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List of ancient Roman kinship terms

Roman kinship terminology

[1]

Degree terms

[edit]

[2]

List

[edit]

A

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Amita Paternal aunt[3]
Amitinum Paternal cross cousin[a]
Amitinus Male paternal cross cousin[a][3]
Amitina Female paternal cross cousin[a][3]
Avus Grandfather[3]
Avia Grandmother[3]
Avunculus Maternal uncle[3]
Agnate Pure male-line relative
Agnatus Male pure male-line relative
Agnata Female pure male-line relative
Alumnum Foster child
Alumnus Foster son
Alumna Foster daughter
Anus Grandmother[b]
Adfine In-law
Affinis Relative by marriage
Altrix Surrogate mother
Avis Grandparent
Acoetis Female partner
Altor Surrogate father
Amatrix Female lover or partner
Amator Male lover or partner
Adrogatio Adoption[c]
Adoptio Adoption[c]
Atta Daddy, father[6]
Adoptatus Adopted son (by adoptio)[7]
Adoptata Adopted daughter (by adoptio)
Adoptator Adoptive father (by adoptio)
Adrogator Adoptive father (by adrogatio)
Adrogatus Adopted son (by adrogatio)
Adrogata Adopted daughter (by adrogatio)
Adoptaticius Adopted son[8]
Adoptaticia Adopted daughter[9]

B

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Barbanus Paternal uncle or male paternal parallel cousin Later term.[10]

C

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Consobrinum [a] Maternal cross cousin (later any cousin)[a]
Consobrinus Male maternal cross cousin[a][3]
Consobrina Female maternal cross cousin[a][3]
Cognatum Relative
Cognatus Male relative
Cognata Female relative
Consanguineum Blood relative[11]
Consanguineus Male blood relative[11]
Consanguinea Female blood relative[11]
Comprivignus Step-brother
Comprivigna Step-sister[12]
Comprivignum Step-sibling
Conlacticium Milk sibling (including those who are also blood related)
Conlacticia Milk sister (including those who are also blood related)[d]
Conlacticius Milk brother (including those who are also blood related)[d]
Collacteum Milk sibling
Collactea Milk sister[14]
Collacteus Milk brother[14]
Connascor Twin Uncommon
Connatus Twin brother Uncommon
Connata Twin sister Uncommon
Conuortia Female loved one[15]
Conuortius Male loved one
Coniunx Spouse
Compar Companion, partner or spouse[16]
Concubina Female partner and cohabitant (concubine)
Concubinus Male partner and cohabitant
Consors Consort
Comes Spouse or partner[16]

D

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Domus d̪ɔmʊs̠ Family, household
Dynastia Dynasty

E

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Enate Pure female-line relative[17]
Enata Female pure female-line relative
Enatus Male pure female-line relative
Erilis Cohabitant[e]
Erus Male head of the household[18]
Era Female head of the household[18]
Esa Female head of the household Archaic[18]

F

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Frater Brother[3]
Fratrem Sibling
Fratruelis Fraternal nephew or niece[3]
Filius Son[3]
Filia Daughter[3]
Familia Family under the law[f]
Fratrem agnati Paternal half-siblings
Frater agnatus Paternal half-brother
Femina Ones woman, wife
Fratellus Little brother
Fratria Brother's wife
Frater adoptivus Adoptive brother
Filius adoptivus Adoptive son[20]
Filia adoptiva Adoptive daughter
Focaria Housewife[21] Later term[g]
Filiafamilias Female under her paterfamilias.[23]
Filiusfamilias Male under his paterfamilias.[24]
Filiaster Son figure (mainly step-son and sometimes son-in-law)[h] [26]
Filiastra Daughter figure (mainly step-daughter and sometimes daughter-in-law)[h]
Fratraster Brother figure (mainly step-brother and sometimes brother-in-law)[27] Very rare

G

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Genitor Father or male ancestor
Germane Biological sibling[28]
Germanum Biological sibling (often full sibling)[i]
Germanus (or Germanus frater) Biological brother (often full brother)[i]
Germana (or Germana soror) Biological sister (often full sister)[i][30]
Genus Lineage
Gens Clan
Geminae Twin
Geminus Twin brother
Gemina Twin sister
Gemellum Twin
Gemellus Twin brother
Gemella Twin sister
Gener Son-in-law
Glos Husband's sister
Genitrix Mother or female ancestor
Gentilis Clanmate[j]

H

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Hereditarium Heredity
Hospita Common-law wife[k] Rare[32]

I

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Illegitimum ILLEGITIMVM Illegitimate child[l]
Illegitima ILLEGITIMA Illegitimate daughter[l]
Illegitimus ILLEGITIMVS ɪlːʲeːˈɡɪt̪ɪmʊs̠ Illegitimate son[l]
Iniusta uxor De facto wife[m]
Iniustus maritus De facto husband[m]

J

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description

K

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Kyrios Custodian[n] Uncommon. Greek loanword.

L

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Levir Husband's brother
Liber Child

M

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Mater Mother[3]
Matertera Maternal aunt[3]
Matruelis Maternal parallel cousin[a][3]
Mamma Female caregiver
Mulier Ones woman
Maternum Relative on mothers side
Materna Female relative on mothers side
Maternus Male relative on mothers side
Maritus Husband or groom
Marita Wife or bride
Matraster Mother figure (mainly step-mother and sometimes mother-in-law) Very rare[o]

N

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Nepos Grandson (later also nephew)[3]
Neptis Granddaughter (later also niece)[3] [37]
Nutrix Milk mother
Noverca Step-mother
Novercus Step-father Very rare.[p]
Nurus Daughter-in-law
Neptia Fraternal niece of a man Less common, used in Roman Germania.[38]
Nepta Niece or granddaughter Less common.[38]
Nepota Granddaughter Less common, used in Roman Hispania.[38]
Nepote Grandchild (later also sibling's child)[39]
Nipote Grandchild or sibling's child
Nepotia Niece Less common.[15]
Nupta Bride
Necessarius Kinsman
Nothum Aknowledged illegitimate child[q]
Notha Aknowledged illegitimate daughter
Nothus Aknowledged illegitimate son
Naturalis Biological child[r]
Novercae filius Paternal step-brother[s]
Novercae filia Paternal step-sister[t]
Nuptus Bridegroom Rare[43]
Nonna Aunt[u] Later term. Rare, used in Roman Asia.
Nonnus Uncle[u] Later term. Rare, used in Roman Asia.

O

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Origo Descent, origin

P

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Pater Father[3]
Patruus Paternal uncle[3]
Patruelis Paternal parallel cousin[a][3]
Parens Parent
Procreator Begetter
Prosapia Ancestry
Patronus Foster father
Patrona Foster mother
Pappus Grandfather [45]
Papa Father or grandfather
Paterpatris Paternal grandfather
Privigna Step-daughter
Privignus Step-son
Proles Offspring
Paternum Relative in fathers side
Paterna Female relative on father side
Paternus Male relative on fathers side
Patriarches Family patriarch
Patritus PATRITVS Päˈt̪riːt̪ʊs̠ Father or male-line ancestor Archaic term.
Paterfamilias Head of legal family (familia)[46]
Progenies Race, family
Procus Suitor
Paelex Concubine or female partner of a man.
Patraster Father figure (mainly step-father and sometimes father-in-law)[v]

[47]

Q

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description

R

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Relatio Kin

S

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Soror Sister[3]
Sobrinum Sororal nephew or niece
Sobrinus Sororal nephew[3]
Sobrina Sororal niece[3]
Semifrater Half-brother
Semisoror Half-sister
Stirps Branch of clan
Soror agnata Paternal half-sister
Sponsus Fiance
Sponsa Fiancée
Socer Father-in-law
Socra Mother-in-law
Sororius Sister's husband[48]
Sororcula Little sister[49]
Spurium Illegitimate child not openly aknowledged[w]
Spurius ˈs̠pʊriʊs̠ Illegitimate son[48] not openly aknowledged
Spuria Illegitimate daughter[48] not openly aknowledged
Stuprator Father of illegitimate child[x] Rare
Stemma Pedigree[48]
Susceptora Godmother[48]
Susceptorus Godfather[48]
Sanguis Descendant
Soror adoptiva Adoptive sister
Suboles Progeny
Speratus Male betrothed
Sperata Female betrothed
Sodalis Partner or spouse[16]
Sororastra Sister figure (mainly step-sister and sometimes sister-in-law)[51] Extremly rare

T

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Tribus Tribe
Tata Male caregiver
Tutor Guardian[y][z] Less common
Tribulis Fellow tribesman

U

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Uterinum Maternal half-sibling
Uterinus (or Uterinus frater) Maternal half-brother[53]
Uterina (or Uterina soror) Maternal half-sister[53]
Uxor Wife
Unigenita Only daughter[aa] Rare
Unigenitus Only son[aa] Rare
Unigena Full sister Rare[54][55]
Unigenus Full brother Rare

V

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description
Vitricus Step-father
Vitrica Step-mother Extremly rare[ab]
Vir Husband
Vitrici filius Maternal step-brother[ac]
Vitrici filia Maternal step-sister[ad]

X

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description

Y

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description

Z

[edit]
Term Original writing Pronunciation English equivalent Description

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cosinum (and its gendered forms cosinus and cosina) is a post-Roman development.
  2. ^ Literally "old woman".[4]
  3. ^ a b Adrogatio was the adoption of a legally independent person (usually an adult), while adoptio was the adoption of a person still under Patria Potestas.[5]
  4. ^ a b The variations collactia/collactius, collacticia/collacticius, conlactia/conlactius, collactanea/collactaneus and conlactea/conlacteus are also attested.[13]
  5. ^ Someone who belongs to the same domus (household)
  6. ^ People under the authority of the same paterfamilias.[19]
  7. ^ Focaria was often used for what historians believed were soldiers "wives", women in de facto unions with military men (who were not actually legally allowed to be married until the reign of Septimius Severus). Usually held to be of lesser status than actual wives (uxores) but higher than concubines (concubinae).[22]
  8. ^ a b May also have been used to refer to illegitimate children by some parents.[25]
  9. ^ a b c The Spanish words for siblings, hermana and hermano derive from these.[29]
  10. ^ Someone who belongs to the same clan (gens). Normaly this these people bear the same nomen gentilicium. Also gentilitatis.[31]
  11. ^ Hospita was mainly used by couples who could not be married in the Roman way, such as marriages between Latin citizen, non-citizens and foreigners.[16]
  12. ^ a b c The word bastardum (and its gendered forms bastardus and bastarda) which "bastard" in English derives from is post-Roman.
  13. ^ a b Literally "non-legal wife"[33] and "non-legal husband".[34] During the Severan age such "spouses" could still sue for adultery.[33]
  14. ^ Such as for an orphaned minor.[35]
  15. ^ The variation matrastra seems to have been prejorative in nature, similar to "wicked stepmother".[36]
  16. ^ Commonly Vitricus was used for step-father.
  17. ^ Borrowed from the ancient Greek notho.[40]
  18. ^ Mainly used for illegitimate children, or a child adopted away into another family.[41] The term may also sometimes not include children of adultery, incest, rape or lose fornication (such as prostitution), as those children were not deemed "natural".[42]
  19. ^ Literally "step-mother's son"
  20. ^ Literally "step-mother's daughter"
  21. ^ a b Latinized from the ancient Greek "nennos" (νέννος).[44]
  22. ^ May also have been used for close uncles.[25]
  23. ^ From the ancient Greek word for a child with an unknown father.[50]
  24. ^ Originally meant sex criminal (from stuprum).[48]
  25. ^ Mainly means teacher.[48]
  26. ^ [52]
  27. ^ a b The feminine unigena, unigenia, unigenta, unigentia and masculine unigenus, unigenius, unigentus, unigentius variants also existed.[48]
  28. ^ Commonly Noverca was used for step-mother while Vitrica and the variant Victrica were seldom employed.[56]
  29. ^ Literally "step-father's son"
  30. ^ Literally "step-father's daughter"

References

[edit]
  1. ^ https://figshare.mq.edu.au/articles/thesis/A_selective_prosographical_study_of_marriage_in_the_Roman_elite_in_the_second_and_first_centuries_B_C_revisiting_the_evidence/19431686?file=34526720
  2. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=3ep502syZv8C&pg=PA207&dq=%22unigenus%22+son&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj_oaqixuT5AhVeX_EDHVBJBCoQ6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=%22unigenus%22%20son&f=false
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w Bush, Archie C. (October 1971). "Latin Kinship Extensions: An Interpretation of the Data". Ethnology. 10 (4): 1–2 – via JSTOR.
  4. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Leiden · Boston. p. 45. ISBN 9789004167971.
  5. ^ Mortensen, Jacob P. B. (2018). Paul Among the Gentiles: A "Radical" Reading of Romans. Narr Francke Attempto Verlag. p. 244. ISBN 9783772056567.
  6. ^ Serangeli, Matilde; Olander, Thomas (2019). Dispersals and Diversification: Linguistic and Archaeological Perspectives on the Early Stages of Indo-European. BRILL. p. 198. ISBN 9789004416192.
  7. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=jCoE3oHnBQUC&pg=PA67&dq=adoptatus+%22son%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj3hdL4kOf5AhWmX_EDHdLvAJQQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q=adoptatus%20%22son%22&f=false
  8. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=0GNfAAAAMAAJ&dq=adoptaticia&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=adoptaticius
  9. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=rRwjAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&dq=adoptaticia&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE8oqimuf5AhXT6CoKHTaQAY8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q=adoptaticia&f=false
  10. ^ Heather, Peter (2003). The Visigoths from the Migration Period to the Seventh Century: An Ethnographic Perspective. Boydell & Brewer. p. 142. ISBN 9781843830337.
  11. ^ a b c Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. p. 222. ISBN 9780521760508.
  12. ^ Benning, W.G. (1856). Observations on the Debate in the House of Lords on the 25th February, 1851 Upon the Motion of the Earl of St. Germans, for the Second Reading of a Bill to Make Lawful Marriages Within Certain of the Prohibited Degrees of Affinity, and on the Debates in the House of Commons in March, April, May, and June 1855. Oxford University: James Manning. p. 10.
  13. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=O3DDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA807&dq=conlactius&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj6xuTr1ef5AhVP_CoKHZc6D94Q6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q=conlactius&f=false
  14. ^ a b https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=0GNfAAAAMAAJ&dq=adoptaticia&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=collactia
  15. ^ a b Malkiel, Yakov (1993). Etymology. Cambridge University Press. p. 159. ISBN 9780521311663.
  16. ^ a b c d Marucchi, Orazio (1912). Christian epigraphy: an elementary treatise; with a collection of ancient Christian inscriptions mainly of Roman origin. CUP Archive. p. 11.
  17. ^ Meltzer, Peter E. (2015). The Thinker's Thesaurus: Sophisticated Alternatives to Common Words (Expanded Third Edition). W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393338973.
  18. ^ a b c Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. Taylor & Francis. p. 371. ISBN 9781884964985.
  19. ^ Tsang, Sam (2005). From Slaves to Sons: A New Rhetoric Analysis on Paul's Slave Metaphors in His Letter to the Galatians. Peter Lang. p. 10. ISBN 9780820476360.
  20. ^ Watson, P.A. (2018). Ancient Stepmothers: Myth, Misogyny and Reality. BRILL. p. 197. ISBN 9789004329485.
  21. ^ Abbott, Elizabeth (2003). History Of Mistresses. HarperCollins. p. 147. ISBN 9780002000468.
  22. ^ Phang, Sara Elise (2001). The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C.-A.D. 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army. BRILL. p. 204. ISBN 9789004121553.
  23. ^ Waelkens, Laurent (2015). Amne adverso: Roman Legal Heritage in European Culture. Leuven University Press. p. 203. ISBN 9789462700543.
  24. ^ Poste, Edward (1871). Elements of Roman Law. Clarendon Press. p. 30.
  25. ^ a b https://books.google.se/books?id=k-BskibAYaQC&pg=PA271&dq=patraster&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwif_KeDoef5AhWxQPEDHbexB8kQ6AF6BAgGEAI#v=onepage&q=patraster&f=false
  26. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=k-BskibAYaQC&pg=PA270&dq=claudius+%22illegitimate+son%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjEnYTb5br5AhVh-yoKHcxJD3MQ6AF6BAgIEAI#v=onepage&q=claudius%20%22illegitimate%20son%22&f=false
  27. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=2atTAAAAIAAJ&q=%22fratraster%22&dq=%22fratraster%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjRkt6bo-f5AhVIpIsKHetpB-4Q6AF6BAgDEAI
  28. ^ Dickey, Eleanor (2002). Latin Forms of Address: From Plautus to Apuleius. OUP Oxford. p. 262. ISBN 9780191553912.
  29. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=Q6UgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA161&dq=%22germanum%22+sibling&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiv-LrrweT5AhWqVfEDHes9D6oQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=%22germanum%22%20sibling&f=false
  30. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=rWBVdVkcZI4C&pg=PA166&dq=%22germana%22+sister&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY6LPbv-T5AhUGX_EDHdX1BLcQ6AF6BAgEEAI#v=onepage&q=%22germana%22%20sister&f=false
  31. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=OocfAAAAMAAJ&dq=claudii+marceli+gaius+marcus&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=shared
  32. ^ Phang, Sara Elise (2001). The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C.-A.D. 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army. BRILL. p. 151. ISBN 9789004121553.
  33. ^ a b Phang, Sara Elise (2001). The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C.-A.D. 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army. BRILL. p. 206. ISBN 9789004121553.
  34. ^ Fayer, Carla (2005). La familia romana: aspetti giuridici ed antiquari. Vol. 22. L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER. p. 313. ISBN 9788882653064.
  35. ^ Lindsay, Hugh (2009). Adoption in the Roman World. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. ISBN 9780521760508.
  36. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=Pf_0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&dq=%22matrastra%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXrYimoef5AhVoQPEDHbSnBVoQ6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=%22matrastra%22&f=false
  37. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=-x9IFRWwkUAC&pg=PA59&dq=%22nepos%22+%22neptis%22+%22Privigna%22&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi-j8_xqZf3AhWESPEDHYcUDJ4Q6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=%22nepos%22%20%22neptis%22%20%22Privigna%22&f=false
  38. ^ a b c Larsson Loven, Lena; Harlow, Mary (2012). Families in the Roman and Late Antique World. A&C Black. p. 86. ISBN 9781441174680.
  39. ^ Boyd-Bowman, Peter (1980). From Latin to Romance in Sound Charts. Georgetown University Press. p. 109. ISBN 9780878400775.
  40. ^ Burgersdijk, Diederik P.W.; Ross, Alan J. (2018). Imagining Emperors in the Later Roman Empire. Cultural Interactions in the Mediterranean. BRILL. p. 145. ISBN 9789004370920.
  41. ^ https://books.google.se/books?hl=sv&id=SuWNXivyrx0C&dq=naturalis+child+slave&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=naturalis
  42. ^ Hazbun, Geraldine (2020). Reading Illegitimacy in Early Iberian Literature. Springer Nature. p. 18. ISBN 9783030595692.
  43. ^ De Poli, Mattia; Zimmermann, Bernhard; Rallo, Giuseppe Eugenio (2021). Sub palliolo sordido: Studi sulla commedia frammentaria greca e latina. Studies on Greek and Roman Fragmentary Comedies. Vol. 13. 9783949189210: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 522. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location (link)
  44. ^ Crisis. Vol. 11. Brownson Institute. 1993.
  45. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=Z2bDBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA808&dq=roman+%22papa%22+demunitive&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiE7buomZf3AhVrAxAIHZbBBh0Q6AF6BAgDEAI#v=onepage&q=roman%20%22papa%22%20demunitive&f=false
  46. ^ Mousourakis, George (2014). Roman Law and the Origins of the Civil Law Tradition. Springer. p. 104. ISBN 9783319122687.
  47. ^ https://www.google.se/books/edition/Failure_of_Empire/paowDwAAQBAJ?hl=sv&gbpv=1&dq=valens+%22son-in-law%22+procopius&pg=PA60&printsec=frontcover
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i Smith, Kevin R. (2020). A Latin Glossary for Genealogists.
  49. ^ de Vaan, Michiel (2018). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Leiden. p. 576. ISBN 9789004167971.
  50. ^ Christopher, Francese (2007). Ancient Rome in So Many Words. Hippocrene Books. p. 19. ISBN 9780781811538.
  51. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=XdCEAAAAIAAJ&q=sororastra&dq=sororastra&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjQtsripOf5AhVlXfEDHcYHAFkQ6AF6BAgHEAI
  52. ^ https://www.jstor.org/stable/282965?seq=7
  53. ^ a b Berger, Adolf (2002). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law. The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. p. 756. ISBN 9781584771425.
  54. ^ Thomson, D. F. S. (2003). Catullus: Edited With a Textual and Interpretative Commentary By D.F.S. Thomson. G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series/Phoenix Supplementary Volume Series. Vol. 34 (illustrated, new and reworked ed.). University of Toronto Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780802085924. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  55. ^ Fordyce, Christian James (1990). Catullus: A Commentary (illustrated, new ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 314. ISBN 9780198721475.
  56. ^ https://books.google.se/books?id=HiUjAQAAIAAJ&q=%22vitrica%22+stepmother&dq=%22vitrica%22+stepmother&hl=sv&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj605CtoJf3AhXQ-ioKHU6FBPEQ6AF6BAgEEAI
[edit]

Roman kinship *terms kinship terms