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Version Status First flight Dry mass Thrust Isp (ve), vac. Length Diameter T:W O:F Expansion ratio Chamber pressure Burn time Associated stage Notes
RL10A-1 Retired 1962 131 kg (289 lb) 67 kN (15,000 lbf) 425 s (4.17 km/s) 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) 52:1 5:1 40:1 20.7 bar (2,070 kPa) 430 s Centaur A Prototype
[1][2][3][4]
RL10A-3C Retired 1963 131 kg (289 lb) 65.6 kN (14,700 lbf) 444 s (4.35 km/s) 2.49 m (8 ft 2 in) 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) 51:1 5:1 57:1 32.75 bar (3,275 kPa) 470 s Centaur B/C/D/E [5]
RL10A-3S Retired 1964 134 kg (296 lb) 67 kN (15,000 lbf) 427 s (4.19 km/s) 1.73 m (5 ft 8 in) 51:1 5:1 40:1 20.7 bar (2,070 kPa) S-IV [1][6]
RL10A-4 Retired 1992 168 kg (370 lb) 92.5 kN (20,800 lbf) 449 s (4.40 km/s) 2.29 m (7 ft 6 in) 1.17 m (3 ft 10 in) 56:1 5.5:1 84:1 39.8 bar (3,980 kPa) 392 s Centaur IIA [1][7]
RL10A-5 Retired 1993 143 kg (315 lb) 64.7 kN (14,500 lbf) 373 s (3.66 km/s) 1.07 m (3 ft 6 in) 1.02 m (3 ft 4 in) 46:1 6:1 4:1 39.8 bar (3,980 kPa) 127 s DC-X [1][8]
RL10B-2 Active 1998 277 kg (611 lb) 110.1 kN (24,800 lbf) 465.5 s (4.565 km/s) 4.15 m (13.6 ft) 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) 40:1 5.88:1 280:1 44.12 bar (4,412 kPa) 5-m: 1,125 s
4-m: 700 s 		Delta Cryogenic Second Stage,
Interim Cyrogenic Propulsion Stage 		Purchased in large quantity by Boeign at the onset of Delta IV. A lot of the later order may have been shifted into C-core engines?[9][10]
RL10A-4-1 Retired 2000 167 kg (368 lb) 99.1 kN (22,300 lbf) 451 s (4.42 km/s) 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) 61:1 84:1 42 bar (4,200 kPa) 740 s Centaur IIIA [1][11]
RL10A-4-2 Active 2002 168 kg (370 lb) 99.1 kN (22,300 lbf) 451 s (4.42 km/s) 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) 1.17 m (3 ft 10 in) 61:1 84:1 42 bar (4,200 kPa) 740 s Centaur IIIB
Centaur SEC
Centaur DEC 		Still active on Starliner and for Atlas Kuiper flights. Still produced. [1][12][13]
RL10B-X Cancelled — 317 kg (699 lb) 93.4 kN (21,000 lbf) 470 s (4.6 km/s) 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) 30:1 250:1 408 s Centaur B-X [14]
CECE Demonstrator project — 160 kg (350 lb) 67 kN (15,000 lbf), throttle to 5–10% >445 s (4.36 km/s) 1.53 m (5 ft 0 in) 43:1 [15][16]
RL10C-1 Active 2014 190 kg (420 lb) 101.8 kN (22,890 lbf) 449.7 s (4.410 km/s) 2.12 m (6 ft 11 in) 1.45 m (4 ft 9 in) 57:1 5.88:1 130:1 Centaur SEC
Centaur DEC 		Some converted from B-2 stock. Used on Atlas after 2014, supplanted by longer nozzle C-1-1. Note for C-variants: mostly same combustion chamber as RL10B. Includes redundant ignition system, plumbing adjustments, propellant valve redesigns, and possibly improvements to gears and seals.[17][18][19][13]
RL10C-1-1 Active 2021 188 kg (415 lb) 106 kN (23,825 lbF) 453.8 s 2.46 m (8 ft 0.7 in) 1.57 m (4 ft 9 in) 57:1 5.5:1 155:1 Centaur V Suffered some vibrations problems on its maiden flight but is flying again. RL10C-1-1A flies on Vulcan with Atlas heritage.[1][20]
RL10C-2 Delivered, not yet flown 2024 109.9 kN (24,750 lbF) 465.5 s 4.15 m (13 ft 8 in) 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) 37:1 5.88:1 280:1 Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage Conversion of C-3 with deployable nozzle. Like C-3, built to NASA spec with special inspection, test, manufacturing practises.[21]
RL10C-2-1 Active 2022 301 kg (664 lb) 109.9 kN (24,750 lbF) 465.5 s 4.15 m (13 ft 8 in) 2.15 m (7 ft 1 in) 37:1 5.88:1 280:1 Delta Cryogenic Second Stage Started flying in 2022 for the last couple Delta IV Heavy flights.[22][23]
RL10C-3 Delivered, not yet flown 2026 230 kg (508 lb) 108 kN (24,340 lbF) 460.1 s 3.15 m (10 ft 4.3 in) 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) 48:1 5.7:1 215:1 Exploration Upper Stage Built to NASA spec with special inspection, test, manufacturing practises. Unique long fixed extension. [1][20][21]
RL10C-5-1 Cancelled — 188 kg (415 lb) 106 kN (23,825 lbF) 453.8 s 2.46 m (8 ft 0.7 in) 1.57 m (4 ft 9 in) 57:1 5.5:1 OmegA Seemingly similar to C-1-1. Additively manufactured injector.[20][24]
RL10C-X In development 231kg (510 lb) 107.29 kN (24,120 lbF) 460.9 s 3.31 m (130.4 in) 1.87 m (73.7 in) 47.29:1 5.5:1 Centaur V Extensive additive manufacturing. Potential use on Exploration Upper Stage. Possible use as EUS green run ground engine?


Cariamiformes (seriemas and kin)

All except Cau 2020 reproduced from Agnolin et al. 2019[25]

Lefebvre et al. 2017

Pennaraptora

Hu[26]

Hu et al. 2018

Godefroit[27]


Godefroit et al. 2013

Cau2017[28]

Cau et al. 2017

Agnolin and Novas 2013[29]

Cau2020[30]

Cau et al. 2020

Maniraptoriformes
Pennaraptora
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Cite error: The named reference Norbert was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10A-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference S2S was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Atlas Centaur". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved February 29, 2012.
  5. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10A-3". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on December 6, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference :3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10A-4". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  8. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10A-5". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  9. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10B-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  10. ^ "Delta IV Launch Services User's Guide, June 2013" (PDF). ULA Launch. Retrieved 15 March 2018.
  11. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10A-4-1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on November 17, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  12. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10A-4-2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  13. ^ a b "RL10 Engine". Aerojet Rocketdyne. Archived from the original on April 30, 2017. Retrieved March 13, 2016.
  14. ^ Wade, Mark (November 17, 2011). "RL-10B-X". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  15. ^ "Commons Extensible Cryogenic Engine". Pratt & Whitney Rocketdyne. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  16. ^ "Common Extensible Cryogenic Engine – Aerojet Rocketdyne". www.rocket.com. Archived from the original on November 12, 2014. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  17. ^ "Cryogenic Propulsion Stage" (PDF). NASA. August 5, 2011. Retrieved October 11, 2014.
  18. ^ "Atlas-V with RL10C powered Centaur". forum.nasaspaceflight.com. Retrieved April 8, 2018.
  19. ^ "Evolution of Pratt & Whitney's cryogenic rocket engine RL-10". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2016.
  20. ^ a b c "Aerojet Rocketdyne RL10 Propulsion System" (PDF). Aerojet Rocketdyne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2022.
  21. ^ a b "NASA'S SPACE LAUNCH SYSTEM BEGINS MOVING TO THE LAUNCH SITE" (PDF). NASA. 15 April 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2023.
  22. ^ "RL10 Engine | Aerojet Rocketdyne". www.rocket.com. Retrieved 2020-06-19.
  23. ^ Graham, William (2022-09-24). "Last West Coast Delta IV Heavy launches with NROL-91". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  24. ^ Cite error: The named reference :2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  25. ^ Agnolin, Federico L.; Motta, Matias J.; Brissón Egli, Federico; Lo Coco, Gastón; Novas, Fernando E. (2019). "Paravian Phylogeny and the Dinosaur-Bird Transition: An Overview". Frontiers in Earth Science. 6. doi:10.3389/feart.2018.00252/full. ISSN 2296-6463.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  26. ^ Hu, Dongyu; Clarke, Julia A.; Eliason, Chad M.; Qiu, Rui; Li, Quanguo; Shawkey, Matthew D.; Zhao, Cuilin; D’Alba, Liliana; Jiang, Jinkai; Xu, Xing (2018-01-15). "A bony-crested Jurassic dinosaur with evidence of iridescent plumage highlights complexity in early paravian evolution". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 217. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-02515-y. ISSN 2041-1723.
  27. ^ Godefroit, Pascal; Cau, Andrea; Dong-Yu, Hu; Escuillié, François; Wenhao, Wu; Dyke, Gareth (2013-06). "A Jurassic avialan dinosaur from China resolves the early phylogenetic history of birds". Nature. 498 (7454): 359–362. doi:10.1038/nature12168. ISSN 1476-4687. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  28. ^ Cau, Andrea; Beyrand, Vincent; Voeten, Dennis F. A. E.; Fernandez, Vincent; Tafforeau, Paul; Stein, Koen; Barsbold, Rinchen; Tsogtbaatar, Khishigjav; Currie, Philip J.; Godefroit, Pascal (2017-12-06). "Synchrotron scanning reveals amphibious ecomorphology in a new clade of bird-like dinosaurs". Nature. 552 (7685): 395–399. doi:10.1038/nature24679. ISSN 1476-4687.
  29. ^ Agnolin, Federico; Novas, Fernando E. (2013). "Avian Ancestors". SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5637-3. ISSN 2191-589X.
  30. ^ Cau, Andrea. “The body plan of Halszkaraptor escuilliei (Dinosauria, Theropoda) is not a transitional form along the evolution of dromaeosaurid hypercarnivory.” PeerJ vol. 8 e8672. 25 Feb. 2020, doi:10.7717/peerj.8672
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