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Second dynasty of Uruk
Uruk II
Dynasty
Dingir
Parent familyFirst dynasty of Uruk
CountrySumer
Current regionMesopotamia
Place of originUruk
Foundedc. 2500 BCE (c. 2500 BCE)
FounderLugalnamnirshumma (reign: c. 2500 BCE)
Historic seatEanna
Titles
List
Estate(s)Eanna
Dissolution2350 BCE (2350 BCE)
Deposition2350 BCE (2350 BCE)

The second dynasty of Uruk (abbreviated Uruk II) was a dynasty of rulers from the city of Uruk who reign: c. 2550 – c. 2154 BCE. Uruk II is part of the Early Dynastic III period (c. 2600 – c. 2350 BCE) of ancient Mesopotamia. It was preceded by the dynasty of Hamazi on the Sumerian King List (SKL). Only three (out of a total of nine up to fourteen) of the rulers from the second dynasty of Uruk are mentioned on the SKL. Likewise on the SKL: the second dynasty of Uruk was succeeded by a second dynasty from Ur; however, the once supposed second dynasty of Ur may have never existed.

History

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Kings

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Main article: Lugal
Further information: King

"Lugal" (“𒈗” was a Sumerogram ligature of two signs: #1 "𒃲" meaning "big"[1] and/or "great", and #2 "𒇽" meaning "man"; the term literally means "big man")[2] may have once referred to both/either an "owner" of a property (such as that of a boat and/or a field) and/or the "head" of an entity (like that of a family and/or household.)[3] The cuneiform sign would later go on to serve as a determinative in cuneiform texts, indicating that the following word would be the name of a king. A lugal may have headed a confederacy and/or dominion (composed of several city-states–perhaps even the whole of Sumer.) The functions of such a lugal would include certain ceremonial and cultic activities, arbitration in border disputes, military defence against external enemies, and once the lugal died, the eldest son would take over.[4][5]

Great kings

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Main article: King of the Universe
Further information: Great king
Great kings from Uruk
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Lugalnamniršumma[a] was an ancient Iraqi ruler.[6] He reigned sometime during the Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE); additionally, temp. Akalamdug, Urnanshe, Akurgal, Paraganedu, and Ennail. Ursangpae may have preceded Lugalnamniršumma as a king of Uruk. Lugalnamniršumma may have also been succeeded by Lugalsilâsi I[b] as a great king of Kish. Lugalsilâsi I reigned temp. Eannatum, Akurgal, Ush, E-iginimpa'e, and Ikun-Mari.

Great kings from Ur
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Meskalamdug (r. c. 2600, c. 2500, c. 2445 BCE) may have been the son of the first archaeologically recorded ruler from Ur said to have held the Sumerian title for king (Ur-Pabilsag). Mesannepada (r. c. 2500 BCE) is the first king of Ur listed on the SKL. It would seem that both Akalamdug and Mesannepada may have been sons of Meskalamdug, according to an inscription found on a bead in Mari, and Meskalamdug may have been the true founder of the first dynasty of Ur.

Mesilim (r. c. 2550 – c. 2500 BCE) may have enjoyed suzerainty over Ur and Adab. He is also mentioned in some of the earliest monuments as arbitrating a border dispute between Lagash and Umma. Mesilim's placement before, during, or after the reign of Mesannepada in Ur is uncertain, owing to the lack of other synchronous names in the inscriptions, and his absence from the SKL. Some have suggested that Mesilim and Mesannepada were in fact one and the same; however, others have disputed this theory. Both Mesilim and Mesannepada also seem to have subjected Kish, thereafter assuming the title king of Kish for themselves. The title king of Kish would be used by many kings of the preeminent dynasties for some time afterward.

Great king from Lagash
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High kings

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Main article: Sumerian king list
Further information: High king

In Uruk, Enshakushanna became king; he ruled for sixty years. Lugalkinishedudu ruled for 120 years. Argandea ruled for seven years. Three kings; they ruled for 187 years. Then Uruk was defeated and the kingship was taken to Ur.

— Sumerian King List
High kings from Uruk
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Enshakushanna (r. c. 2440 – c. 2430, c. 2430 – c. 2400 BCE) was said to have reigned for sixty years on the SKL.[7][8][9] An inscription stated that his father was "Elili" (possibly Elulu of the first dynasty of Ur).[10] He is said to have conquered Ur, Akshak, Kish (where he overthrew Enbi-Ishtar), Akkad, Hamazi, and Nippur—effectively claiming hegemony over all of Sumer and adopting the title Lord of Sumer and King of all the Land.[11][12][13] He was preceded by three rulers who r. c. 2500 – c. 2440, c. 2450 – c. 2430 BCE: Lugalnamniršumma, Lugalsilâsi, and Urzage (all of whom assumed the title king of Kish; nonetheless, neither are mentioned on the SKL).[6] He was succeeded by Lugalkinishedudu (r. c. 2430 – c. 2365, c. 2400 – c. 2350 BCE).[7][8]

Lugalkinishedudu may have retained some of the power inherited by his predecessors—which included rule over Uruk, Ur, and assumed the title king of Kish.[14][15] The oldest known written mention of a peace treaty between two kings is on a clay nail found in Girsu, commemorating the alliance between Lugalkinishedudu and Entemena of Lagash.[15]

Governors

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Main article: Ensi (Sumerian)
Further information: Governor

List of rulers

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Ruler Approximated date and length of reign Succession and death details Ref

  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king[c]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of high king[d]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of great king[e]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of emperor[f]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of king-emperor[g]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of governor[h]
  Denotes a ruler described with the Sumero-Akkadian equivalent for the title of God-Emperor[i]

Early Dynastic IIIa period (c. 2600 – c. 2500 BCE)
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2550, c. 2500 – c. 2154 BCE)
Lumma r. c. 2510 BCE Unclear succession
Ursangpae r. c. 2510 – c. 2500 BCE
Early Dynastic IIIb period (c. 2500 – c. 2350 BCE)
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2550, c. 2500 – c. 2154 BCE)
Lugalnamniršumma r. c. 2500 BCE Unclear succession
Lugalsilâsi I r. c. 2450 BCE
First dynasty of Ur (r. c. 2600 – c. 2260 BCE)
Meskalamdug r. c. 2445 BCE Possibly father or son of Akalamdug
Mesannepada r. c. 2430 BCE
(80 years) 		Possibly son of Meskalamdug
First dynasty of Lagash (r. c. 2600 – c. 2260 BCE)
Eannatum r. c. 2430 BCE
(690 years) 		Son of Urnanshe or Akurgal
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2550, c. 2500 – c. 2154 BCE)
Urzage r. c. 2430 BCE Unclear succession
Lugalkinishedudu r. c. 2430, c. 2400 BCE
(120 years)
Lugal-kisalsi r. c. 2400 BCE Son of Lugalkinishedudu
Argandea r. c. 2380 BCE
(7 years) 		Unclear succession
Urni r. c. 2370 BCE Unclear succession
Lugalsilâsi II r. c. 2360 BCE
Proto-Imperial period (c. 2350 – c. 2334 BCE)
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2550, c. 2500 – c. 2154 BCE)
Enshakushanna r. c. 2350 – c. 2348 BCE
(60 years) 		Unclear succession
First dynasty of Umma (r. c. 2600 – c. 2260 BCE)
Lugalzagesi r. c. 2348 – c. 2316 BCE
(25 or 34 years) 		Son of Ukush
Akkadian period (c. 2334 – c. 2154 BCE)
Second dynasty of Uruk (r. c. 2550, c. 2500 – c. 2154 BCE)
Girimesi r. c. 2316 – c. 2300 BCE Unclear succession
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  • Fragments in the name of "King Enshakushanna".
    Fragments in the name of "King Enshakushanna".
  • Dedication tablet by Enshakushanna (reconstitution). Currently located in the State Hermitage Museum.
    Dedication tablet by Enshakushanna (reconstitution). Currently located in the State Hermitage Museum.
  • This foundation nail is the oldest known diplomatic document.
    This foundation nail is the oldest known diplomatic document.
  • Vase inscription and some fragments with a reconstruction of the text of Lugalkinishedudu.
    Vase inscription and some fragments with a reconstruction of the text of Lugalkinishedudu.
  • Limestone foundation peg of Lugal-kisalsi. From the temple of the goddess Nammu at Uruk.
    Limestone foundation peg of Lugal-kisalsi. From the temple of the goddess Nammu at Uruk.
  • Votive tablet of Lugal-kisalsi, recording that he built the courtyard wall of a temple complex for the gods An and Inanna.
    Votive tablet of Lugal-kisalsi, recording that he built the courtyard wall of a temple complex for the gods An and Inanna.
  • Limestone statue with the following inscribed on the back: "Satam, son of Lu-Bara, son of Lugal-kisal-si, King of Uruk, servant of Girim-si, Prince of Uruk".
    Limestone statue with the following inscribed on the back: "Satam, son of Lu-Bara, son of Lugal-kisal-si, King of Uruk, servant of Girim-si, Prince of Uruk".
  • A vase fragment with the following inscription: "For Enlil, king of all the lands, by Lugalkisalsi, the first-born son [of Lugalkigenedudu, king of Uruk and Ur]"
    A vase fragment with the following inscription: "For Enlil, king of all the lands, by Lugalkisalsi, the first-born son [of Lugalkigenedudu, king of Uruk and Ur]"

Genealogy

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GrandmotherAkalamdug
MotherMeskalamdug
Mesannepada

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^ Sumerian: 𒈗𒉆𒉪𒋧, romanized: lugalnamniršumma; transliterated: lugal.nam.nir.šum₂
  2. ^ Sumerian: 𒈗𒋻𒋛, romanized: lugalsilâsi; transliterated: lugal.silâ.si; lit. 'The Lord Fills the Streets (of the City)'
  3. ^ Sumerian: 𒈗, romanized: lugal; transliterated: lú.gal; lugal; lit. 'big man'.
  4. ^ The Sumerian king list (SKL) is a regnal list that records up to 139 kings said to have held the kingship (Sumerian: 𒉆𒈗, romanized: nam-lugal) over all of Sumer (Sumerian: 𒆠𒂗𒄀, romanized: kién-g̃i(-r)).
  5. ^ Sumerian: 𒉺𒋼𒋛, romanized: lugal kiški; transliterated: lugal kiški.
  6. ^ Sumerian: 𒈗𒌦𒈠, romanized: lugal kalam-ma; transliterated: lugal kalam.ma.
  7. ^ Sumerian: 𒂗𒆠𒂗𒄀𒈗𒌦, romanized: én kién-g̃i(-r) lugal kalam
  8. ^ Sumerian: 𒉺𒋼𒋛, lit. 'énsí'; transliterated: pa.te.si; ensi₂; lit. 'lord of the plowland'.
  9. ^ [] Error: [undefined] Error: {{Langx}}: missing language tag (help): no text (help)

Citations

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  1. ^ Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. p. 975. ISBN 978-0-86554-373-7.
  2. ^ Harriet Crawford (29 August 2013). The Sumerian World. Routledge. p. 283. ISBN 978-1-136-21912-2.
  3. ^ Westenholz, Aage (2002), Hansen, Morgens Herman (ed.), ""The Sumerian city-state" A comparative study of six city-state cultures: an investigation conducted by the Copenhagen Polis Center", Historisk-filosofiske Skrifter (27), Copenhagen: C.A. Reitzels Forlag, 23-42.: 34–35
  4. ^ Cite error: The named reference Westenholz was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  5. ^ Plamen Rusev, Mesalim, Lugal Na Kish: Politicheska Istoriia Na Ranen Shumer (XXVIII-XXVI V. Pr. N. E.), Faber, 2001 (in Bulgarian) Mesalim, Lugal of Kish. Political History of Early Sumer (XXVIII–XXVI century BC.)
  6. ^ a b Marchesi 2015, p. 139–145. Cite error: The named reference "FOOTNOTEMarchesi2015[httpswwwacademiaedu10655886Toward_a_Chronology_of_Early_Dynastic_Rulers_in_Mesopotamia 139–145]" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  7. ^ a b Academia.edu 2021c.
  8. ^ a b Lafont 2018.
  9. ^ Frayne 2008, pp. 429–432.
  10. ^ Edwards, Gadd & Hammond 1970, pp. 139–156.
  11. ^ Frayne 2007a.
  12. ^ Kesecker 2018, pp. 83–85.
  13. ^ Frayne 2007b.
  14. ^ Maeda 1981, p. 7.
  15. ^ a b Hayes, Rowton & Stubbings 1964, p. 50–53.

Sources

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Bibliography

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