User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/Sumerian civilization

Sumer
𒆠 𒂗 𒄄 (Sumerian)
^[a]
Sumer 𒆠𒂗𒄄 (Sumerian);
c. 2900 BCE–c. 1763 BCE
Status	In exile (c. 2334 BCE – c. 2119 BCE)
Government	Monarchy
Historical era	Bronze Age
• Sumerian creation myth	c. 2900 BCE
• Sumerian flood myth	c. 2800 BCE
• Construction of Ekur	c. 2750 BCE
• Awan dynasty	c. 2600 BCE
• Conquests of Sargon of Akkad	c. 2334 BCE
• Gutian rule in Mesopotamia	c. 2154 BCE
• Lament for Sumer and Ur	c. 2004 BCE
• Conquests of Hammurabi of Babylon	c. 1763 BCE

Sumer (/ˈsuːmər/) is the earliest known civilization in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC. It is also one of the first civilizations in the world, along with ancient Egypt, Elam, the Caral-Supe civilization, the Indus Valley civilization, the Minoan civilization, and ancient China. Living along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates, Sumerian farmers grew an abundance of grain and other crops, the surplus from which enabled them to form urban settlements. Proto-writing dates back before 3000 BC. The earliest texts come from the cities of Uruk and Jemdet Nasr, and date to between c. 3500 and c. 3000 BC.

Population

Century BCE	Estimated urban population	Estimated percentage of non-urban settlements (≤10 hectares)	Estimated percentage of urban settlements (≥40 hectares)	Estimated percentage of Mesopotamians living in urban settlements	Estimated number of urban settlements in Mesopotamia	Total area estimated to have been occupied by Mesopotamians
30^th	140,000	10%	78.4%	80%	10	≤0.01 Mm² (3,900 sq mi)
29^th	140,000					≤0.01 Mm² (3,900 sq mi)
28^th	288,000					≥0.01 Mm² (3,900 sq mi)
27^th	288,000					≥0.01 Mm² (3,900 sq mi)
26^th	290,000					≥0.03 Mm² (12,000 sq mi)
25^th	305,000				12	≥0.05 Mm² (19,000 sq mi)
24^th	250,000					≥0.065 Mm² (25,000 sq mi)
23^rd	230,000					0.6 Mm² (230,000 sq mi)
22^nd	210,000	18.4%	63.5%			0.2 Mm² (77,000 sq mi)
21^st	300,000	25%	55.1%			0.03 Mm² (12,000 sq mi)
20^th	265,000	25%	55.1%	50%		0.1 Mm² (39,000 sq mi)
19^th	160,000	29.6%	50.2%			0.2 Mm² (77,000 sq mi)
18^th	175,000
17^th	70,000
16^th	80,000	56.8%	30.4%
15^th	20,000	56.8%	30.4%			0.3 Mm² (120,000 sq mi)

Author	People Per Hectare (pph) estimates
Tertius Chandler	75—200
Fekri Hassan	100
Robert McCormick Adams Jr.	100—200
George Modelski	100—200
Colin Renfrew	200
Colin McEvedy	250
Max Mallowan	400—500
Yigael Yadin	600
Paul Bairoch	400—700
Giovanni Pettinato	714
Henri Frankfort	75—494
Hans Jörg Nissen	100—200
Ruth Whitehouse	75—400

^ Sumerian: 𒆠 𒂗 𒄄, romanized: kig̃ir; /ˈsuːmər/; User:SomeGuyWhoRandomlyEdits/lang-sum-lat; transliterated: ^kién.g̃ir; anglicized; Kengir; lit. 'country + lord + native'; translated; country of the native lords; alternatively: Sumerian: 𒌦, romanized: kalam; Akkadian: 𒋗 𒈨 𒊒, romanized: Šumer; transliterated: šu.me.ru; anglicized; Sumer; Hebrew: שִׁנְעָר, transliterated Hebrew: Šinʿar; Ancient Egyptian: Sngr; Hittite: Šanḫar(a)