Last week, during a news conference on his federal legislation to require proof of citizenship during voter registration, House Speaker Mike Johnson couldn’t provide examples of the crime happening.

'The answer is that it’s unanswerable,' the Louisiana Republican said in response to a question about whether such people were illegally voting. 'We all know, intuitively, that a lot of illegals are voting in federal elections, but it’s not been something that is easily provable.'

Election administration experts say it’s not only provable, but it’s been demonstrated that the number of noncitizens voting in federal elections is infinitesimal."[55]

Proposed most succinct

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According to the Associated Press, election administration experts say whether or not non-citizens vote is provable and has been demonstrated to be infinitesimal in federal elections.[55]

Proposed medium

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According to the Associated Press, election administration experts say whether or not non-citizens vote is "not only provable, but it's been demonstrated that the number of noncitizens voting in federal elections is infinitesimal."[55]

Proposed longer

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Mike Johnson asserted in 2024 “We all know, intuitively, that a lot of illegals are voting in federal elections, but it’s not been something that is easily provable.” According to the Associated Press, election administration experts say it is "not only provable, but it's been demonstrated that the number of noncitizens voting in federal elections is infinitesimal."[55]

JSwift49 response

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Adding the full quote does not address this specific dispute, because "whether or not non-citizens vote" still remains. It will be removed if it stays until a consensus on the meaning of 'provable' is reached. This isn't a case of undue weight or newer stats preferred it's a case of getting the source right.
Re. my reasoning, I'll try to explain more clearly:
  • Johnson: “We all know, intuitively, that a lot of illegals are voting in federal elections, but it’s not been something that is easily provable.”
  • Johnson says that lots of illegals voting is the thing that isn't provable.
  • Election administration experts say it’s not only provable, but it’s been demonstrated that the number of noncitizens voting in federal elections is infinitesimal.
  • Elections administration experts say it's provable and demonstrated that the numbers are small.
That's different from saying it's provable whether or not a non-citizen/non-citizens vote.
The it's in "it's not only provable" can only refer to something in the sentence itself or to the sentence before, and it certainly isn't referring to the sentence before (lots of illegals voting). So we can only associate 'it's provable' with what is described in the sentence itself.

Undue weight

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Justin Levitt? Probably not just should note he's quoted in an op-ed...

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Glenn Kessler issues

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  1. Glenn Kessler articles labeled as 'analysis' (ie a type of op-ed, albeit probably more rigorous)
  2. He is cited a number times (seems like undue weight for one journalist).
  3. He cited the incredibly unreliable JustFacts website neutrally as 'a researcher' that uses Richman's work still
  4. He is the least willing of any journalist in a reputable outlet to qualify Richman's work with all the controversy and debunked counter-studies
  5. His citation is used to justify the focus on:
  • Jesse Richman study being included in the article (Richman is also writes blogs on Monkey Cage at the Washington Post - could explain why some at that paper give less critical coverage of his work)
  • Glenn Kessler in The Washington Post stated there was "scattered evidence" of noncitizen voting and little to support the idea that it ever affected the outcome of a major election, but that the scarcity of evidence "does not necessarily prove that the phenomenon does not happen". He wrote that "if a noncitizen casts a ballot, there is no obvious victim to make a complaint and little public documentation to prove that a voter is not a citizen".[56]
  • "Justin Levitt, a law professor at Loyola Marymount University who was skeptical of Richman’s earlier research, said in an email that 'while the CES data here does look to me to be more reliable than Prof. Richman’s prior forays, I’d need some more information before I believed it were reliable.' He also said he would be curious to know how many of the noncitizens who registered in Arizona cast ballots, as turnout could be lower than average."

Deleting context on proof of citizenship laws

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Summary of Judge's analysis of Spakovsky/Richman is not precise

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Spakovsky: false assertions, testimony was 'lacerated'

Richman: disingenous

Misc.

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Most states already use a driver's license or social security number to confirm citizenship.[57]

In Arizona, laws have primarily affected tribal voters and colleges students.[58]


3.8 million Americans do not have documents becaue they were lost, damaged or stolen.[59][60]

21.3 million Americans do not have documents readily available.[59][60] They may be in a safe deposit box at the bank and some older Americans were born outside a hospital.[57]

"About 4% of independents, 2% of Democrats and 1% of Republicans lacked easy access to proof-of-citizenship documents."[58][60][57]

"...this survey also measured if voting-age American citizens have documentary proof of citizenship documents, including a US Birth Certificate, US Passport/US Passport Card, US Naturalization Certificate, and US Certificate of Citizenship. Over 9% of voting-age citizens, or 21.3 million people, cannot readily access documentary proof of citizenship (DPOC), either because they do not have it at all or because they could not access it easily if needed. Just under 2% of voting-age American citizens, or over 3.8 million people, lack ANY form of DPOC. This means 3.8 million voting-age American citizens do not have a birth certificate, passport, naturalization certificate, or a certificate of citizenship. This disproportionately affects marginalized racial and ethnic groups, as 3% of People of Color lack any form of DPOC, compared to 1% of White Americans. Eight percent of White Americans (or over 12.9 million people) and 11% of People of Color (or over 8.4 million people) cannot readily access DPOC. Independents are also more likely to lack DPOC (4%) compared to Democrats (2%) and Republicans (1%). Independents are also more likely to be unable to readily access DPOC (13%, or almost 4.5 million) than Democrats (10%, or just under 9.7 million) and Republicans (7%, or over 7.1 million)"[60]

I worked for years researching the noncitizen issue and found that it occurred very, very, very infrequently

— Al Schmidt, Republican secretary of the commonwealth in Pennsylvania[61]

Voter identification laws in the United States

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Lack of citizenship documentation by political party (2024)[62][63]

Citizenship Verification Chart

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add talk page discussion


References

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  1. ^ Hsu, Tiffany; Thompson, Stuart A.; Myers, Steven Lee (January 9, 2024). "Elections and Disinformation Are Colliding Like Never Before in 2024". New York Times. Among the biggest sources of disinformation in elections campaigns are autocratic governments seeking to discredit democracy as a global model of governance...
    Calls to pre-emptively stop voter fraud — which historically is statistically insignificant — recently trended on such platforms, according to Pyrra, a company that monitors threats and misinformation.
    The 'prevalence and acceptance of these narratives is only gaining traction,' even directly influencing electoral policy and legislation, Pyrra found in a case study.
    'These conspiracies are taking root amongst the political elite, who are using these narratives to win public favor while degrading the transparency, checks and balances of the very system they are meant to uphold,' the company's researchers wrote.
  2. ^ Bond, Shannon; Park, Miles (November 10, 2023). "Why the fight to counter false election claims may be harder in 2024". NPR.
  3. ^ Bensinger, Ken; Fausset, Richard (September 7, 2024). "Heritage Foundation Spreads Deceptive Videos About Noncitizen Voters". New York Times. The Cato Institute, a libertarian think tank, has said that 'noncitizens don't illegally vote in detectable numbers.'
  4. ^ Leingang, Rachel (2024-01-01). "'Stakes are really high': misinformation researcher changes tack for 2024 US election". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-18. With misinformation research under fire and social media platforms less willing to factcheck viral posts, 2024 could see a flood of voter fraud lies, making for an even more contentious election than in 2020.
  5. ^ Rutenberg, Jim; Myers, Steven Lee (March 17, 2024). "How Trump's Allies Are Winning the War Over Disinformation". New York Times. Disinformation about elections is once again coursing through news feeds, aiding Mr. Trump as he fuels his comeback with falsehoods about the 2020 election.
  6. ^ Bond, Shannon (June 14, 2024). "A major disinformation research team's future is uncertain after political attacks". NPR.
  7. ^ Menn, Joseph (2024-06-14). "Stanford's top disinformation research group collapses under pressure". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  8. ^ DiResta, Renée (June 25, 2024). "Guest Essay: What Happened to Stanford Spells Trouble for the Election". New York Times.
  9. ^ Tollefson, Jeff (2024-06-26). "'Vindicated': Embattled misinformation researchers celebrate key US Supreme Court decision". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-024-01766-2.
  10. ^ Myers, Steven Lee; Thompson, Stuart A. (November 1, 2024). "Disinformation Watchdogs Are Under Pressure. This Group Refuses to Stop". New York Times.
  11. ^ a b Killian, Joe (2018-12-21). "Documents: Federal prosecutors knew of Bladen County voting allegations, but took no action • NC Newsline". NC Newsline. Retrieved 2024-11-02. He said Robert Higdon, appointed last year by President Donald Trump to serve as U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of North Carolina, has followed the Republican Party line on election fraud. That means pursuing cases that advance the GOP narrative of supposedly rampant voter fraud by non-citizens and convicted felons, Hall said, while essentially ignoring much more complicated and statistically prevalent fraud – like absentee ballot tampering.
  12. ^ a b c Beitsch, Rebecca; Bernal, Rafael (2024-05-12). "Speaker Johnson's 'intuition' on illegal voting clashes with data". The Hill. Retrieved 2024-09-09. Unlike other crimes where it can be difficult to sort out the culprit, voter registration and casting a ballot creates the paper trail that is itself the crime.
    Noncitizens who even register to vote or take another action to falsely claim they are a citizen could face up to five years in prison, and those who cast a ballot could be incarcerated for up to one year.
  13. ^ a b Cohen, Marshall (2024-09-21). "Arizona Supreme Court rules voters caught in proof-of-citizenship glitch can still get 'full ballot,' including state races". CNN. Retrieved 2024-09-25. Former President Donald Trump and his Republican allies have raised baseless claims that massive numbers of noncitizens have voted in US elections, and Trump used this case to continue his yearslong pattern of using routine mishaps and errors in the voting process to allege widespread fraud. Nonpartisan experts say illegal voting by noncitizens is extremely rare and is quickly caught.
  14. ^ DiCamillo, Mark (2022-11-05). "Release #2022-21: California voters in broad agreement that American democracy faces critical dangers, but Democrats and Republicans disagree on the nature of the threats". Institute of Governmental Studies UC Berkeley: 5. Archived from the original on 2024-01-25. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
  15. ^ Marley, Patrick (October 14, 2024). "How Trump may try to challenge the election results if he loses again". Washington Post.
  16. ^ Leingang, Rachel; Levine, Sam (2024-10-03). "Republicans' non-citizen voting myth sets stage to claim stolen election". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-10-23.
  17. ^ Bohannon, Molly. "Elon Musk Shared Tweets Raising Concerns About Ballot Stuffing — Despite Experts Saying Voter Fraud Is Rare". Forbes. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  18. ^ "Trump helped a vote scandal go viral. What really happened?". 2024-01-21. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  19. ^ a b McCreary, Joedy. "Don't be fooled: 5 types of misinformation we expect this election season". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  20. ^ a b Kestler-D'Amours, Jillian. "Trump's false voter fraud claims set stage for turmoil — again". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  21. ^ "Many Americans don't trust mail-in voting. What can be done?". Christian Science Monitor. ISSN 0882-7729. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  22. ^ Gardner, Amy; Itkowitz, Colby; Alfaro, Mariana (2024-09-09). "Trump pledges to jail opponents, baselessly suggests election will be stolen from him". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-09-09. In reality, illegal voting is exceedingly rare.
  23. ^ "Re-examining how and why voter fraud is exceedingly rare in the U.S. ahead of the 2022 midterms". Reuters. 2022-06-02. Retrieved 2024-07-19. This article aims to provide information and context on how voter fraud in the U.S. is not a 'widespread' issue, as some online commentators claim, but made exceedingly rare by existing safeguards.
  24. ^ Ulloa, Jazmine (April 28, 2022). "G.O.P. Concocts Fake Threat: Voter Fraud by Undocumented Immigrants". The New York Times. Voter fraud is exceptionally rare, and allegations that widespread numbers of undocumented immigrants are voting have been repeatedly discredited.
  25. ^ Allen, Catherine (2024-03-12). "Map: 29 million Americans live under new voter ID laws put in place since 2020". NBC News. Retrieved 2024-09-24. Studies have found voter fraud rates to be exceptionally low
  26. ^ Ulloa, Jazmine; Bensinger, Ken; Corasaniti, Nick (July 18, 2024). "Key Takeaways From the Republican Convention's Message on Immigration". NYTimes.
  27. ^ Levine, Sam (June 10, 2024). "She was sentenced to prison for voting. Her story is part of a Republican effort to intimidate others". the Guardian. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  28. ^ Serrano, Alejandro (2023-03-15). "Ken Paxton's campaign against election crimes ensnared a Texas justice of the peace three times before judges thwarted the efforts". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  29. ^ Roth, Zachary (March 8, 2023). "Trump 'White House in waiting' helped develop Ohio voting bill touted as model for states". States Newsroom.
  30. ^ Levine, Sam (2023-02-08). "First case in DeSantis voter fraud crackdown ends with split verdict". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  31. ^ Kessler, Glenn (2022-11-01). "Analysis | The truth about election fraud: It's rare". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  32. ^ Bump, Philip (2022-02-02). "Analysis | There's new evidence showing the lack of fraud in 2020 that Trump's base will never see". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  33. ^ Banner, Alexandra (2024-09-20). "5 things to know for Sept. 20: Middle East, Stock market, Political scandal, Mail-in voting, Covid-19 origins". CNN. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  34. ^ a b Taddonio, Patrice (October 20, 2020). "How Associating Mail-in Ballots with Voter Fraud Became a Political Tool". FRONTLINE. Retrieved 2024-09-24.
  35. ^ "GOP targets 'noncitizen voting.' Experts agree it's not a problem". Los Angeles Times. 2024-09-12. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  36. ^ Swenson, Ali (2024-05-18). "Noncitizen voting, already illegal in federal elections, becomes a centerpiece of 2024 GOP messaging". AP News. Retrieved 2024-09-06. Republicans who have been vocal about voting by those who are not citizens have demurred when asked for evidence that it's a problem. Last week, during a news conference on his federal legislation to require proof of citizenship during voter registration, House Speaker Mike Johnson couldn't provide examples of the crime happening.
    'The answer is that it's unanswerable,' the Louisiana Republican said in response to a question about whether such people were illegally voting. 'We all know, intuitively, that a lot of illegals are voting in federal elections, but it's not been something that is easily provable.'
    Election administration experts say it's not only provable, but it's been demonstrated that the number of noncitizens voting in federal elections is infinitesimal.
  37. ^ a b "Fact checking Trump and Johnson's election integrity announcement". CNN. 2024-04-12. Retrieved 2024-09-03. Despite Johnson's focus on this topic, it is extremely rare, according to decades of voting data and nonpartisan experts. It's so uncommon that voting experts don't see it as a problem plaguing US elections.
  38. ^ Morse, Clara Ence (May 9, 2024). "Noncitizen voting is extremely rare. Republicans are focusing on it anyway". Washington Post. But experts say the Republican spotlight on the issue glosses over two crucial facts: Noncitizen voting is exceedingly rare, and it is already banned in almost all places, including the ones with ballot measures in November. That hasn't stopped Republicans from making the issue a frequent talking point. The unfounded threat brings together two issues Republicans believe will drive turnout with their base: illegal immigration and election fraud claims. Critics warn that attempts to crack down on noncitizen voting could suppress the votes of Latino voters who fear being wrongly accused of illegally casting ballots. They say they could also lead to database mismatches that push legitimate voters off the rolls.
  39. ^ Cohen, Marshall (2024-09-21). "Arizona Supreme Court rules voters caught in proof-of-citizenship glitch can still get 'full ballot,' including state races | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2024-09-25.
  40. ^ Wolf, Zachary B. (2024-09-12). "Analysis: What the data actually shows about whether undocumented immigrants vote in US elections | CNN Politics". CNN. Retrieved 2024-09-13.
  41. ^ "Here's Why Republicans Are Focusing on Voting by Noncitizens". New York Times. May 21, 2024. House Republicans are pushing legislation to crack down on voting by noncitizens, which is allowed in some local elections but illegal — and exceedingly rare — at the federal level...
  42. ^ "House passes bill requiring proof of citizenship to vote, fanning a GOP election-year talking point". AP News. 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2024-09-03 – via PBS News. The U.S. House of Representatives on Wednesday passed a proof-of-citizenship requirement for voter registration, a proposal Republicans have prioritized as an election-year talking point even as research shows noncitizens illegally registering and casting ballots in federal elections is exceptionally rare.
  43. ^ Mathur-Ashton, Aneeta (May 24, 2024). "Sorting the Fiction From the Facts About Noncitizen Voting". US News & World Report. While the bills echo a favorite claim from Republicans regarding election fraud, several years of research and data suggest that the problem they attempt to solve up to now has been so rare as to be insignificant.
  44. ^ Parks, Miles (2024-04-12). "Republicans aim to stop noncitizen voting in federal elections. It's already illegal". NPR. Retrieved 2024-04-21. Numerous studies have also confirmed that it almost never happens, but as more conservative voters say immigration is a key issue for them, it's become clearer that election misinformation in 2024 will center on the topic as well.
  45. ^ Lieb, David A. (2024-09-01). "Illegal voting by noncitizens is rare, yet Republicans are making it a major issue this election". AP News. Retrieved 2024-09-01. Voting by noncitizens is rare.
  46. ^ Sherman, Amy. "Do states verify citizenship of voters in federal elections?". PolitiFact. Retrieved 2024-09-01. Cases of noncitizens voting are statistically rare. Some noncitizens accidentally end up on voter rolls when applying for drivers' licenses.
  47. ^ Rogers, Kaleigh (May 29, 2024). "Republicans are ramping up election fraud claims ahead of November". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-09-03. ...election denialism continues to be the Republican tack as long as Trump remains the captain, and it could once again have very serious repercussions if he isn't victorious in November.
  48. ^ Parton, Jon (2024-07-13). "Judge Strikes Down Kansas Voter ID Law, Sanctions Kris Kobach". Courthouse News Service. Retrieved 2024-07-20.
  49. ^ Robinson, Julie A. (2018-06-18). "Findings of fact and conclusions of law in Fish v. Kobach, Case No. 16-2105-JAR-JPO, and Bednasek and Kobach, Case No. 15-9300-JAR-JPO (published 2018-06-18 with corrections 2018-06-19)" (PDF). US District Court for the District of Kansas. Retrieved 2018-06-28.
  50. ^ Huseman, Jessica (2018-06-19). "How the Case for Voter Fraud Was Tested — and Utterly Failed". ProPublica. Retrieved 2024-09-08. Dismissing the testimony by Kobach's witnesses as unpersuasive, Robinson drew what she called 'the more obvious conclusion that there is no iceberg; only an icicle largely created by confusion and administrative error.'...But the judge's opinion and expert interviews reveal that Kobach effectively put the concept of mass voter fraud to the test — and the evidence crumbled.
  51. ^ "Court: Kansas can't require voters to show citizenship proof". AP News. 2020-04-29. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  52. ^ Kessler, Glenn (2024-03-06). "The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2024-04-13. Retrieved 2024-04-21. There is scattered evidence of noncitizens voting in federal elections — sometime by mistake (such as erroneously thinking they were eligible while getting a driver's license) but also with nefarious intent ... Given the paucity of evidence of noncitizen voting, many election researchers have long said that there was little to support the idea that noncitizen voting had ever affected the outcome of a major election. But that does not necessarily prove that the phenomenon does not happen.
  53. ^ Kasprak, Alex (2024-05-26). "'10 to 27%' of Noncitizens in US Are Illegally Registered to Vote?". Snopes. Retrieved 2024-09-13. '[The CES] is not designed to be a sample of noncitizen adults and therefore it is not fit for the purpose of studying that subset of respondents...'There are much better ways to analyze whether noncitizens register to vote,' Schaffner told Snopes. These methods, some of which Richman used in his recent expert reports, involve looking voter rolls and other state records to identify any individuals who appear to be noncitizens. Studies like these, including the Richman expert reports, 'overwhelmingly resulted in finding very few noncitizens registered to vote,' Schaffner told Snopes.
  54. ^ Keith, Douglas; Perez, Myrna; Famighetti, Christopher (May 5, 2017). "Noncitizen Voting: The Missing Millions | Brennan Center for Justice". www.brennancenter.org. p. 7. Retrieved 2024-09-18. High Risk of Detection: Because there are records of who votes, detection is very easy. Voting records can be and are reviewed or compared to lists of ineligible voters to identify anyone ineligible by election administrators, political parties, and activists.
  55. ^ a b c d "Noncitizen voting, already illegal in federal elections, becomes a centerpiece of 2024 GOP messaging". AP News. 2024-05-18. Retrieved 2024-09-06. Election administration experts say it's not only provable, but it's been demonstrated that the number of noncitizens voting in federal elections is infinitesimal.
  56. ^ Kessler, Glenn (2024-03-06). "Analysis: The truth about noncitizen voting in federal elections". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 2024-04-13. Retrieved 2024-04-21. There is scattered evidence of noncitizens voting in federal elections — sometime by mistake (such as erroneously thinking they were eligible while getting a driver's license) but also with nefarious intent ... Given the paucity of evidence of noncitizen voting, many election researchers have long said that there was little to support the idea that noncitizen voting had ever affected the outcome of a major election. But that does not necessarily prove that the phenomenon does not happen.
  57. ^ a b c Wang, Hansi Lo (June 11, 2024). "1 in 10 eligible U.S. voters say they can't easily show proof of their citizenship". NPR.
  58. ^ a b Levine, Sam (2024-06-12). "Millions of US voters lack access to documents to prove citizenship". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  59. ^ a b Morris, Kevin; Henry, Cora (June 11, 2024). "Millions of Americans Don't Have Documents Proving Their Citizenship Readily Available | Brennan Center for Justice". www.brennancenter.org. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  60. ^ a b c d Who Lacks ID in America Today? An Exploration of Voter ID Access, Barriers, and Knowledge (June 2024) "...3.8 million voting-age American citizens do not have a birth certificate, passport, naturalization certificate, or a certificate of citizenship...3% of People of Color lack any form of DPOC, compared to 1% of White Americans. Eight percent of White Americans (or over 12.9 million people) and 11% of People of Color (or over 8.4 million people) cannot readily access DPOC ...Independents are also more likely to be unable to readily access DPOC (13%, or almost 4.5 million) than Democrats (10%, or just under 9.7 million) and Republicans (7%, or over 7.1 million)."
  61. ^ "Battleground state election officials push back against noncitizen voting 'myth'". NBC News. 2024-09-19. Retrieved 2024-09-23.
  62. ^ Levine, Sam (2024-06-12). "Millions of US voters lack access to documents to prove citizenship". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2024-09-10.
  63. ^ Who Lacks ID in America Today? An Exploration of Voter ID Access, Barriers, and Knowledge (June 2024)
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