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Laem Phak Bia project

Laem Phak Bia project is a royal project started by King Rama IX on 12 September 1990, researching solid waste and the wastewater of the community. The project then tries to preserve the mangrove forest naturally with the concept of “Nature helping nature”. The project is working on over 642 hectares, with 4 methods of wastewater management and composition of solid waste. The 4 methods are Lagoon treatment, Constructed wetland, Plant and grass filtration, and mangrove forest filtration. The wastewater is passed through each method before being released to the sea as clean water. The project aims to be a role model for communities nationwide in solving wastewater problems. Using low-advanced technology and simplicity ultimately leads the community to sustainability.

- Waste management of Laem Phak Bia project Waste composting technology by burying in a concrete box is the disposal of community waste utilizing composting. It's a way to save space, cost savings, and convenient to bring fertilizer to use. This technology uses organic waste to be placed in a concrete box in layers. Red clay or rice paddy soil is added between the layers, to help increase the efficiency of the microbial decomposition process and there is watering, increasing humidity, and reducing the temperature in the fermentation process. It takes only 90 days to make compost from waste, with the size of the concrete box and the amount of fertilizer obtained in 2 sizes: A concrete box of 2.00 meters wide, 3.00 meters long, and 1.50 meters high can compost up to 6 cubic meters of waste or 2,000 kilograms. A concrete pond with a diameter of 1.00 meters and a height of 1.50 meters can compost up to 1 cubic meter or 330 kilograms of waste.

- Wastewater management of the Laem Phak Bia project - Lagoon treatment Lagoons are one of the most popular methods for wastewater treatment around the world; they are also among the simplest and least expensive. Lagoon systems use natural and energy-efficient processes to provide low-cost wastewater treatment. It is a process where the water is let into the pond and is detention for the algae to photosynthesize and add oxygen for microorganisms to breathe and decompose organic matter in the wastewater. There are 5 treatment ponds, consisting of 1 sedimentation pond, 3 aeration ponds, and 1 acclimatization pond. It is such that each pond uses 7 days to treat the wastewater. This system has 85-90% efficiency in treating contamination in the form of BOD. within the standard of community wastewater.

- Constructed wetland Constructed wetlands are treatment systems that use natural processes involving wetland vegetation, soils, and their associated microbial assemblages to improve water quality. This type of wastewater treatment uses the method of releasing wastewater through shallow soil pits that grows reed-type plants and the roots of these plants will help to absorb toxins and organic matter to be reduced, and eventually decomposed utterly. The types of plants that are being used to treat the wastewater in this section are Cyperus involucrate Roxb and Typha angustifolia, it is needed to trim every 60 days.

- Plant and grass filtration It is a system that allows plants to absorb nutrients from the decomposition of organic substances into inorganic substances that plants need from microorganisms in the soil. The release of oxygen from photosynthesis from root systems, algae, and plankton by allowing waste water to flow through plant beds or grass. The wastewater will flow through the soil surface and plants or grass for a distance of at least 50 meters. The height of the wastewater imprisoned at the end of the plot is 30 centimeters. Let it dry for 2 days to allow microorganisms to rest. Treated water can be discharged from the system and released into natural water sources.

The plants and grasses used in the treatment were divided into 2 groups:

-Forage grasses, Letpochloa Fusca, Sporobolus virginicus, and Cynodon Plectostachyus.
-Common plants include (Typha Angustifolia Linn, Cyperus Corymbosus Rottb, and Indonesian vetiver. At the end of the 45 days (except Typha Angustifolia Linn 90 days)
Those plants and grasses are cut off to increase the efficiency of the system where these grasses can be used in animal husbandry. Because the contamination of the pollutant does not exceed the standard for animals. General plants are used for weaving to increase the benefits and can generate income for housewives.

-mangrove forest filtration Mangrove plants have properties similar to aquatic plants so they can survive in flooded conditions. Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia officinalis treat the wastewater by using the dilution between seawater and wastewater and retain the water that has been mixed for a while. It is an imitation of nature following the rise and fall of the sea each day, to create the precipitation of organic matter in the wastewater. And the Rhizophora mangle root helps to add Oxygen to the wastewater and microorganisms in the soil. To make the mechanism of organic matter degradation by microorganisms in the soil more efficient. The proportion of integration between wastewater and seawater depends on the dirtiness of wastewater. It can be applied to communities or shrimp aquaculture businesses that are adjacent to the mangrove forests without creating mangrove plant plots.

The results of wastewater treatment can be discharged into the Phetchaburi River. and released into the mangrove forest in that area Making the Phetchaburi River have better quality, not rotten The mangrove forest is more abundant. Aquatic animals grow and reproduce well, have high biodiversity and there are a large number of aquatic animals that are economically important in both species and quantity to help build a career and generate income for the communities surrounding the project, especially cockles and clams. The fish can grow without feeding in the wastewater treatment pond. Because at the wastewater treatment pond, there will be a lot of algae in the pond. So the fish can be raised in the pond by eating algae instead of feeding. This is another way to help treat wastewater and do not have to pay for fish food. Treated wastewater can also be used to grow crops in the project area in another way.