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Provisional Government (1912–1913)

Presidents of the Provisional Government of the Republic of China

Portrait		Name (born–died)	Term of office			Political party		Assembly (elected)
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
1		Sun Yat-sen 孫中山 (1866–1925)	1 January 1912	10 March 1912	69 days		Tongmenghui	Provisional (1911)
2		Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (1859–1916)	10 March 1912	10 October 1913	1 year, 214 days		Beiyang clique	Provisional (1912)

Beiyang Government (1913–1928)

See also: Beiyang Government

In October 1913, Yuan Shikai became the first official President of the Republic of China. However, in June 1916, Yuan passed away after his failed attempt to declare himself emperor. Following his death, the Beiyang warlords emerged as the de facto rulers of the government. The central government led by the "Grand President" and the Premier who both held little real authority. Most key decisions were made through negotiations among the prominent warlords. After the resignation of President Cao Kun in 1924, the presidency was effectively transferred to the State Council, and no further elections were held for the position.

By 1924, Duan Qirui, leader of the Anhui clique, reorganized the government, positioning himself as the temporary head of state, and abolishing the presidency. In April 1926, Duan was ousted from power. The following month, Yan Huiqing succeeded the former Premier and acting interim governor, Hu Weide. Upon his resignation, Yan was reinstated as Premier and assumed the presidency under the authority of the State Council. However, the presidency was abolished once again when Zhang Zuolin, a prominent warlord from the Fengtian clique, declared himself Grand Marshal of the Army and Navy.

Portrait		Name (born–died)	Term of office			Political affiliations		Elected	Ref
			Took office	Left office	Time in office
President of the Republic of China (1913–1924)
1		Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (1859–1916)	10 October 1913	6 June 1916	2 years, 240 days		Beiyang clique	1913	[ref]
2		Li Yuanhong 黎元洪 (1864–1928)	7 June 1916	17 July 1917	1 year, 40 days		Progressive Party	–	[ref]
–		Feng Guozhang 馮國璋 (1859–1919) ‡	17 July 1917	10 October 1918	1 year, 85 days		Zhili clique	–	[ref]
3		Xu Shichang 徐世昌 (1855–1939)	10 October 1918	2 June 1922	3 years, 235 days		Anhui clique	1918	–
–		Zhou Ziqi 周自齊 (1871–1923) ‡	2 June 1922	11 June 1922	9 days		Communications Clique	–	[ref]
(2)		Li Yuanhong 黎元洪 (1864–1928)	17 July 1922	13 June 1923	331 days		Progressive Party	–	[ref]
–		Gao Lingwei 高凌霨 (1868–1939) ‡	14 June 1923	10 October 1923	118 days		Zhili clique	–	[ref]
4		Cao Kun 曹錕 (1862–1938)	10 October 1923	2 November 1924	1 year, 23 days		Zhili clique	1923	[ref]
–		Huang Fu 黃郛 (1883–1936) ‡	2 November 1924	24 November 1924	22 days		Nonpartisan	–	[ref]
Chief Executive of the Republic of China (1924–1926)
5		Duan Qirui 段祺瑞 (1865–1936)	24 November 1924	20 April 1926	1 year, 147 days		Anhui clique	–	[ref]
–		Hu Weide 胡惟德 (1863–1933) ‡	20 April 1926	13 May 1926	23 days		Zhili clique	–	[ref]
President of the Republic of China (1926–1927)
–		Yan Huiqing 顏惠慶 (1877–1950) ‡	13 May 1926	22 June 1926	40 days		Nonpartisan	–	[ref]
–		Du Xigui 杜錫珪 (1875–1933) ‡	22 June 1926	1 October 1926	40 days		Zhili clique	–	[ref]
–		Gu Weijin (Wellington Koo) 顧維鈞 (1888–1985) ‡	1 October 1926	17 June 1927	259 days		Nonpartisan	–	[ref]
Generalissimo of the Military Government of China (1924–1926)
6		Zhang Zuolin 張作霖 (1875–1928)	18 June 1927	4 June 1928	352 days		Fengtian clique	–	[ref]

Sindh Kamalanavin

Sindh Kamalanavin MPCh MWM
สินธุ์ กมลนาวิน
Commanders-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy
In office 24 October 1938 – 1 July 1951
Preceded by	Phraya Wichanworajak
Succeeded by	Luang Pholasinthanawat
In office 11 January – 1 May 1934
Preceded by	Phraya Wichcitcholathai
Succeeded by	Phraya Wichanworajak
President of Kasetsart University
In office 28 September 1943 – 27 September 1945
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	Thawi Bunyaket
Ministerial offices 1935–1945 Minister of Defense In office 2 August 1944 – 31 August 1945 Prime Minister Khuang Aphaiwong Preceded by Phichit Kriangsakphichit Succeeded by Chit Munsilpa Sinadyodharaksa Minister of Agriculture In office 7 March 1942 – 31 August 1945 Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram Khuang Aphaiwong Preceded by Dej Snidvongs Succeeded by Thawi Bunyaket Minister of Economy In office 16 February – 6 March 1942 Prime Minister Plaek Phibunsongkhram Preceded by Pao Pienlert Boripanyutakit Succeeded by Charun Rattanakun Seriroengrit Minister of Education In office 1 August 1935 – 16 February 1942 Preceded by Chuen Charuwat Succeeded by Plaek Phibunsongkhram
Personal details
Born	Sindh (1901-06-23)23 June 1901 Samut Prakan, Siam
Died	14 April 1976(1976-04-14) (aged 74) Bangkok, Thailand
Nationality	Thai
Political party	Khana Ratsadon
Spouse	Chintana Nutiprapha
Children	4
Military service
Allegiance	Siam (later Thailand)
Branch/service	Royal Thai Navy
Years of service	1927–1951
Rank	Admiral
Battles/wars	Siamese Revolution

Sindh Kamalanavin (23 June 1901 – 14 May 1976), commonly known as Luang Sinthusongkhramchai (Thai: หลวงสินธุสงครามชัย) was a Thai admiral who served as Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Thai Navy in 1934 and then from 1938 to 1951, holding various ministerial roles throughout his career. During the Siamese Revolution of 1932, he emerged as a prominent leader of the Navy faction within the Khana Ratsadon. His efforts to reform the Navy were instrumental in its modernization, notably introducing Thailand’s first submarines.

Sindh graduated from Suankularb Wittayalai School in 1914 and pursued naval studies in Denmark on a government scholarship. While arriving in Paris in 1928, he joined Khana Ratsadon by Thawi Bunyaket's invitation and became the Navy faction’s leader. After the 1932 Revolution, he was appointed to several ministerial roles, naval commander-in-chief, and the first president of Kasetsart University. He is credited with coining the Thai term for “submarine” (เรือดำน้ำ). He also oversaw the introduction of Thailand’s first submarines, the Matchanu-class, into naval service.

Following the Manhattan Rebellion in 1951, Sindh was removed from his position as naval commander and, despite his lack of involvement, was convicted of treason and imprisoned for three years. He later passed away on 14 May 1976.