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Judit Polgar playing a chess move
Judit Polgar, the highest-rated female player in history, was once the youngest Grandmaster ever among men or women.

There are 39 female chess players who hold the title of Grandmaster (GM), the highest title awarded by the International Chess Federation (FIDE).[A] The Grandmaster title was formally established by FIDE in 1950. Modern regulations typically require players to achieve a FIDE rating of 2500 and norms that include a Grandmaster-level performance rating of 2600 at three different tournaments to be awarded the title, although there are various exceptions. Since no later than 2006, players who win the Women's World Championship are directly awarded the Grandmaster title. Like all FIDE titles, the Grandmaster title is awarded for life and does not require a player to maintain a performance level or remain active.

Nona Gaprindashvili, a Soviet chess player from Georgia, was the first woman to become a Grandmaster in 1978, receiving the title without satisfying the full requirements in large part by virtue of being the first woman to achieve a GM norm a year earlier. In 1991, Susan Polgar became the first woman to achieve the GM title through three conventional norms. Later that year at age 15, her younger sister Judit Polgar became the youngest Grandmaster in history among men or women, breaking the previous record set by Bobby Fischer. Although there were a mere six female Grandmasters by 2000 and the number of the female Grandmasters has never been more than a few percent of the total, the turn of the century saw a substantial increase in the number of women to be awarded the title. This increase in the number of grandmasters has made it possible to stage women-only round-robin tournaments such as FIDE Women's Grand Prix events that feature predominantly Grandmasters. At the same time, in an era where the Grandmaster title is no longer indicative of the upper echelon of chess overall, Hou Yifan has been the only player since 2000 to join Judit Polgar and Maia Chiburdanidze as female GMs who have been ranked in the top 100 among all players.

As of 2021, all female GMs are alive, and the vast majority who obtained the title since 2000 are still active. Nearly all female Grandmasters are from Europe or Asia. China and Russia have the most female GMs with seven each, six countries have multiple female GMs, and Irina Krush of the United States is the only female GM from another continent. Judit Polgar's record for the youngest female GM was broken in 2001 by Koneru Humpy and again in 2008 by Hou Yifan, who became a GM at age 14.

Background

[edit]

Birth of the Grandmaster title

[edit]

The International Chess Federation (FIDE) was established in 1924 as the governing body of competitive chess. At the time, the term "grandmaster" was already being informally used to described the world's leading chess players since the players competing in the Championship section of the Ostend 1907 chess tournament were referred to as "grandmasters" in reference to them all having previously won international tournaments.[1] Separate from FIDE, the Soviet Union also designated their own grandmasters as early as 1927.[2] Informal use of the term continued until 1950 when FIDE officially awarded the Grandmaster (GM) title to 27 of the world's top past and present players who were still alive, none of whom were women. Vera Menchik, who regularly competed against high-level male players and was the only Women's World Champion before that year, was not considered as she had already been killed in World War II.[3]

FIDE first established formal criteria for the Grandmaster title in 1953. These criteria included precursors to the modern-day concept of norms in that the requirements depended on a player's score in a few individual tournaments with a specified percentage of titled players. FIDE modified these criteria to have GM norms (then called GM results) take into account a tournament's average rating of the competing players in 1970 when they first adopted an Elo rating system. No earlier than 1977, FIDE added a requirement that players must achieve a FIDE rating of 2450, a threshold that was later increased to the modern-day requirement of 2500.[4][5] Modern GM norms that require a performance rating of 2600 are still based on a player's score, but instead depend on the average rating of the player's opponents rather than all of the players in the tournament.[6]

Earliest female grandmasters

[edit]
Young Polgar sisters posing for picture outdoors
The Polgar sisters (pictured in 1988) all obtained GM norms before the age of 20. Susan (right) and Judit (center) both became GMs.

Beginning in the 1960s, Nona Gaprindashvili established herself as the first woman since Menchik to be competitive against high-level male players. The epitome of her success came in 1977 at the Lone Pine International where she became the first woman to achieve a GM norm. She compiled a performance rating of 2647 and scored 6½/9 to finish in joint first with three others, including GMs Yuri Balashov and Oscar Panno. After missing a second GM norm by a ½ point in 1978, FIDE nonetheless decided to award her the Grandmaster title amidst more rule changes that may have made it more difficult for her to obtain the title in the future.[7][B] Maia Chiburdanidze succeeded her compatriot Gaprindashvili as Women's World Champion in 1978 and became the second woman to obtain the Grandmaster title in 1984 through her three World Championship match wins.[8] Later on, she also became the first woman ranked in the top 100, peaking at No. 43 in 1988.[9][10]

Following these first two female Grandmasters from Georgia, the Polgar sisters ended the Soviet Union's four-decades-long domination over women's chess and demonstrated that women could achieve GM norms from a very young age. By 1989, all three of Susan, Sofia, and Judit Polgar earned Grandmaster norms as teenagers in open tournaments in Royan, Rome, and Amsterdam respectively,[11][12] the middle of which drew widespread attention because of Sofia's very high performance rating of around 2900, well above the norm requirement.[13][14][15] Judit was also already ranked in the top 100 that year at the age of 12,[9][16] and later peaked at No. 8 in the world in 2003.[17] In 1991, both Susan and Judit achieved the Grandmaster title. Susan was the third female Grandmaster, and the first to earn the title by achieving three conventional GM norms and satisfying the rating requirement.[18] Judit achieved her final GM norm as part of her victory in the open Hungarian Championship to become the fourth female Grandmaster. At the age of 15 years, 4 months, and 28 days, she also became the youngest Grandmaster in history, breaking Bobby Fischer's previous record from 1958 of 15 years and 6 months.[19][20] Pia Cramling and Xie Jun soon followed in obtaining the Grandmaster title in the next few years, and were the last two to do so before 2000.[8][21] Xie was the first female GM from outside Europe and just the second Grandmaster from China overall.[22][23]

21st century

[edit]
Koneru accepting an award from the President of India
Koneru Humpy (right) was the first to break Judit Polgar's record as the youngest female GM.

After over six years without another woman achieving the Grandmaster title, the next century saw a substantial influx of new female Grandmasters. Once Zhu Chen ended that stretch in 2001, the next two decades rarely saw gaps of more than a year without a new female GM. Judit Polgar's record as the overall youngest GM had only lasted three years, and her record for the youngest female GM lasted a little over a decade until it was broken by Koneru Humpy in 2002 at the age of 15 years and 1 month. Hou Yifan then became the youngest female GM in 2008 at 14 years and 5 months.[19] Hou also reached the top 100 in 2014, peaking at No. 55 a year later.[24] At some point before 2006, FIDE changed their regulations and began awarding the GM title to players who win the Women's World Championship if they are not already GMs. Since then, four players have obtained the GM title in this manner, most recently Tan Zhongyi in 2017. The Kosintseva sisters Tatiana and Nadezhda as well as the Muzychuk sisters Anna and Mariya both joined the Polgar sisters as pairs of sisters to both be awarded the Grandmaster title. Irina Krush was the first player from outside Europe or Asia to be awarded the title in 2013.

With the increase in number of female Grandmasters, it has been possible to stage women-only round-robin tournaments featuring mostly Grandmasters. These include some of the FIDE Women's Grand Prix events that have been held since 2009 and the Cairns Cup that began in 2019.[25][26] All but one of the ten players in the 2020 Cairns Cup were GMs.[27] When the Candidates tournament was revived in 2019 to decide the next World Championship challenger, all of the competitors were GMs rated above 2500.[28] While the number of female Grandmasters has continued to steadily increase, the rate of new women to achieve the title has thus far peaked around 2010.[29] As the overall number of GMs has increased from about 300 in 1990 to over 1700 by 2020, women still make up a small fraction of the total.[30][31]

Title requirements

[edit]

Regulations as of 2022

[edit]
Muzychuk at chess board
Anna Muzychuk required four norms to obtain the GM title because her first norm was achieved over seven games.[32]

The modern requirements as of 2022 to obtain the Grandmaster (GM) title are essentially to reach a minimum FIDE rating of 2500 and achieve three tournament GM norms, albeit there are exceptions.[6]

FIDE ranks players according to their official FIDE ratings published each month. These ratings are determined using an Elo rating system, which was first implemented in 1970. They depend only on the results of individual games at FIDE-rated tournaments. Players who have previously been rated above 2400 gain no more than 10 rating points for a win and lose no more than 10 rating points for a loss, depending on the opponent's rating. Against an opponent with the same rating, a win is worth 5 rating points, a draw is worth 0 rating points, and a loss is worth -5 rating points. These values increase against a higher-rated opponent and decrease against a lower-rated opponent.[33] Although FIDE ratings are only published at the start of every month, the required rating for the GM title of 2500 can be achieved in the middle of a rating period or even the middle of a tournament.[6]

A norm is a performance at a title level at a FIDE-rated tournament. Players need to have a performance rating of at least 2600 to achieve a GM norm at a tournament. A player's performance rating depends on their score in the tournament and the average rating of their opponents.[C] The player's score is converted to a rating difference according to a published conversion table of values, and that rating difference is added to their opponents' average rating to compute their performance rating. For example, some of the scores a player may need to achieve a GM norm in a nine-round tournament are 7/9 against 2380-rated opponents, 6½/9 against 2434-rated opponents, or 4½/9 against 2600-rated opponents. Moreover, there are other requirements such as having one-third of a player's opponents be GMs. Although players generally need three GM norms, the exact requirement is for them to have 27 games between all of their norms. As a result, they may need one extra norm if their tournaments are shorter than usual.[6]

A player can circumvent these requirements and achieve a norm or be awarded the title directly if they achieve certain results at specified tournaments. The regulation that has been most relevant to female players is that any winner of the Women's World Championship who is not already GM is directly awarded the GM title. Any runner-up receives a GM norm.[6][34]

Previous regulations

[edit]

Winning the Women's World Championship did not always confer a direct award of the title. Around the time Maia Chiburdanidze was world champion, each World Championship match win only resulted in a norm and thus three match wins or other norms were needed to obtain the title. Around the time Xie Jun was world champion, only two World Championship match win were required to obtain the title.[8] From no later than 2003, the requirements changed to a direct award of the GM title simply for winning the championship.[35]

In the past, FIDE had counted norms at the Chess Olympiad and continental championships as "double norms" over 20 games. As a result, it was common for players to need only one additional norm plus the rating requirement if they earned a norm at the Women's Chess Olympiad or the European Individual Women's Chess Championship (EWC). This regulation for the Olympiad began in 2005 and was discontinued in 2017.[36][37][6] The regulation for the European Individual Championship was discontinued earlier in 2014.[38][39] Previously from 2003 to 2005, players could be directly awarded the GM title if they achieved a GM norm performance rating over at least 12 games at a continental championship.[35][40]

Key

[edit]
Header key
Header Explanation
Name Player's name
Federation Current national federation as of December 2021. Previous federations specified in notes.
Birth date Player's birth date, referenced by a player's GM application if available
Age Player's current age
Award year Year FIDE awarded the player's GM title
Title date Month the last requirement for the GM title was completed. Direct awards indicated in notes. Unclear cases are italicized.
Title age Player's age at the time of the title date
Peak rating Highest published FIDE rating during a player's career as of December 2021, referenced by the player's FIDE profile
WWC First and last years a player was the Women's World Champion (WWC). Multiple reigns are specified in notes.
Refs Additional references if needed or complementary.

Grandmasters

[edit]
Symbol key
° Active player (as of December 2021)
List of female chess grandmasters
Name Federation Birth date Age Award year Title date Title age Peak rating WWC Refs
Nona Gaprindashvili  Georgia[a] 1941-05-03 83 1978 Nov 1978[i] 37 2495 1962 1978 [41][42][7]
Maia Chiburdanidze  Georgia[b] 1961-01-17 63 1984 Oct 1984[D] 23 2560 1978 1991 [10][43]
Susan Polgár  Hungary[c] 1969-04-19 55 1991 Jan 1991 22 2577 1996 1999 [46][47][18]
Judit Polgár  Hungary 1976-07-23 48 1992 Dec 1991 15 2735 N/A [19]
Pia Cramling°  Sweden 1963-04-23 61 1992 Feb 1992 28 2550 N/A [21]
Xie Jun  China 1970-10-30 54 1994 Dec 1993[E] 23 2574 1991 2001[α] [48]
Zhu Chen  Qatar[d] 1976-03-16 48 2001 2001[F] 25 2548 2001 2004 [51]
Koneru Humpy°  India 1987-03-31 37 2002 May 2002 15 2623 N/A [19]
Antoaneta Stefanova°  Bulgaria 1979-04-19 45 2002 Jun 2002 23 2560 2004 2006 [52]
Alexandra Kosteniuk°  Russia 1984-04-23 40 2004 Apr 2004[ii] 19 2561 2008 2010 [53]
Peng Zhaoqin°  Netherlands[e] 1968-05-08 56 2004 Apr 2004[iii] 36 2472 N/A [55]
Hoang Thanh Trang°  Hungary[f] 1980-04-25 44 2007 Jun 2006 26 2511 N/A
Kateryna Lagno°  Russia[g] 1989-12-27 34 2007 Aug 2006 16 2560 N/A [19]
Xu Yuhua  China 1976-10-29 48 2007 Mar 2006[iv] 30 2517 2006 2008 [57]
Zhao Xue°  China 1985-04-06 39 2008 Jul 2007 23 2579 N/A
Marie Sebag°  France 1986-10-15 38 2008 May 2008 21 2537 N/A [58]
Monika Soćko°  Poland 1978-03-24 46 2008 May 2008 30 2505 N/A
Hou Yifan°  China 1994-02-27 30 2008 Aug 2008 14 2686 2010 2017[β] [19]
Nana Dzagnidze°  Georgia 1987-01-01 37 2008 Sep 2008 21 2573 N/A
Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant°  Scotland[h] 1968-07-19 56 2009 Nov 2008 40 2506 N/A [61]
Tatiana Kosintseva  Russia 1986-04-11 38 2009 Feb 2009 22 2581 N/A
Natalia Zhukova°  Ukraine 1979-06-05 45 2010 Mar 2010 30 2499 N/A
Viktorija Čmilytė  Lithuania 1983-08-06 41 2010 Mar 2010 26 2542 N/A
Elina Danielian°  Armenia[i] 1978-08-16 46 2010 Aug 2010 32 2521 N/A
Nadezhda Kosintseva  Russia 1985-01-14 39 2011 Feb 2011 26 2576 N/A [63]
Harika Dronavalli°  India 1991-01-12 33 2011 Jul 2011 20 2543 N/A [64]
Ju Wenjun°  China 1991-01-31 33 2014 Oct 2011 20 2604 2018 Pres. [65]
Anna Muzychuk°  Ukraine[j] 1990-02-28 34 2012 Nov 2011 21 2606 N/A
Anna Ushenina°  Ukraine 1985-08-30 39 2012 Dec 2012[v] 27 2502 2012 2013 [67][68]
Valentina Gunina°  Russia 1989-02-04 35 2013 Jan 2013 23 2548 N/A
Bela Khotenashvili°  Georgia 1988-06-01 36 2013 May 2013 24 2531 N/A [69][70]
Irina Krush°  United States 1983-12-24 40 2013 Sep 2013 29 2502 N/A [71]
Mariya Muzychuk°  Ukraine 1992-09-21 32 2015 Apr 2015[vi] 22 2563 2015 2016 [72][73]
Lei Tingjie°  China 1997-03-03 27 2017 Dec 2016 19 2545 N/A [19]
Tan Zhongyi°  China 1991-05-29 33 2017 Mar 2017[vii] 25 2530 2017 2018 [74]
Nino Batsiashvili°  Georgia 1987-01-01 37 2018 Jan 2018 31 2528 N/A [75]
Aleksandra Goryachkina°  Russia 1998-09-28 26 2018 Feb 2018 19 2611 N/A [19]
Olga Girya°  Russia 1991-06-04 33 2021 Mar 2021 29 2505 N/A
Zhansaya Abdumalik°  Kazakhstan 2000-01-12 24 2021 May 2021 21 2507 N/A [76]

Federation switches:

  1. ^ Gaprindashvili: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992)[41]; awarded GM title with Soviet Union
  2. ^ Chiburdanidze: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992)[10]; awarded GM title with Soviet Union
  3. ^ S. Polgár: Hungary → United States (2002)[44], United States → Hungary (2019)[45]
  4. ^ Zhu: China → Qatar (2006)[49]; awarded GM title with China
  5. ^ Peng: China → Netherlands (1996)[54]
  6. ^ Hoang: Vietnam → Hungary (2006)[49]
  7. ^ Lagno: Ukraine → Russia (2014)[56]; awarded GM title with Ukraine
  8. ^ Arakhamia-Grant: Soviet Union → Georgia (1992)[59], Georgia → Scotland (2008)[60]
  9. ^ Danielian: Soviet Union → Armenia (1992)[62]
  10. ^ A. Muzychuk: Ukraine → Slovenia (2004)[66], Slovenia → Ukraine (2014)[56]; awarded GM title with Slovenia

Direct awards:

  1. ^ Gaprindashvili: From FIDE
  2. ^ Kosteniuk: GM norm performance over 12 games at the EWC
  3. ^ Peng: GM norm performance over 12 games at the EWC
  4. ^ Xu: WWC winner
  5. ^ Ushenina: WWC winner
  6. ^ M. Muzychuk: WWC winner
  7. ^ Tan: WWC winner

Multiple reigns of the Women's World Championship:

  1. ^ Xie: 1991–1996, 1999–2001
  2. ^ Hou: 2010–2012, 2013–2015, 2016–2017

By year

[edit]
Gaprindashvili staring at the board while playing chess
Abdumalik staring across the room while playing chess
Nona Gaprindashvili (left) was the first woman to achieve the GM title in November 1978; as of December 2021, Zhansaya Abdumalik (right) was the most recent to do so in May 2021.

The following chart illustrates the total number of female grandmasters by year based on the date when each player achieved the GM title (the title date).

By title age

[edit]
Hou Yifan staring while playing chess
Arakhamia-Grant staring while playing chess
Hou Yifan (left) was the youngest woman to become a GM at age 14; Ketevan Arakhamia-Grant (right) was the oldest at age 40. Both players earned the title in 2008.

The following chart illustrates the cumulative number of female grandmasters by age based on the date when each player achieved the GM title (the title date).

By country

[edit]
Ju Wenjun staring while playing chess
Aleksandra Goryachkina staring while playing chess
As of December 2021, China and Russia both currently have five active female GMs, the most of any country. Chinese GM Ju Wenjun (left) defeated Russian GM Aleksandra Goryachkina (right) in the 2020 World Championship match.

The following table shows the number of active female grandmasters from each national federation, as well as all female grandmasters according to their current federation, their federation at the time they were awarded the title, and the overall total.

Federation Active (Dec 2021) Current (Dec 2021) At award date Overall
 China 5 7 8 9
 Russia 5 7 6 7
 Ukraine 4 4 4 5
 Georgia 3 5 3 6
 India 2 2 2 2
 Hungary 1 3 3 3
 Armenia 1 1 1 1
 Bulgaria 1 1 1 1
 France 1 1 1 1
 Kazakhstan 1 1 1 1
 Netherlands 1 1 1 1
 Poland 1 1 1 1
 Scotland 1 1 1 1
 Sweden 1 1 1 1
 United States 1 1 1 1
 Lithuania 0 1 1 1
 Qatar 0 1 0 1
 Soviet Union 0 0 2 4
 Slovenia 0 0 1 1
 Vietnam 0 0 0 1
Total 29 39 39 –

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Unless otherwise stated, "grandmaster" refers only to players who have achieved the GM title, and not in particular to any players who have achieved the separate Woman Grandmaster (WGM) title, which has lower requirements.
  2. ^ With the existing requirement to have all norms achieved in a three-year span, one of the issues Gaprindashvili faced would have been not being able to use her Lone Pone norm past 1980.[4]
  3. ^ A player's score is their number of points divided by their number of games. A win is worth 1 point, a draw is worth a ½ point, and a loss is worth 0 points.
  4. ^ It is unclear if Chiburdanidze was directly awarded the GM title as a three-time WWC winner or if she earned one norm for each title and had no other norms at the time.[8]
  5. ^ Although sources have indicated Xie was awarded the title as a two-time WWC winner, Xie herself has stated she was not notified until the summer of 1994 and may have been awarded the title through other norms as she believes she had at least one other norm by then.[8][22]
  6. ^ It is unclear when Zhu achieved the GM title. She was a GM before winning the 2001 WWC.[50]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Sunnucks 1970, p. 223.
  2. ^ Cafferty & Taimanov 1998, p. 28–29.
  3. ^ Green, Nathaniel (22 February 2021). "The Top 5 Best Female Chess Players of All Time". Chess.com. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  4. ^ a b O'Connell 1977, pp. 148–52.
  5. ^ Silver, Albert (26 June 2021). "'A GM is a GM'? – FIDE title devaluation". ChessBase. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  6. ^ a b c d e f "FIDE Title Regulations effective from 1 January 2022". FIDE. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  7. ^ a b Graham 1987, pp. 32–35.
  8. ^ a b c d e Xie 1998, p. 133.
  9. ^ a b Cox, David (28 September 2019). "Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'". Chess.com. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
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  11. ^ Polgar, Susan (13 May 2021). "My Top 10 Most Memorable Moments in Chess (Part 3)". Chess Daily News. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  12. ^ Polgar 2012, pp. 376–377.
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  20. ^ Polgar, Judit (2 May 2013). "Judit Polgar: How I beat Fischer's record". ChessBase. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
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  33. ^ "FIDE Rating Regulations effective from 1 January 2022". FIDE. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
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  45. ^ "Transfers in 2019". FIDE. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
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  47. ^ Tanner 2016, p. 255.
  48. ^ Di Felice 2018, p. 357.
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  51. ^ Di Felice 2018, p. 365.
  52. ^ "2002 2nd quarter FIDE Presidential Board Communique". FIDE. 13 July 2002. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  53. ^ "2004 News". Alexandra Kosteniuk. Archived from the original on 12 June 2004. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
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  65. ^ "Ju Wenjun". Chess.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
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  67. ^ "Anna Ushenina". Chess.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  68. ^ "Anna Ushenina became the new World Champion". FIDE World Women's Chess Championship 2012. 1 December 2012. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 21 December 2021. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 12 December 2012 suggested (help)
  69. ^ "Women's Grand Prix Geneva Round 9: Muzychuk and Khotenashvili won their games and keep on leading". FIDE. 14 May 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
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  71. ^ Klein, Mike (9 October 2013). "Irina Krush Earns GM Title". Chess.com. Retrieved 25 December 2021.
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  73. ^ Silver, Albert (6 April 2015). "Mariya Muzychuk is the 15th World Champion". ChessBase. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  74. ^ Houska, Jovanka (4 March 2017). "And The Winner Is... Women's World Champion Tan Zhongyi". Chess.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  75. ^ Saunders, John (31 January 2018). "Five in Pile-up on the Rock". Gibraltar International Chess Festival. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
  76. ^ Saunders, John (31 May 2021). "Round 9: Zhansaya's marathon victory". FIDE. Retrieved 13 June 2021.

Books

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See also

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