User:Spenzer2/sandbox

Part I- Objectives grades as 'credit/ no credit'

Critique an article

1. I feel that some of the information that is in history section such as how "Shoreline" came to be needs a citation.

2. "After the incorporation of Lake Forest Park in 1961, the remainder of the Shoreline School District remained an unincorporated portion of King County. Fifty-one years after it had been named, on August 31, 1995 Shoreline was officially incorporated as a code city and adopted the council-manager form of government. " this line is unclear because I am not sure if it is 51 years before 1961 or from 1961 to 1995 which would make the math wrong?

19:02, 19 May 2017 (UTC)Spenzer2 (talk)

Add to an article

Digital Microfluidics (DMF) allows for precise manipulation and coordination in small-scale chemical synthesis reactions due to its ability to control minuscule volumes of liquid reagents. Low volume of liquid reagents allow for less use of reagents and is ideal in synthesizing compounds such as peptidomimetics(link) and PET (Link) tracers.

Haven't added this to the Digital Microfluidics page yet since would require new sections.

Draft your article

Synthesis - compounds, different types of reactions, gels?

What I drafted was similar to what I have down below before peer review. Not sure what to draft exactly.

Part II - Graded Objectives

Respond to your peer review

Article Before Peer Review

Synthesis

Digital Microfluidics (DMF) allows for precise manipulation and coordination in small-scale chemical synthesis reactions due to its ability to control minuscule volumes of liquid reagents. Low volume of liquid reagents allow for less use of reagents and is ideal in synthesizing compounds such as peptidomimetics(link) and PET (Link) tracers. PET(link) tracers require only nanogram quantities and such DMF allows for automated and rapid synthesis of tracers with 90-95% efficiency compared to conventional techniques.

Organic reagents often propose a problem in DMF because they tend to wet the DMF device and cause flooding. Synthesis of organic reagents can be achieved through DMF technique by carrying the organic reagents through an ionic liquid droplet. Thus preventing the organic reagent from flooding the DMF device. Sometimes droplets are combined together by inducing opposite charges thus attracting them to each other. This allows for automated mixing of droplets. Mixing of droplets are also used to deposit MOF crystals for printing by delivery of reagents into wells and then allowed to evaporate. This method of MOF crystal deposition is relatively cheap and doesn’t require extensive robotic equipment.

DMF devices also can be used in the synthesis of cell cultures. Digital microfluidic Immunocytochemistry in Single Cells (DISC) was developed using DMF platforms to culture and use antibodies to label phosphorylated proteins. These cultured cells can the be removed and taken off chip for screening. Another technique synthesizes hydrogels within DMF platforms. The process uses electrodes to deliver reagents necessary to produce the hydrogel and then reagents can be delivered to the gel to absorbed for culture. The hydrogels are an improvement over 2D cell culture because 3D cell culture have increased cell-cell interactions. Spherical cell cultures are another method developed around the ability of DMF to deliver droplets to cells droplets. Application of electric potential allows automation of droplet transfer directly to the cell culture which hangs from the device. Spherical cell culture mimics in vivo tissues. DMF platforms are able to achieve cell free cloning by performing in vitro cloning through smPCR(link) inside droplets. These are then cultured within the cell by using different temperature electrodes at different parts of the DMF device.

References

1. Jebrail, M.J.; Assem, N.; Mudrik, J.M.; Dryden, M.D.M.; Lin, K.; Yudin, A.K.; Wheeler, A.R. "Combinatorial Synthesis of Peptidomimetics Using Digital Microfluidics" Journal of Flow Chemistry 2012, 2, 103-107.
2. Supin et al. ”Radiolabelling diverse positron emission tomography (PET) tracers using a single digital microfluidic reactor chip” Lab Chip, 2014,14, 902-910 .
3. Javed MR, Chen S, Kim H-K, et al. Efficient radiosynthesis of 3′-deoxy-3′-[18F]fluorothymidine using electrowetting-on-dielectric digital microfluidic chip. Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine. 2014;55(2):321-328. doi:10.2967/jnumed.113.121053.
4. H. Geng, J. Feng, L. M. Stabryla, S. K. Cho, Dielectrowetting manipulation for digital microfluidics: creating, transporting, splitting, and merging of droplets. Lab Chip. 17, 1060–1068 (2017).
5. P. Y. Keng et al., Micro-chemical synthesis of molecular probes on an electronic microfluidic device. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109, 690–695 (2012).
6. P. Dubois et al., Ionic liquid droplet as e-microreactor. Analytical Chemistry. 78, 4909–4917 (2006).
7. Ng, A. H. C et al. Digital microfluidic immunocytochemistry in single cells. Nat. Commun. 6:7513 doi: 10.1038/ncomms8513 (2015).
8. S. M. George, H. Moon, Digital microfluidic three-dimensional cell culture and chemical screening platform using alginate hydrogels. Biomicrofluidics. 9 (2015), doi:10.1063/1.4918377.
9. Um, T. et al. Electrically Controllable Microparticle Synthesis and Digital Microfluidic Manipulation by Electric-Field-Induced Droplet Dispensing into Immiscible Fluids. Sci. Rep. 6, 31901; doi: 10.1038/srep31901 (2016).
10. A. P. Aijian, R. L. Garrell, Digital Microfluidics for Automated Hanging Drop Cell Spheroid Culture. Journal of Laboratory Automation. 20, 283–295 (2015).
11. Witters, D., Vergauwe, N., Ameloot, R., Vermeir, S., De Vos, D., Puers, R., Sels, B. and Lammertyn, J. (2012), Digital Microfluidic High-Throughput Printing of Single Metal-Organic Framework Crystals. Adv. Mater., 24: 1316–1320. doi:10.1002/adma.201104922
12. T. B. Yehezkel et al., Synthesis and cell-free cloning of DNA libraries using programmable microfluidics. Nucleic Acids Research. 44 (2015), doi:10.1093/nar/gkv1087.

My Article After Peer Review

Synthesis

Digital Microfluidics (DMF) allows for precise manipulation and coordination in small-scale chemical synthesis reactions due to its ability to control micro scale volumes of liquid reagents, allowing for overall less reagent use and waste. This technology can be used in the synthesis compounds such as peptidomimetics and PET tracers. PET tracers require nanogram quantities and as such, DMF allows for automated and rapid synthesis of tracers with 90-95% efficiency compared to conventional macro-scale techniques.

Organic reagents are not commonly used in DMF because they tend to wet the DMF device and cause flooding; however synthesis of organic reagents can be achieved through DMF techniques by carrying the organic reagents through an ionic liquid droplet, thus preventing the organic reagent from flooding the DMF device. Droplets are combined together by inducing opposite charges thus attracting them to each other. This allows for automated mixing of droplets. Mixing of droplets are also used to deposit MOF crystals for printing by delivering reagents into wells and evaporating the solutions for crystal deposition. This method of MOF crystal deposition is relatively cheap and does not require extensive robotic equipment.

DMF devices also can be used in cell cultures. Digital Microfluidic Immunocytochemistry in Single Cells (DISC) was developed using DMF platforms to culture and use antibodies to label phosphorylated proteins in the cell. Cultured cells are then removed and taken off chip for screening. Another technique synthesizes hydrogels within DMF platforms. The process uses electrodes to deliver reagents to produce the hydrogel, and then delivery of cell culture reagents for absorption into the gel. The hydrogels are an improvement over 2D cell culture because 3D cell culture have increased cell-cell interactions. Spherical cell cultures are another method developed around the ability of DMF to deliver droplets to cells. Application of an electric potential allows for automation of droplet transfer directly to the hanging cell culture. Cell culture in spheroids mimic in vivo tissues. Another use of DMF platforms in cell culture is its ability to conduct cell free in vitro through single molecule PCR inside droplets. PCR amplified products are then cultured within the cell by using a temperatue gradient across the surface of the DMF platform.

Reflective Essay

1. The article that worked on was Digital Microfluidics and it was already an existing article.
2. My main contributions to the article was synthesis using digital microfluidics. I covered synthesis of compounds and different type of reactions that could be performed using DMF. As well as a bit into cell culture and applications in biology.
3. I responded to the suggestions by taking in what they said I should improve on. Most of the things that I needed improvement was rewording of a lot of sentences that were unclear or just worded awkwardly. Another thing was adding some a citation where something needed a citation. I did not use any of the Wikipedia content expert or received any feedback from other Wikipedians outside the course.
4. I believe that this assignment was valuable to my learning. A reason for this is because I had never read through so much scientific literature before and it helped me learn what I need to work on if I were ever to write one myself. I also found it useful because I had never had to simplify information from literature and make it understandable to the public. I think my article will be valuable to Wikipedia readers if they ever want more extensive knowledge on digital microfluidics. I think that an improvement on this course in the future is that I'm not entirely sure what Wikipedia's standards are on their writing. It was really hard to peer review other people because I wasn't entirely sure if what they wrote was what Wikipedia wanted in their articles. Another thing I think was some of the instructions on the timeline weren't exactly clear on what they wanted and maybe how the sandbox was arranged?