Jump to content

User:Sudomancer/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Rejection sensitive dysphoria (RSD) is a form of emotional dysregulation primarily associated with attention hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, it is not exclusive to ADHD.

RSD is not a formal diagnosis

Fixing biased/overly represented HLPD article

Haltlose personality disorder
Other names– Willenloser Psychopath[1][2][3]
- Unstable psychopath[4]
- Unstable drifter[5][6][7]
- Disinhibited Personality[8]
SpecialtyPsychiatry
Usual onsetEarly adulthood[9]
DurationLong term
Causes– Maternal indolence (proposed)[10]
- Childhood institutionalization (proposed)[10]
- Parental rejection (proposed)[11]
- Hereditary predisposition through the mother (proposed)[12][13]
Risk factorsParental neglect[10]
Maternal alcoholism[14]
Diagnostic methodBased on reported symptoms
Symptoms can be tested using TCI and ZKPQ[15]
Differential diagnosis- ADHD[16]
- Asthenic PD[17]
- Delayed maturity[18]
- Simplex or Disorganized schizophrenia[18][19]
- Epilepsy (When Haltlose is combined with alcoholism)[20][21]
-Dependant PD[22]
Prognosis– "Particularly unfavorable" regarding long-term decline[23]
- Can be controlled by external influence[24][25][18]
- Although ideation and threats are common, typically lack the courage to commit suicide.[26]
- Normal intelligence[27]
FrequencyEqual representation between males and females[13]
Personality disorders
Cluster A (odd)
Cluster B (dramatic)
Cluster C (anxious)
Not otherwise specified
Depressive
Others

Haltlose psychopathy was one of the initial seven forms of psychopathy characterized in the 18th century by Emil Kraepelin and later psychiatrists. It was of particular interest to forensic psychiatrists and criminologists as it and Gemütlose psychopathy were considered the only two psychopathies that "had high levels of criminal behavior" without external influence, and thus made up the minority of psychopaths who are "virtually doomed to commit crimes" by virtue only of their own constitution. It was said to affect individuals are said to possess psychopathic traits built upon short-sighted selfishness[21] and irresponsible hedonism, combined with an inability to anchor one's identity to a future or past.[28][29] The symptoms of the disorder are characterized by a lack of inhibition.[30]


They were characterized as Dégénérés supérieurs,[13] demonstrating normal or heightened intellect but degraded moral standards.[31] Of the ten types of psychopaths defined by Schneider, only the Gemütlose (compassionless) and the Haltlose "had high levels of criminal behavior" without external influence, and thus made up the minority of psychopaths who are "virtually doomed to commit crimes" by virtue only of their own constitution.[32]

It is not a term in regular use today, but was used to describe what is today known as Anti-Social Personality Disorder.


Described by Emil Kraepelin and Gustav Aschaffenburg in the early twentieth century,[33][34][35] and further distinguished by Karl Jaspers, Eugen and Manfred Bleuler, haltlose personality disorder has been colloquially dubbed psychopathy with an "absence of intent or lack of will".[3]



With other hyperthymics, Haltlose personalities were considered to make up "the main component of serious crime",[36] and are studied as one of the strains of psychopathy relevant to criminology[37][38][39] as they are "very easily involved in the criminal history"[40] and may become aggressors[4][41] or homicidal.[42] This form of psychopathy has been said to be difficult to identify, as a shallow sense of conformity is always present.[20][verification needed] A 2020 characterization of mental illnesses concluded that patients with haltlose personality disorder require rigid oversight and mentorship "vigilant control, leadership, authoritarian mentor, encouragement and behavior correction" to avoid an idle lifestyle, involvement in antisocial groups, crime and substance abuse.[43] The marked tendencies towards suggestibility are off-set by demonstrations of "abnormal rigidity and intransigence and firmness".[44]

After discovering a guilty conscience due to some act or omission they have committed, "they then live under constant fear of the consequences of their action or inaction, fear of something bad that might strike them" in stark opposition to their apparent carelessness or hyperthymic temperament,[45] which is itself frequently a subconscious reaction to overwhelming fear.[9] They frequently withdraw from society.[46] Given their tendency to "exaggerate, to embroider their narratives, to picture themselves in ideal situations, to invent stories",[26] this fear then manifests as being "apt to blame others for their offences, frequently seeking to avoid responsibility for their actions".[47] They do not hold themselves responsible for their failed life, instead identifying as an ill-treated martyr.[21]

Frequently changing their determined goals,[9] a haltlose psychopath is "constantly looking for an external hold, it doesn't really matter whether they join occult or fascist movements".[48] The ability to moderate external influence was considered one of three characteristics necessary to form an overall personality, thus leaving Haltlose patients without a functional personality of their own.[49] A study of those with haltlose personality disorder concludes "In all of those cases, the result was a continuous social decline that ended in asocial-parasitic existence or an antisocial-criminal life".[32][50][51]

Haltlose has one of the most unfavorable prognoses of psychopathies.[52] To exist safely, such a psychopath requires "a harsh lifestyle" and constant supervision.[53]

Etymology and criticism

[edit]

"Haltlos" is a German word that contextually refers to a floundering, aimless, irresponsible lifestyle,[28] and the diagnosis is named "Haltlose" using the feminine variation on the word.[54] They are commonly clinically termed an "unstable psychopath",[9][4] which is differentiated from emotionally unstable personality disorder (an alternate name for borderline personality disorder). It was remarked in early studies that England, the United States and northern European countries did not use the same typology, not distinguishing between those psychopaths who were unstable and those who were "Unstable Psychopaths".[55][clarification needed]

It has been dubbed a part of "German-speaking psychiatry".[56] The term "Haltlose" is more common in the study of psychiatry, while "Willenlose" is preferred in sociology.[57] Some like Karl Birnbaum prefer the term "Haltlose", while others like Kurt Schneider prefer "Willenlos" shifting focus off their lack of self-control[32] and opposed to the moralist tones of those like Birnbaum who had described the Haltlose as unable to grasp "important ideal values such as honor and morality, duty and responsibility, as well as material ones such as prosperity and health".[32][51] In 1928, Eugen Kahn argued Willenlose was a misnomer, as the patients demonstrated plenty of "will" and simply lacked the ability to translate it into action.[58]

Historically, researchers such as Schneider argued that instability is the symptom, whereas lack of volition is the underlying cause.[19] It is not included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, possibly due to a modern belief that the concept of volition is outdated and overshadowed by the concepts of motivation and arousal or drive.[59]

In 1963, Karl Jaspers defined the term as "those who have no willpower at all, the drifters, simply echoing any influence that impinges on them".[2] However, in 1976, the Government of Canada listed the alternate term "Unstable drifter" in a psychiatric criminology context as a problematic term for which they could not readily offer a French translation in accordance with their bilingualism laws.[60][61] Similar issues have arisen trying to translate it to other languages, including Turkish.[62] Ultimately the diagnosis was handicapped by the issues of translation, leading to criticism of "the impoverishment of psychiatric vocabulary" that led to declining research and use.[1][clarification needed]

In the early 20th century, Aschaffenburg distanced himself from accusations that the diagnosis was intended to protect criminals from punishment, emphasizing instead that those with Haltlose personality disorder "generally cannot be exculpated".[63][64]

Dr. Friedrich Stumpfl cautioned against what he saw as a trend of diagnosing haltlose personality disorder without investigating comorbidities that may be even more pronounced.[65] In condemning the idea of personality disorders generally, Joachim-Ernst Meyer suggested in 1976 that Schneider's early description of the Haltlose personality disorder, as a lack of determination in aspects of life including parenting, could just as easily be described as an example of a neurosis rather than a psychopathy if studied only by its aetiology rather than its symptoms,[66] and used it as an example of the nature versus nurture debate that surrounded all personality disorders.[66] Critics ceded that the term "Haltlose" remained of value in educational and therapeutic contexts, while suggesting future collaboration between psychiatric research and sociologists would allow further definition.[67][clarification needed]

Recently,[when?] it has been criticized as a "diagnosis of convenience [that] avoids all further deliberations about a psychopathic personality".[68] Dr. DM Svrakic and Dr. M Divac-Jovanovic suggested the ICD-10 explanations of Haltlose, Immature and Psychoneurotic personality disorders appeared "dubious",[69] and sociologist James Cosgrave found psychiatric use to represent a "fringe figure".[70] A graduate student at Bochumer Stadt & Studierendenzeitung condemned the historical diagnosis from an LGBT perspective, opining that "incredibly oppressive language" had been used by the psychiatrists studying it such as "pathological femininity".[71]

It may be that the evolution of test-batteries have minimized diagnoses of Haltlosen, differentiating it from some newer models in psychiatry.[16]

Physiology

[edit]

Described as bearing a "pronounced heredity burden",[72] the propensity for Haltlose has also been suggested to be passed only through the maternal genes.[12] Only[dubious – discuss] able to offer "primitive reactions"[73][page needed] and "poor and immature judgement",[47][74] they are noted to display an absolute lack of purpose in their lives "except for the simple biological need to continue living".[75][year needed]

Gustav von Bergmann, a specialist in internal medicine rather than psychiatry, wrote in 1936 that Haltlose personality disorder was entirely biological rather than fostered through psychological experiences.[76] Indeed, Dr. Hans Luxenburger proposed in 1939 that a toxin in the metabolism, when present with Haltlose personality disorder, might be responsible for asthenic difficulties such as shortness of breath, nausea, and cluster headaches.[13] Dr. E.H. Hughes noted that two-thirds of Huntington's disease patients had previously been diagnosed as Haltlose or Gemütlose psychopaths.[13]

A study in 1949 of different psychopathies under examination by electroencephalography recordings showed that borderline personalities and haltlose personalities had increased levels of dysrhythmia, whereas other subtypes of psychopathy did not show variation.[77] An individual in 1931 was noted as having initially improved but relapsed "because of encephalitis".[78] As with other personality disorders, a 1923 article suggests it can also be acquired through encephalitis.[79] In 2006, an Essex warehouse employee who suffered head injuries was awarded £3 million compensation on the basis it had caused him to develop Haltlose personality disorder, seeking out prostitutes and pornography which destroyed his marriage.[80]

Dr. W. Blankenburg posited in 1968 that those with haltlose personality disorder exhibited less categorical orientation than those patients who were simply unstable.[81] By 1962, lobotomy was being tested as a possible means to limit the chaotic thinking of the Haltlose personality.[82]

Kraepelin, in noting "an increased risk of criminal behavior", estimated that 64% of men and 20% of women with Haltlose descended into alcoholism in the early twentieth century.[16] The frequent intersection between HLPD and alcoholism means modern clinical researchers may use "haltlose" as a grouping when separating subjects by disposition.[83][84][85][specify] Research in 1915 noted an increased propensity for lavish spending, and overconsumption of coffee, tea and medication.[23]

One 1954 study suggested female Haltlose patients may experience "manic excitement" during their menses.[86] According to 1949 research, they have a higher rate of homosexuality,[35] and 1939 evidence suggested that masturbation is more prevalent in Haltlose and Gemütlose (compassionless) psychopaths than in other disorders,[49] and Haltlose erethics leave them "usually very sexually excited" and seeking out "atypical, irregular and unusual" debauchery whether in brothels, adultery or destroying marriages.[23][47][74]

They demonstrate similarities to hysteroid dysphoria.[87][20] In 1928, it was proposed that Fantasy prone personality was likely a subset of Haltlose personalities, suffering from maladaptive daydreaming and Absorption.[88]

The eugenicist Verners Kraulis of the University of Latvia noted[when?] it was frequently comorbid with Histrionic personality disorder.[89]

Symptoms

[edit]

According to 1968 research, haltlose personality disorder is frequently comorbid with other mental health diagnoses, and rarely appears isolated on its own.[90] Hans Heinze focused on his belief that Haltlose ultimately stemmed from a sense of inferiority,[49] while Kramer held there was a battling inferiority complex and superiority complex.[46]

The Haltlose were said to have a dynamic instinctual drive to "cling" to others,[when?] to avoid a horrible loneliness they fear[20][year needed] – but they will always represent a "lurking danger" because they were unable to actually maintain the necessary relationship and were in a class with the "forever abandoned".[91] According to 1926 research, they view all interaction as a means of winning "indulgence from some people, help from other people".[92]

One early study indicated that 7.5% of psychopaths were Haltlose,[93][94] and Kraepelin estimated that his own practice determined fewer than 20% of psychopaths he saw were Haltlose.[16] However more recent studies, after differentiating out newer diagnoses, have suggested that it may be fewer than 1% of psychopaths who are truly Haltlose.[20][year needed][95][clarification needed]

Described in 1922 as both "moody" and "passive",[96] they quickly switch from over-confidence in victory to sullen defiance.[23]

Their emotional lability[24][18] means they alternate between projecting an optimistic and competent image claiming they are "destined to do great things", and a more honest cynicism and depression.[26] Research in 1925 indicates they display "great emotional irritability, which may result in violent loss of temper...and interpret every limitation as an undeserved insult"[26][97] and have a "pronounced lust for argument".[12] The symptoms are considered to worsen if patients are granted greater independence "in the home and in their work".[9]

Their self schema only encompasses the immediate present.[28] They are described as "living in a random location and moment".[41][year needed] A common pitfall in therapy is that they proved in 1917 to be "very superficial, they easily acquire knowledge but do not apply it in any way and soon forget it".[26]

Those with HLPD display "a number of endearing qualities, charming with an apparent emotional warmth, but also an enhanced suggestibility and a superficiality of affect", which can lead to unrealistic optimism.[28] and "wandering through life without ever taking firm root".[99] They are also noted as "absolutely indifferent to others...likes to live for [their] pleasure today, does not make plans not only for the future but even for tomorrow, studying and working are not for them".[40] Persons with HLPD typically lack any deep knowledge, and "look for easy life and pleasures".[100] They have been described as "conquerers with an appearance of emotional warmth".[41]

Persons with HLPD were noted as struggling with hypochondria in 1907.[101] They also struggle with alcoholism,[102][28] and identify with antisocial personality disorder.[28][103]

Kraepelin said they were "apt to take senseless journeys, perhaps even becoming vagabonds".[47][74] Kraepelin argued only lifelong wanderlust was tied to Haltlose, whereas Kahn argued that the Haltlose often lost their wanderlust as they aged and preferred to settle into mediocrity.[58] Some make their fortune, but the disappearance of less fortunate travelers is not mentioned by their families who considered them to have been burdensome.[92]

To early twentieth-century researchers, they appeared amiable, well-spoken, self-confident and to be making strong efforts to improve their weaknesses, thus making a misleading first impression and endearing themselves to superiors.[92] The lack of a sense of identity, or internal support, was thought to a lack of resistance to both external and internal impulses in 1927.[9] Their "gradual deterioration in the swamp of neediness and immorality" still does not make a lasting impression on the patients.[23] Thus Haltlose patients who recognize their shortcomings were thought to possibly be overwhelmed by a subconscious fear about participating in the world without restraints in a 1924 account.[19] Similarly, researchers in the early twentieth-century believed that the inauthenticity of their projected self and superficiality of knowledge means that when "someone who is really superior to [them]", after a period of stiffly asserting themselves hoping to avoid submission, will ultimately and without explanation fully embrace the position of the other.[92]

Pathological lying is closely linked to Haltlose personality disorder, with Arthur Kielholz noting "They lie like children...this activity always remains just a game which never satisfies them and leaves them with a guilty conscious because neither the super ego nor the Id get their due... Since they are offering such a daydream as a gift, they consider themselves entitled to extract some symbolic gift in return through fraud or theft".[72][year needed] Adler maintained "Memory is usually poor and untrustworthy... often they seem to have no realization of the truth",[26] while Homburger felt they held "no sense of objectivity, no need for truth or consistency".[92]

According to early accounts, choices are made, often in mirroring others around them, but "do not leave even a passing imprint on the person's identity".[10] Thus, they can "behave properly for a while under good leadership",[9] and are not to be trusted in leadership positions themselves.[44] Gannushkin noted they must be urged, scolded or encouraged "with a stick, as they say".[53] They demonstrate poor mood control and "react quickly to immediate circumstances" since "mood variation can be extreme and fluctuate wildly", which led to the denotation "unstable psychopath".[104]

They have been described as "cold-blooded",[45] but must be differentiated from dependent personality disorder, as the two can appear similar, due to the artifice of the Haltlose patient, despite having starkly opposing foundations.[17] Persons with Dependent Personality Disorder are defined by a tendency to embarrassment,[105] and submissiveness[106] which are not genuine facets of those with Haltlose even if they mimic such. Haltlose was thus deemed the "more troublesome" personality in 1955.[107]

Childhood origins, and later role of family

[edit]

It has been proposed that haltlose personality disorder may arise from "traumatization through maternal indolence" or institutionalization in early life, although without definite conclusion.[10] It may present in childhood simply as a hypomanic reaction to the loss of a parent or incest object.[91] They often display a fear of abandonment that appeared in childhood,[103] a common BPD symptom. Male Haltlose personalities may come out of families with a pampering, over-protective and domineering mother with a weak father.[66] Homburger noted the "childhood and youth of the Haltlose are extraordinarily sad".[92] It is possible, but rare, for Haltlose personalities to develop within healthy family structures.[20]

Gerhardt Nissen referenced the possibility of intrauterine factors in the shaping of anti-social behaviors in Haltlose psychopaths, while noting the concept of psychopathy had been so weakened in modern psychopathology as to be indistinguishable from other conditions.[22] Others have suggested there is a strong heredity correlation, as the parents often also display Haltlose personality disorder, especially the mother.[13][12] Raising a Haltlose child can, in some cases, destroy the family structure by forcing relatives to take opposing positions, provoking disagreement and creating an atmosphere of bitterness and dejection.[92] They have been clinically described as disappointments to their families,[22] and are unable to feel actual love for their parents and are indifferent to the hardships of relatives – since all relationships are seen only as potential means towards acquiring pleasure.[20]

Care must be taken in making Haltlose diagnoses of children, since "the traits of instability of purpose, lack of forethought, suggestibility, egoism and superficiality of affect...are to some extent normal in childhood".[4] Children with Haltlose personality disorder demonstrate a marked milieu dependency,[108] which may be a cause rather than effect of the Haltlose.[72] It is of great importance that only children with Haltlose have peers and friends to surround themselves to try and learn associations and behaviors.[23] They often become sexually active at a young age but delayed sexual maturity, and as adults retain a psychophysical infantilism.[109][20] Regressive addictions amongst Haltlose psychopaths typically are infantile, and seek to replace the lost "dual union" arising from their parents' rejection, and later morph into a focus on subjects including vengeance or sado-masochism.[11]

The age at which parents or professionals exhibited concern about psychopathy ranged; rarely even at a preschool age.[92] Haltlose children confusingly tend to appear very strong-willed and ambitious, it is only as they age and the lack of perseverance becomes manifest that caretakers become puzzled by their "naughtiness" as it contradicts what had earlier appeared.[92] This arises principally due to their rigid demands for short-term wishes being mistakenly interpreted as having a fixed purpose and persistence.Some patients later shown to be Haltlose, had shown neuropathic traits in childhood such as bedwetting and stuttering.[20] They were also more likely to run away from their home, begin drinking before the socially acceptable age, and were afraid of punishment.[20] Although struggling to make friends in young childhood, they find it easier as they age.[110]

The Russian storybook character Dunno has been noted as an example of a child with Haltlose personality disorder.[111]

Kraepelin contended the disorder was "based on a biological predisposition" but also affected by factors such as childrearing practises, social position and state of the parental home.[16] His analysis showed that 49% of diagnosed Haltlose had obvious parental issues such as alcoholism or personality disorders.[16] A 1944 study of children produced by incest by Dr. Alfred Aschenbrenner found a high rate of Haltlose personality disorder, which he suggested might be explained as inherited from overly suggestive mothers.[12] It is possible, although difficult, to diagnose from the age of five[112] and presents one of the stronger psychiatric difficulties if present at such young age.[113] It may be possible to prevent social failure "through welfare measures" akin to early intervention.[113] Italian courts stressed mimicry of positive role models as a means to combat Haltlose youth who had fallen afoul of the law.[114]

Schooling

[edit]

Haltlose can cause educational difficulties,[78] and if parents do not understand the peculiarities of their Haltlose child, they may try to through good intentions to force the child into an educational regimen inappropriate for them, which then creates a feeling of isolation in the child which grows into a rebellious tendencies, "which turns out to be disastrous for further development".[9] Students with Haltlose personalities may prefer the arts over the sciences, since the former does not require a consistent sense of truth and entails less disciplined study.[42][98][20] Given their inability to anchor a self-schema and tendency to play-act roles, the theatre and film have great attraction and influence over them.[26]

With proper leadership and controls from teachers, they are able to become "model pupils" in terms of behavior,[35] although Schneider opined that it was worthless to educate an inability to learn from mistakes prevented actual education, and bemoaned that the late onset of anti-social behaviors kept the Haltlose in school when they might otherwise be removed.[19] Walter Moos believed that Haltlose personality disorder and hyperthymia had shown itself to be contagious in rare cases, wherein classmates developed the same disorder from interaction with patients.[115] Homburger argued for removing a Haltlose child from their family of origin as soon as the disorder was confirmed, to resettle in a rural educational centre.[92]

Adolescence, young adulthood and efforts to intervene

[edit]

When required to live independently, they "soon lose interest, become distracted and absent-minded, and commit gross errors and negligence".[26] Ruth von der Leyen noted that "every care provider, teacher and doctor knows the Haltlose Psychopath from their practice", and remarked that caring for such a patient was made more difficult because of the need to lecture and intervene to enlist the psychopath's cooperation in short-term improvements, despite being aware the psychiatric reports have determined such efforts are ultimately useless but should be practised regardless.[116]

The tendency to accumulate debts while seeking pleasure or escaping responsibility is often the attributed cause for their descent into crime, although Kramer noted those who displayed "extreme dexterity, sufficient talent for imagination, and a tendency towards dishonesty" were able to find alternative sources of income without necessarily becoming criminal, although warned that "again and again, their debts have to be paid until the parents no longer can, or want to, do this and leave them to their selves".[9]

Gannushkin noted "Such people involuntarily evoke sympathy and a desire to help them, but the assistance rendered to them rarely lasts, so it is worth abandoning such people for a short while".[53] The wasted good intentions resulted in the summary "probably the most important function of the psychiatrist when dealing with these patients is to protect their relatives and friends from ruining themselves in hopeless attempts at reclamation. With most of these patients a time comes when the relatives will be best advised...to allow the patient to go to prison, or otherwise suffer unsheltered the consequences of his deeds."[4]

By contrast, others have advanced the "rather optimistic" belief that "a suitable [spouse]" or similar "strong-willed" relative could drastically improve the outcome of Haltlosen patients.[53][117] This was echoed by Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko who, while preferring the term "accentuation of character" to describe the psychopathy rather than "personality disorder", noted "if they fall into the hands of a person with a strong will, for example a wife or husband, they can they live quite happily...but the guardianship must be permanent."[111]

Criminology

[edit]

While some Haltlose have risen to the level of dangerous offenders multiple times over, it is more frequent that they attract attention early from their "vagabond" nature.[118]

Heinrich Schulte, a wartime medical judge and consulting psychiatrist for the military, continued advocating for the sterilization of Haltlose and other "Schwachsinnigen" after the war's end.[119] In 1979, the Neue Anthropologie publication referred to a need to sterilize those like alcoholics, "who are often Haltlose psychopaths", from bearing children, to reduce crime.[120]

Although Kraepelin believed those with Haltlose personality disorder represented the antithesis of morality,[121] there is not necessarily a tendency towards deliberate amorality among the demographic despite its frequent criminal violations since they may lack the ability to premeditate.[122] But their demonstrated lack of self-control is "especially manifested in the sphere of morality".[123][unreliable source?]

In 1935, it was estimated that 58% of recidivist criminals were diagnosed with Haltlose personality disorder, higher than any other personality disorder.[65] More recently, Haltlose and Histrionic were the most common personality disorders found in female juvenile delinquents by forensic psychologists in Russia in the year 2000.[124]

Domestic violence, incest and molestation of children

[edit]

Although they enter relationships easily, Andrey Yevgenyevich Lichko contends they are not capable of actual loyalty or selfless love, and sex is treated as a form of entertainment rather than intimacy.[20] They are therefore described as acting as "family tyrants".[23]

Although they may not qualify as "true" pedophiles, Haltlose personalities demonstrate an increased risk of sexually molesting children, since other potential victims would require the realization of greater planning, but children are suggestible and easily overwhelmed.[125][35]

A 1967 German study had suggested over 90% of adult-child incest offenders were diagnosed with Haltlose Personality Disorder.[93] Female patients may also live vicariously through encouraging and directing the sexual lives of their daughters.[23]

Drunk driving, hit-and-run

[edit]

Some Haltlose personalities are drawn towards dangerous driving habits "as a source of almost hedonist pleasure".[20] In 1949 the Automobil Revue proposed that additional tests should be necessary for Haltlose personalities to obtain a driver's license.[126] They have been known to steal cars to joyride at high speeds if they are not otherwise able to find satisfy their urge.[20]

The American Journal of Psychiatry published a study of hit and run drivers in 1941, which showed 40% of drivers who fled the scene of a traffic accident tested positive for Haltlose personality disorder.[127] This was consistent with the earlier finding that Haltlose personalities were among the most likely to attempt to flee if caught in commission of any crime.[128]

Suicidality and murder-suicide

[edit]

Research in the early twentieth century on suicidality among the Haltlose indicated several things: they chafe at the notion of any religion as it introduces unwanted inhibitions, especially against parasuicidal demonstrations;[42][92] women Haltlose most frequently indicated suicidality was based upon fear of punishment or reproach, as well as the "excitement" of being institutionalized;[23] and although frequently planning or attempting suicide, including through suicide pacts or murder suicide, Haltlose typically do not succeed since they lacked courage and were easily distracted.[23][26]

Institutionalization

[edit]

Haltlose patients respond very well to institutionalization where their influences can be controlled, becoming "model inmates" of sanitariums even within hours of first arriving despite a chaotic life outside of the regimen, "but if you leave them, through good intentions, to their own devices – they don't last long before collapsing their current state and being seduced back onto the wrong track".[45][129][attribution needed] Schneider recommended warning them "through punishing them" as it was the only control on their action.[57] Bleuler said the court system needed to understand such persons were in "urgent need of inhibitions".[130]

Pyotr Gannushkin noted they joined military service due to peer pressure but given the lack of alcohol and stern, hard work required of them were able to function without their normal impairment.[53] A 1942 study of the Wehrmacht found that only Haltlose and Schizoid were not measurable among soldiers despite their presence in the civilian population.[131] A 1976 Soviet naval study came to similar conclusions.[132]

Roth and Slater concluded "the treatment of such a personality is almost hopeless under the present ordering of society. Any treatment would...present difficulties...beyond the powers of these patients. The prospects of psychotherapy are forlorn and the best that can be obtained will be reached through social control."[4]

Some researchers[who?] suggest their moods and insufficient motivation will lead them to "vague feelings of fear and calamity...turning every little thing into big things, excitement, misinterpreting every harmless word, criticizing everything and commiting hostile acts", and in some cases they look back with hindsight and regret the injustices they did.[128] However Kramer held that when caught in wrongdoing, "we find them contrite, self-accusing and assuring that they will improve – but on closer inspection it is feigned and not sincere".[9]

Upon being confronted with their misdeeds, the Haltlose respond "with more or less superficial reasons to excuse them, they claim that their parents treated them incorrectly, that they were the victim of adverse circumstances, seduced by other people and misled. Other Haltlose, especially those with a strong intellect, make up a theoretical schema that would justify their actions."[9]

[edit]
Wikiquote has quotations related to Sudomancer/sandbox.
  • Kielholz, Arthur, Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4, "Weh'dem der lugt! Beitrag zum problem der pseudologia phantastica", an article on pathological lying in the Haltlose patients Max Specke, a Swiss charlatan with a penchant for melodramatic flair and Emil Schuldling, a habitual criminal with childhood sexual perversions
  • Story of Robert Wenger, who was diagnosed Haltlose and spent 54 years between institutions and prison for minor crimes until the documentary series Quer exposed his case, leading to an apology from politician Samuel Bhend in 1999.
  • Karl Hager, a habitual criminal diagnosed Haltlose who was frequently jailed for homosexual acts and was ultimately killed in Sachsenhausen concentration camp (in German)
  • Biography of a man diagnosed Haltlose in 1936 (in German)
  • Berlit, Berthold (December 1931). "Erblichkeitsuntersuchungen bei Psychopathen". Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 134 (1): 382–498. doi:10.1007/BF02897001.
  • Article referencing Hermann Lederman, discharged from the Wehrmacht in 1940 having been diagnosed with Haltlose personality disorder and sent to Wehrmachtgefängnis Torgau
  • Article about Karl Sieger, a chronic drunkard diagnosed with Haltlose personality disorder in 1936 by Dr. Ferdinand Rechberg of Konstanz
  • Thomas Leveritt's novel The Exchange-Rate Between Love and Money contains a character, Frito, who has Haltlose personality disorder

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Jablensky, Assen (May 1998). "Definition of 'haltlose'". Psychiatric Bulletin. 22 (5): 326. doi:10.1192/pb.22.5.326.
  2. ^ a b Jaspers, K. (1963) General Psychopathology. p. 440.
  3. ^ a b Schneider, K. (1992) Klinische Psychopathologie (14th edn). Stuttgart: Georg Thleme Verlag.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Slater, E. & Roth, M. (1979) Clinical Psychiatry (3rd edn). London: Baillière Tindall. pp. 165-166 and elsewhere
  5. ^ Raines, Margaret Gordon (1979). A quantitative analysis of personality profiles for male drug abusers using the MMPI (Thesis).
  6. ^ "Classification of the MMPI codes, including scale 4, of an alcoholic subsample in relation to corresponding case history characteristics". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 63 (S292): 005–028. June 1981. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1981.tb02469.x. S2CID 221398498.
  7. ^ Annesley, Dr. PT. Asst Psychiatrist, "Psychopathic Personality", St Ebba's Hospital, Epsom. 1963
  8. ^ World Health Organization, "Lexicon of psychiatric and mental health terms", Second Edition. 1994. Pp. 48+76 – sections "Personality, Dishibited" and "Haltlose Personality"
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kramer, F. (1927). "Haltlose Psychopathen". Bericht über die vierte Tagung über Psychopathenfürsorge Düsseldorf. pp. 35–94. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-94454-3_3. ISBN 978-3-642-94054-5.
  10. ^ a b c d e Frankenstein, Carl. "Varieties of Juvenile Delinquency", pp. 115, 158 and elsewhere
  11. ^ a b Elemente der Exakten Triebpsychiatrie, "Klinische Psychologie Experimentelle Syndromatik", Page 190-191
  12. ^ a b c d e Aschenbrenner, Alfred (December 1944). "Erbpsychiatrische Untersuchungen an neun Incestkindern und ihren Sippen". Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 177 (1): 700–724. doi:10.1007/BF02910000.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Luxenburger, Dr. Hans. "Die Schizophrenie und ihr Erbkreis", pp 791, 1051, 1092, 1113, 1121, 1143, 1257 of the "Handbuch der Erbbiologie des Menschen", 1939
  14. ^ Kankeleit, Dr. "Alkohol und Geisteskrankheiten", 1926
  15. ^ Aluja, Anton; García, Luis F.; García, Óscar; Blanco, Eduardo (October 2016). "Testosterone and disinhibited personality in healthy males". Physiology & Behavior. 164 (Pt A): 227–232. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.06.007. PMID 27291990. S2CID 22191238.
  16. ^ a b c d e f Steinberg, Holger & Maria Strauss. "Die Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/ Hyperaktivitätsstörung bei Erwachsenen in der klinischen Beschreibung und der Klassifikation von Emil Kraepelin", 2019. Pgs 6–8 and elsewhere
  17. ^ a b Stumpfl, Friedrich (1935). "V. Erbanlage und Verbrechen Charakterologische und Psychiatrische Sippenuntersuchungen". Studien über Vererbung und Entstehung Geistiger Störungen. p. 222. ISBN 978-3-662-25838-5. NB this work uses the term "Asthenic Psychopath", others use "Asthenic Personality Disorder" or "Dependent Personality Disorder".
  18. ^ a b c d Muller, C. "Lexikon der Psychiatrie: Gesammelte Abhandlungen der gebräuchlichsten", 2013
  19. ^ a b c d e Schneider, Kurt. Bericht fiber die dritte Tagung fiber Psychopathenffirsorge, "Die Verwahrlosung vom Standpunkt des Psychiaters", Heidelberg 17.-19. September 1924
  20. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Lichko, A. E. Psychopathies and Character Accentuation in Adolescents, Chapter 32
  21. ^ a b c Kraepelin, Emil. Einführung in die psychiatrische Klinik: Zweiunddreissig Vorlesungen, Chapter XXIX: Vorlesung – Krankhafte Personlichkeiten, Leipzig, 1905
  22. ^ a b c C. Eggers R. Lempp G. Nissen P. Strunk, "Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie Sechste, unveranderte Auflage mit 93 Abbildungen und 41 Tabellen", 6th ed, 1993. Pg 126 and 507
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kraepelin, Emil, Psychiatrie : ein Lehrbuch für Studierende und Ärzteby, 1915. Page 1794, 1996+ and elsewhere
  24. ^ a b Hartmann, K. "Theoretische Und Empirische Beitrage zur Verwahrlosungsforschung", Berlin, 1970
  25. ^ Tolle, R. "Katamnestische Untersuchungen zur Biographie Abnormer Personlichkeiten", Berlin, 1966
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Adler, Herman M., "s:Psychiatric Contribution to the Study of Delinquency", 1917
  27. ^ Subnormal Personalities: Their Clinical Investigation and Assessment, Page 113. 1961
  28. ^ a b c d e f Langmaack, Claus (June 2000). "'Haltlose' type personality disorder (ICD-10 F60.8)". Psychiatric Bulletin. 24 (6): 235–236. doi:10.1192/pb.24.6.235-b.
  29. ^ Heinemann Medical, "Psychiatry – Modern Practical Nursing Series", Page 90
  30. ^ Boumendjel, May Doria. "Diagnostic de la comorbidité du Trouble de Déficit Attentionnel et d’Hyperactivité (TDAH) chez les patients bipolaires adultes." Psychiatrie et santé mentale. 2014.
  31. ^ Geritz, Thijs 41 – Dégénérés supérieurs, 2016
  32. ^ a b c d Wetzell, Richard "Inventing the Criminal: A History of German Criminology", page 151-152, 276
  33. ^ Lečić Toševski, Dušica (2004). "Savremeno određenje poremećaja ličnosti – ponovo otkrivena prošlost" [Modern definition of personality disorders – rediscovered past] (PDF). Psihijatrija Danas (in Slovenian). 36 (2): 243–260.
  34. ^ http://www.apnb.neuropsychologie.pro/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/atelier-enfant-05.12.2013.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  35. ^ a b c d Exner, Dr. Franz. "Kriminologie", Heidelberg, 1949.
  36. ^ Grotjahn, M. of Topeka Kansas, Book Review of F. Stumpl's "Die Urspriinge des Verbrechens" as published in the [International Psychoanalytic University, Internationale Zeitschrift fur Psychoanalyse XXII: Heft 4, 1936. Page 619
  37. ^ Rothmaler, Christiane. "Von "Haltlosen Psychopathinnen" und "Konstitutionellen Sittlichkeitsverbrechern". Die kriminalbiologische Untersuchungs- und Sammelstelle der Hamburgischen Gefangenenanstalten 1926 bis 1945", Edited by Heidrun Kaupen-Haas et al. Frankfurt/Main 1999: 257–303
  38. ^ Birnbaum, NA, "Kriminal≈Psychopathologie und Psychobiologische Verbrecherkunde", Page 137
  39. ^ Kriminologie, Gerhard Ledig, Page 37
  40. ^ a b Psychopathy – Signs in men and Women, 2019
  41. ^ a b c Dr. Iustinian Turcu, Psychology, "Tulburarile de Personalitate, section "Tulburarea de Personalitate de Tip Haltlose"
  42. ^ a b c Weichbrodt, Dr. R., Abhandlungen aus der Neurologie Psychiatrie Psychologie und ihren Grenzgebieten, Chapter "Der Selbstmord" page 34 and elsewhere, Berlin 1923
  43. ^ Portnov, Dr. Alexey. Reviewed by Dr. Lior Cohen. "Types of Personality Psychopathies, 11 April 2020.
  44. ^ a b Ewald, G. (1924). "Die psychopathischen Charaktere" [The psychopathic characters]. Temperament und Charakter. Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie (in German). Vol. 41. pp. 129–148. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-99510-1_6. ISBN 978-3-642-98695-6.
  45. ^ a b c Huber, Gerd. "Psychiatrie: Lehrbuch für Studium und Weiterbildung", Page 444+
  46. ^ a b Foley, Paul Bernard (September 2014). "Sons and daughters beyond your control: episodes in the prehistory of the attention deficit/hyperactivity syndrome". ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders. 6 (3): 125–151. doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0137-y. PMID 24700331. S2CID 904158.
  47. ^ a b c d Burnett, Matthew (November 2013). Psychopathy: Exploring Canadian Mass Newspaper Representations Thereof and Violent Offender Talk Thereon (Thesis). hdl:10388/ETD-2013-11-1285.
  48. ^ "Archived copy". nachrichtenbrief.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 12 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  49. ^ a b c Paul Schröder and Hans Heinze: "Kindliche Charaktere und ihre Abartigkeiten“, (1931) Pp 39+79+196
  50. ^ Schneider, Die Psychopathischen Personlichkeiten, 69–73, second edition
  51. ^ a b Birnbaum, Die Psychopathischen Verbrecher, 2d ed, pg 54–65
  52. ^ Kalachev, BP; Burlakov, IA; Dobrokhotova, EV (1978). "[Results of long-term catamnesis of neurotic and psychopathic states and assessment of the prognosis]". Zhurnal Nevropatologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova. 78 (11): 1667–1671. PMID 726763.
  53. ^ a b c d e Gannushkin, Pyotr, Клиника психопатий, их статика, динамика, систематика/Статика психопатий/Группа неустойчивых психопатов, 1933
  54. ^ Bailey, Paul (April 1998). "Definition of 'haltlose'". Psychiatric Bulletin. 22 (4): 255–256. doi:10.1192/pb.22.4.255-a.
  55. ^ Homburger, August: "Uber Typenbildung in der Psychopathie", as it appeared in Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen e.V.: Hamburg 13.–15. September 1928. pp 13 and elsewhere
  56. ^ Feistle, Karl. Neuro-psychiatrie: Psychiatrie, Psychotherapie, Public Mental Health und Sozialepsychiatrie, Band 23 Sonderheft Volume 23
  57. ^ a b Mezger, Edmund. "Probleme der strafrechtlichen Zurechnungsfähigkeit", 1949. Page 4
  58. ^ a b Kahn, Eugen. "Die Psychopathischen Personlichkeiten", 1928
  59. ^ Mombour, W. Psychopathology journal, "The Modern Assessment of Personality Disorders", pg 273–280 of 1998 journal
  60. ^ Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada (8 October 2009). "UNSTABLE drifter [1 record] – TERMIUM Plus® — Search – TERMIUM Plus®". www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca.
  61. ^ Government of Canada, Public Works and Government Services Canada (8 October 2009). "Sources, unstable+drifter – TERMIUM Plus® — Search – TERMIUM Plus® – Translation Bureau". www.btb.termiumplus.gc.ca.
  62. ^ Past, Present And Future Of Psychiatry – Ix World Congress Of Psychiatry (In 2 Volumes) Allan Beigel, Jorge Alberto Costa E Silva, Juan J Lopez-ibor Jr, World Scientific, 27 September 1994. Pages 131–132
  63. ^ Pruter-Schwarte, Christian. "Gustav Aschaffenburg und die Frage der verminderten Zurechnungsfahigkeit", p.496
  64. ^ Aschaffenburg, Gustav & Alfred Hoche, "Handbuch der Gerichtlichen Psychiatrie", 1901. p.40
  65. ^ a b Stumpfl, Friedrich (1935). "V. Erbanlage und Verbrechen Charakterologische und Psychiatrische Sippenuntersuchungen". Studien über Vererbung und Entstehung Geistiger Störungen. pp. 180 and elsewhere. ISBN 978-3-662-25838-5.
  66. ^ a b c Meyer, Joachim-Ernst (1976). "Psychiatrische Diagnosen und ihre Bedeutung für die Schuldfähigkeit im Sinne der §§ 20/21". Zeitschrift für die gesamte Strafrechtswissenschaft. 88 (1). doi:10.1515/zstw.1976.88.1.46. S2CID 178892478.
  67. ^ "Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen", Hamburg 13–15 September 1928
  68. ^ Khan, E. as published by Owald Bumke. "Spezieller Teil: Erster Teil Die Psychopathischen Anlagen", page 387++ and elsewhere [year missing]
  69. ^ Svrakic, Dragan M. (19 November 2018). The fragmented personality : an integrative, dynamic, and personalized approach to personality disorder. Divac-Jovanovic, Mirjana,, WebCom, Inc. New York. p. 86. ISBN 978-0-19-088457-4. OCLC 1053904049.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  70. ^ Cosgrave, James F. "The Sociology of Risk and Gambling Reader", Page 372
  71. ^ Lux, Stephanie, BSZOnline, Wahnsinn, diese Frauen!, 22 June 2015
  72. ^ a b c Kielholz, Arthur, Internationale Zeitschrift für Psychoanalyse XIX 1933 Heft 4, "Weh'dem der lugt! Beitrag zum problem der pseudologia phantastica"
  73. ^ Psychiatrie der Brandstiftung: Eine psychopathologische Studie anhand von Gutachten [1 ed.], 2005
  74. ^ a b c Kraepelin, E. (1912). Psychiatry: A textbook for students and physicians (7th ed.) (A. R. Diefendorf, Trans.). London: Macmillan. (Original work published 1903–1904)
  75. ^ British Journal of Psychiatry, Special Publication, Issues 9-11, Page 30
  76. ^ Bergmann, Dr. Gustav von. "Funktionelle Pathologie eine Klinische Sammlung von Ergebnissen und Anschauungen Einer Arbeitsrichtung", Springer, 1936. Page 532
  77. ^ Høncke, Poul; Strömgren, Erik; Zahle, Vagn (1949). "Elektrencephalographische Untersuchungen an Psychopathen". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 183 (1–2): 55–63. doi:10.1007/BF01062481. S2CID 22447355.
  78. ^ a b Berlit, Berthold (December 1931). "Erblichkeitsuntersuchungen bei Psychopathen". Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie. 134 (1): 382–498. doi:10.1007/BF02897001.
  79. ^ Raecke (December 1923). "Psychopathien und Defektprozesse". Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 68 (1): 303–320. doi:10.1007/BF01835682. S2CID 33062707.
  80. ^ Business Insider, End Page: Disinhibited Libido merits 3 million award, 31 December 2006
  81. ^ Blankenburg, W. (January 1968). "Der Versagenszustand bei latenten Schizophrenien" [Some problems of latent schizophrenia]. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (in German). 93 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1055/s-0028-1105014. PMID 5634958.
  82. ^ Zentralblatt fue die Gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie, Volumes 168–169, pg 166
  83. ^ Kristianson, P. (November 1976). "Classification of the MMPI profiles of two alcoholic groups". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 54 (5): 359–380. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1976.tb00132.x. PMID 1007940. S2CID 20547244.
  84. ^ Hampton, Peter J. (November 1951). "Representative Studies of Alcoholism and Personality: I. Naturalistic Studies". The Journal of Social Psychology. 34 (2): 203–210. doi:10.1080/00224545.1951.9919074.
  85. ^ Kankeleit, Dr. "Alkohol und Geisteskrankheiten", Hamburg, 1926
  86. ^ Folia Psychiatria et Neurologica Japonica. Vol. 8, No. 3, 1954. STUDIES ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS AND SEXUAL CYCLE. BY Yukio Ota, Torayoshi Mukai and Katsumi Gotodrt Neuropsychiatric Clinic of Osaka City Medical School (Director Prof.S. Sakavzoto) & Gynecological Clinic oE Osaka City Medical School (Director Prof. H Fujivzori)
  87. ^ Aleksandrov AA, 1978
  88. ^ Schultz, J. H. (1928). "Die Konstitutionelle Nervosität" [The constitutional nervousness]. Spezieller Teil (in German). pp. 28–111. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-51083-0_3. ISBN 978-3-540-01062-3.
  89. ^ Diagnosis and Drug Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders", page 154-169
  90. ^ Petrilowitsch, N., ed. (1968). "Psychopathie und Neurose" [Psychopathy and neurosis]. Charakterstudien [Character studies] (in German). pp. 223–232. doi:10.1159/000390426. ISBN 978-3-8055-0986-2.
  91. ^ a b Szondi, L. "Lehrbuch der Experimentellen Triebdiagnostik", 1972 ed. Pg 192
  92. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Homburger, August. "Vorlesungen über Psychopathologie des Kindesalters". Berlin 1926. Pgs 304–324
  93. ^ a b Wyss, R. (1967). Unzucht mit Kindern [Fornication with children]. Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Neurologie und Psychiatrie (in German). Vol. 121. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-88580-8. ISBN 978-3-540-03939-6.[page needed]
  94. ^ NB: This study, circa 1967, pre-dated the modern categorization of Personality Disorders
  95. ^ Shostakovich Boris V., 1971
  96. ^ Raecke, Julius, "Grundriss der Psychiatrischen Diagnostik", 1922. pp.
  97. ^ Reichspost, Wohnungsnot und Nerven, 8 November 1925
  98. ^ a b Scholz, Dr. L. with Dr. Adalbert Gregor, "Anomale Kinder, Berlin. 1919. Page 157-159
  99. ^ Millon, Theodore; Simonsen, Erik; Birket-Smith, Morten (1998). "Historical conceptions of psychopathy in the United States and Europe". In Millon, Theodore; Simonsen, Erik; Birket-Smith, Morten; Davis, Roger D. (eds.). Psychopathy: Antisocial, Criminal, and Violent Behavior. Guilford Press. pp. 3–31. ISBN 978-1-57230-864-0.
  100. ^ Melik-Pashayan, A.E. Yerevan State Medical University after Mkhitar Heratsi, Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry: Handout for Foreign Students, Armenia, 2011
  101. ^ Diefendorf, Allen Ross. "Psychiatry" (1907), p.522.
  102. ^ D.K. Henderson and R.D. Gillespie, A Text-book of Psychiatry for Students and Practitioners (OUP, Oxford, 1932), p.383
  103. ^ a b Sieverts, Rudolf. Schneider, Hans J. "Aberglausse – Kriminalbiologie", 2011. Page 517
  104. ^ Pollitt, John D. (1987). "Moody patients". Psychiatric Emergencies in Family Practice. pp. 220–228. doi:10.1007/978-94-009-3191-6_22. ISBN 978-94-010-7931-0.
  105. ^ "Psychopathy". Soviet Law and Government. 8 (2–4): 393–413. October 1969. doi:10.2753/RUP1061-194008020304393.
  106. ^ "Dependent Personality Disorder (DPD)". Cleveland Clinic. 30 March 2017.
  107. ^ Tonge, W. L. (30 April 1955). "The Neurasthenic Psychopath". British Medical Journal. 1 (4921): 1066–1068. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4921.1066. PMC 2061785. PMID 14363794.
  108. ^ Messner, Melanie Theresia (2019). Pathologisierung des Verbrechens. Kriminalität und Psychopathologie im kriminalwissenschaftlichen Diskurs um 1900 [Pathologizing the crime. Crime and Psychopathology in the Forensic Discourse around 1900] (PDF) (Thesis) (in German).
  109. ^ Lebedinskaya, Klara S., Grinberg, K.N., Rayskaya, M.M., & Malinouskine, B.H. "A clinical picture of oligophrenia related to three extra sex chromosomes." Defectologia, 1978. (assumed, Lichko credits simply "Lebedinskaya KS et al., 1978"
  110. ^ Witter, Prof. Hermann. "Grundriss der gerichtlichen Psychologie und Psychiatrie", 1970. p 121
  111. ^ a b Ivanovich, Kozlov Nikolai https://www.psychologos.ru/articles/view/neustoychivyy-tip
  112. ^ Psychotherapie: Psychoanalytische Entwicklungspsychologie N eurosenlehre Behandlungsverfahren Aus- und Weiterbildung, 1993. Page 9, Table 3
  113. ^ a b Schubert, Werner. "Protokolle der Strafrechtsausschüsse des Reichstags", 1995. Pg153
  114. ^ Saporito, Filippo, "I deboli dell'intelligenza e gli instabili del earattere in rapporto alia legge penale. Spunti ed appunti di eriminologia minorile". 1939 (trans: "The intellecutally handicapped and Haltlose characters in relation to criminal law: Hints and notes on Juvenile criminology) (Scuola di Per[ez. in Diritto Penale, University of Rome) Arch. di Antrop. crimin. pgs 9, 88–137
  115. ^ Moos, Walter: "Sonderschulen inkl. Unterricht fur psychopathische Kinder und Jugendliche" as it appeared in Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen e.V.: Hamburg 13.–15. September 1928. Pp 96 and elsewhere.
  116. ^ Leyen, Ruth von der. "Ausbildungsfragen", as it appeared in Bericht über die 4. Sachverständigen-Konferenz des Deutschen Vereins zur Fürsorge für jugendliche Psychopathen e.V.: Hamburg 13.–15. September 1928.
  117. ^ D. Curran and E. Guttman, Psychological Medicine: A Short Introduction to Psychiatry with an Appendix: War-Time Psychiatry (E. and S. Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1943), p.61
  118. ^ Waltisbühl, Rudolf. "Die Bekämpfung des Landstreicher und Landfahrertums in der Schweiz" (1944), PP 69, 109
  119. ^ Halmi, Alice. "Kontinuitäten der (Zwangs-)Psychiatrie. Eine kritische Betrachtung", 2008
  120. ^ Knaack, Kirsten. Die Hilfschul: 8. Aktueller wissenschaftlicher Rassismus in der Neuen Rechten am Beispiel der Zeitschrift "Neue Anthropologie"
  121. ^ Germann, Urs (2004). Psychiatrie und Strafjustiz: Entstehung, Praxis und Ausdifferenzierung der forensischen Psychiatrie in der deutschsprachigen Schweiz 1850–1950 [Psychiatry and criminal justice: emergence, practice and differentiation of forensic psychiatry in German-speaking Switzerland 1850–1950] (in German). Chronos. ISBN 978-3-0340-0678-1.[page needed]
  122. ^ Skodol, Andrew E. (1998). Psychopathology and Violent Crime. American Psychiatric. ISBN 978-0-88048-834-1.[page needed]
  123. ^ "Личность расторможенная - это... Что такое Личность расторможенная?" [Disinhibited personality]. Словари и энциклопедии на Академике (in Russian).
  124. ^ Dozortseva, Elena G.; Davydov, Dimitry; Morozova, Elena; Savelieva, Irina; Sokolova, Iryna; Terekhina, Svetlana; Vostroknutov, Nikolai (2010). "Sexualität, abweichendes Sozialverhalten und Geschlechterrollen delinquenter weiblicher Jugendlicher" [Sexuality, deviant social behavior and gender roles of delinquent female adolescents]. Bad Boys Sick Girls: Geschlecht und dissoziales Verhalten (in German). pp. 131–142. doi:10.32745/9783954661794-10. ISBN 978-3-95466-179-4.
  125. ^ Markus T. Gastpar, Siegfried Kasper, Michael Linden, "Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie", 2013, pg 226
  126. ^ Automobile Revue, Pg 26–27, 28 September 1949
  127. ^ Selling, Lowell S. (July 1941). "The Psychopathology of the Hit-And-Run Driver". American Journal of Psychiatry. 98 (1): 93–98. doi:10.1176/ajp.98.1.93.
  128. ^ a b Pappenheim, Martin; Grosz, Carl (1914). Die Neurosen und Psychosen des Pubertatsalters [The neuroses and psychoses of puberty] (in German). J. Springer. p. 56. OCLC 15730006.
  129. ^ Villinger (December 1937). "Über individuelle und kollektive Methoden in der Psychotherapie" [About individual and collective methods in psychotherapy]. Zeitschrift für die gesamte Neurologie und Psychiatrie (in German). 158 (1): 413–419. doi:10.1007/BF02870762.
  130. ^ Die Offene Fürsorge in der Psychiatrie und ihren Grenzgebieten, By E. Bleuler, page 168
  131. ^ Günther, Katrin (24 June 2008). Diagnose 'Psychopath' – Die Behandlung von Soldaten und Zivilisten in der Marburger Universitäts-Nervenklinik 1939–1945 [Diagnosis 'Psychopath' – The treatment of soldiers and civilians in the Marburg University Psychiatric Clinic 1939–1945] (Thesis) (in German). doi:10.17192/z2008.0366.
  132. ^ Ivanov N. Ya., 1976

Category:Anti-social behaviour Category:Forensic psychiatry Category:Mental health in Germany Category:Personality disorders Category:Free will Category:Criminology

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sudomancer/sandbox&oldid=1081242009"