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Galleting, sometimes known as garreting or garneting, is an architectural technique in which spalls (small pieces of stone) are pushed into wet mortar joints during the construction of a masonry building. The term comes from the French word galet, which means "pebble." In general, the word "galleting" refers to the practice while the word "gallet" refers to the spall. Galleting was mostly used in England, where it was common in South East England and the county of Norfolk.

Description

Galleting is mainly used in stone masonry buildings constructed out of sandstone or flint. The technique varies depending on which of these materials is used. In sandstone buildings, the spalls are often a different type of sandstone than the one used in the wall, though sometimes they are pieces of the same stone. For example, carstone, also known as ironstone, is a type of sandstone that is commonly used for galleting. In sandstone buildings, the spalls are usually shaped into small cubes about half an inch in diameter and are flush with the stone. In flint buildings, the edges of thin slivers of flint are commonly pushed into the mortar, so that the surface of the wall is uneven and the edges of the flint spalls jut out from the wall. In some cases, these techniques are combined such that flint walls are galleted with sandstone spalls or vice versa, however it is uncommon. Although it is also uncommon, galleting has been used in brick masonry construction, where sandstone spalls are generally used over flint ones. More eclectic materials used as gallets include brick, tile, beach pebbles, glass, and oyster shells. In higher status buildings, galleting was superseded by square knapping the flints to produce flat, squared stones that produced a surface with little exposed mortar.

It is unclear whether galleting performs a practical, structural function or is an aesthetic application. It is possible that galleting is used when the local stone is not an easily worked freestone, which means that the stone is more irregular and therefore requires thick mortar joints. In this case, gallets would serve as wedges to provide structural support to the stone and would shield the mortar from weather. It is also possible that galleting does not reinforce the mortar and was used purely for aesthetic reasons. Scholarship has also suggested that galleting was neither a structural nor an aesthetic practice, but rather a superstitious one in an attempt to protect a building from witches and other evil influences.

Location

In England, galleting can be found almost exclusively in the South East between the North and South Downs, where sandstone is common, and in the county of Norfolk, where flint is common. Given that these locations are not contiguous, much as been debated about the origin and spread of the practice, with some attributing its geographical prevalence to the particularities of the stonemason trade.

Most scholarship focuses on the use of galleting in England. However, there is evidence that it was used by German immigrants in Pennsylvania and appears in places such as Vienna, Austria, the Azores, Paris, and Barcelona.

Period of Use

There is some debate about when galleting was most commonly practiced. Some sources associate the technique with late medieval building construction, while others suggest that galleting was used mostly in the 17th and 18th centuries before declining in popularity over the course of the 19th century. Historical records indicate that parts of Windsor Castle (n.d.), Eton College (c. 1441), and the Tower of London (c. 1514) were galleted with flint or oyster shells. This suggests that galleting may have been first used in more prestigious buildings and was later adopted in less prestigious buildings once timber framing was supplanted by masonry construction.

Examples

• Sevenoaks School
• Knole House
• Ightham Mote
• Tigbourne Court
• Norwich Guildhall
• Strangers' Hall
• The village of Heacham in Norfolk boasts examples of a wide variety of types of galleting.

Notes

• The term comes from the French word galet, which means "pebble."
• Part of speech: "galleting" is the practice while "gallet" is the stone.
• Is it accurate to say that gallets are a form of pinning stones? --> Spivey says no, more of a wedge than a pin
• Types of stone used for galleting: ragstone, flint, carstone, ironstone (the latter being less common).
• Practice is known as "garneting" in West Surrey. Addendum to Trotter says in Surrey (no specific reference to West Surrey).
• Mostly used for rubble stone buildings, but Arnott also cites an example of a 17th century brick building.
• "At times a technique known as galletting (taken from the French word galet, meaning a stone) can often be seen in church walling. Sometimes termed garnetting or garretting, it involved inserting small stones or slivers of flint into the mortar jointing of the facework before it had set. It is mostly found between the North and South Downs of South-East England, covering the areas of Sussex, Surrey, Kent and east Hampshire, and also occurs in the flint-building areas of Norfolk. It was more regularly used in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and is only seldom found in churches of medieval origin. Throughout the nineteenth century the practice went into steady decline and eventually discontinued."
• "The mortar to most medieval stonework was left flush with the face, but in some areas a technique known as galleting was occasionally used in later periods. It is more often seen in districts where the irregular nature and roughness of the stone made finer jointing difficult or impracticable. It frequently served the dual function of wedging in the seating of some larger stones and reducing the sometimes stark appearance of thick mortar jointing. Masons took the opportunity to turn the technique into an art form and many individual craftsmen became known for their own decorative styles. The practice was also applied to flintwork using small slivers of flint from the knapping process, but it is less likely to be found in early flint walling and became more of a feature in the nineteenth century."
• "Medieval builders sometimes used a technique known as galleting (also referred to as garneting or garreting), which involved inserting small slivers of flint into the mortar jointing of the facework before it had set (Fig. 106). The practice is recorded in a journal dated 1514, relating to work at the Tower of London, but it is known to have been in use much earlier."
• Barraud suggests that galleting was used as a way to reinforce the structural support of a masonry wall, especially when the stones that were used were small, round, and irregular. The galets were used as wedges to stop stones from falling out of the wall while the mortar was setting. They also served to shield the mortar from weather, which was important because the irregularity of the stones used in building construction necessitated wide mortar joints. Barraud doesn't give dates, but says that "later" galleting was used decoratively when it was no longer needed functionally.
• Is it fair to say this is used mostly in rural buildings? Based on Sharpe and Arnott's examples, seems to be used in ecclesiastical, educational, and elite residential buildings.
• What is the difference between stone and flint? --> Spivey says flint is a type of stone
• Most scholarship focuses on the use of galleting in England, specifically in a few regions. However, there is a reference to galleting used in the circa 1787 bank barn constructed by Abraham and Maria Bertolet in Oley Township, Berks County, Pennsylvania, United States. This would connect galleting to Swiss and German building techniques. --> NEED TO FIX CITATION FOR TWO AUTHORS AS EDITORS
• Trotter thinks that galleting became popular in the 17th and 18th centuries, but acknowledges that there's little evidence to claim that it was not used during the medieval period. Trotter does say that it declined in use by the 19th century.
• Galleting is mostly used in exterior, not interior walls.

Galleting Sources

Also posted on the Galleting talk page:

• Barraud, R. (1971, Jan 28). CORRESPONDENCE: THE TECHNIQUE OF GARRETING.Country Life (Archive : 1901 - 2005), 149, 194.

• Batey, Mavis. "Landscape with Flowers: West Surrey: The Background to Gertrude Jekyll's Art." Garden History 2, no. 2 (1974): 12-21. doi:10.2307/1586452. 
• Curl, James Stevens. "gallet." In A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture. : Oxford University Press, 2006. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780198606789.001.0001/acref-9780198606789-e-1950.
• Forster, Alan M. (2010) "Building conservation philosophy for masonry repair: part 2 – “principles”", Structural Survey, Vol. 28 Issue: 3, pp.165-188, https://doi.org/10.1108/02630801011058906.
• Galleting. (1989).Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, 33.
• Galleting: an Addendum. (1991).Transactions of the Ancient Monuments Society, 35.
• "galleting." In The Oxford Companion to Family and Local History, edited by Hey, David. : Oxford University Press, 2008. http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199532988.001.0001/acref-9780199532988-e-796. 
• McMurry, Sally, and Van Dolsen, Nancy, eds. 2011. Architecture and Landscape of the Pennsylvania Germans, 1720-1920. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Peterson, Charles E. "The Technology of Early American Building (TEAB)." Newsletter of the Association for Preservation Technology 1, no. 1 (1969): 3-17. doi:10.2307/1493347.
• Sharpe, Geoffrey R.. 2011. Historic English Churches : A Guide to Their Construction, Design and Features. London: I.B.Tauris.
• Sharpe, Geoffrey R.. 2011. Traditional Buildings of the English Countryside : An Illustrated Guide. London: I.B.Tauris.

In my article, I'd like to expand on the technique and application of galleting in England and identify where it may have been used in settings outside of England.

Old Text

Galleting, sometimes known as garretting or garnetting, is an architectural technique in which small pieces of stone are pushed into wet mortar during the construction of a building. It is mostly used for stone building when freestone is not available, since it helps to fill the uneven gaps and reinforces the mortar. Although primarily for this purpose, it is sometimes also used for decorative effect. Norwich Guildhall is an early 15th-century example, but the technique was used in vernacular architecture until the 19th century. In higher status buildings it was superseded by square knapping the flints to produce flat, squared stones that produced a surface with little exposed mortar.

Galletting was a common technique in those parts of Southeast England between the North and South Downs, where sandstone buildings may be galleted with ironstone.

The use of flint and flint galleting is common in East Anglia, along the north coast of Norfolk and in Norwich. To the west side of Norfolk are local stones, such as carstone.

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