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Coordinates: 42°11′58″N 72°36′35″W / 42.199580°N 72.609826°W / 42.199580; -72.609826
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Holyoke Testing Flume
The testing flume as seen from Race Street, circa 1895
Established1870; 154 years ago (1870)
Research typeIndustrial
Field of research
Hydraulic engineering
Director
Address102 Cabot Street
LocationHolyoke, Massachusetts, U.S.
42°11′58″N 72°36′35″W / 42.199580°N 72.609826°W / 42.199580; -72.609826
CampusHolyoke Canal System
AffiliationsHolyoke Water Power Company
Map
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM is located in Holyoke
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM
Location in Holyoke
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM is located in Massachusetts
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM (Massachusetts)
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM is located in the United States
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM
Simtropolitan/Sandbox/JBM (the United States)

The Holyoke Testing Flume was a hydraulic testing laboratory and apparatus operated by the Holyoke Water Power Company from 1870 to 1932, used to test water turbines, completing 3,176 tests of efficiency during its use.[3]: 100  It was described by Robert E. Horton in court testimony as the only facility of its kind in the 19th and early 20th century, which made it possible for the standardization of American turbine designs.[4] Indeed Clemens Herschel, who managed the facility in the 1880s and designed its second experimental setup later described it in Congressional testimony as the "first modern hydraulic laboratory" in the United States and the world. It was through Herschel's need to determine the water power consumption of different mills from this testing system that he would invent the Venturi meter, the first accurate means of measuring large-scale flows, which still retains widespread use in modern technology today.[5] https://uh.edu/engines/epi2041.htm

Venturi meter experiments http://storage.lib.uchicago.edu/pres/2015/pres2015-0705-03.pdf

Research programs

[edit]
Workers at their stations prior to testing a turbine wheel design, c. 1895

In a 1906 report the research mission for the facility was described as threefold:[6]

1. The testing of all wheels installed in conjunction with the water power at Holyoke, in order that their discharge capacity may be determined and used as a means of estimating the quantity of water taken by the several mills.

2. The testing of experimental wheels with a view to their improvement.

3. [The t]esting of standard patterns of American type turbines which are to be installed in new plants.


https://www.google.com/books/edition/THE_ENCYCLOPEDIA_AMERICANA/4hbhBsRAOAoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22John+B.+McCormick%22+turbine&pg=PA28-IA3&printsec=frontcover John B. McCormick: Pathfinder for a new age in water turbines https://books.google.com/books?id=EAVCCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2330&lpg=PA2330&dq=%22McCormick%22+%22Hercules+turbine%22&source=bl&ots=HMs93NAXAx&sig=ACfU3U2rV11i69VYfu94Sb_HD5kpckbmbA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjR2cuG5IjqAhUr06YKHcwfC7IQ6AEwEHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22McCormick%22%20%22Hercules%20turbine%22&f=false https://www.asme.org/about-asme/engineering-history/landmarks/129-holyoke-water-power-system

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Proceedings_of_the_American_Society_of_C/pbMSAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22John+B.+McCormick%22+turbine+%22mixed+flow%22&pg=RA2-PA781&printsec=frontcover https://archive.org/details/americanmixedflo00amer/page/1264/mode/2up?q=%22Hercules%22+%22McCormick%22+Holyoke https://www.google.com/books/edition/Transactions_of_the_American_Society_of/7HFDAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22John+B.+McCormick%22+turbine+%22mixed+flow%22&pg=PA1333&printsec=frontcover

https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_National_Engineer/UhdnCBuWRF4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22John+B.+McCormick%22+turbine+%22mixed+flow%22&pg=PA442&printsec=frontcover

http://pabook2.libraries.psu.edu/palitmap/Turbine.html

History

[edit]

Emerson's predecessors

[edit]
James Emerson, the first to manage the testing flume was entirely self-taught in hydrodynamics

The origins of the Holyoke Water Power Company's testing flume and its subsequent success are inextricably linked with the industrial progress that preceded Holyoke in the history of Lowell, Massachusetts. In 1868, a testing flume was constructed by one Asa M. Swain to the specifications of noted-turbine engineer James B. Francis. Initially this flume was designed to test the designs of the Swain Turbine Company with James B. Emerson, a former ship captain and self-taught civil engineer, commissioned to construct a Prony brake dynamometer for it and oversee efficiency experiments. Following its initial success however, the flume was opened to the public with Emerson operating it as a personal endeavor, furnishing funds for the use of Lowell water in its experiments.[7]: 24  Among the first tests conducted thereafter were a series of competitive trials to find designs with the greatest efficiency, with the Swain and Leffel wheels attaining the best results. Though Emerson would later discount the figures these tests generated, upon hearing the initial success of the competition, he was contacted a Mr. Stewart Chase, agent for the Holyoke Water Power Company, who wrote:[8]

The testing of turbines is the only way to perfection, and that is a matter of great importance. Move your work to Holyoke and use all the water that is necessary for the purpose, and welcome, free of charge.

Initially pur


Emerson common link https://archive.org/details/continuingrevolu00weib?q=%22holyoke+testing%22

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Milling/fF8-AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22John+McCormick%22+Turbine&pg=PA10&printsec=frontcover https://archive.org/details/congressionalse49offigoog/page/n86/mode/2up https://archive.org/details/waterpowerengine00meaduoft/page/340/mode/2up https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_W._Mead https://www.google.com/books/edition/Scientific_American/AXgPAAAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=RA6-PP6 https://books.google.com/books?id=17sPAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA24&lpg=RA3-PA24&dq=holyoke+testing+flume+address&source=bl&ots=fJJr7dgxfO&sig=ACfU3U02D1mch195w_uLtPqRSVw_wXO7ng&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiB-8manInqAhW0wcQBHTjDBlkQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=holyoke%20testing%20flume%20address&f=false https://www.jstor.org/stable/3103112?seq=1 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.319510008694387&view=1up&seq=239 https://valleyadvocate.com/2009/06/04/water-power-to-the-people-of-holyoke/ https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Engineering_Record_Building_Record_a/S-M1AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22holyoke+testing+flume%22&pg=PA321&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Transactions_of_the_International_Engine/WcZBAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22holyoke+testing+flume%22&pg=PA476&printsec=frontcover

https://books.google.com/books?id=Ec43AAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&pg=PA1164&dq=%22holyoke+testing+flume%22&hl=en&source=newbks_fb#v=onepage&q=%22holyoke%20testing%20flume%22&f=false

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Electrical_engineering_and_hydroelectric/vrNNAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22holyoke+flume%22&pg=PA499&printsec=frontcover

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Modern_Machinery/hJ_mAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA520

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Beyond_History_of_Science/cyTRqSduJFkC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA189

https://books.google.com/books?id=3gPcq-OZ2xsC&pg=RA1-PA59&lpg=RA1-PA59&dq=%22Holyoke+testing+flume%22+closed&source=bl&ots=LrI-2tGJQF&sig=ACfU3U0EGJRbOFd1IGdigJ_wodo3taN2RQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9hdHEr4nqAhUHnxQKHQ3RD4wQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Holyoke%20testing%20flume%22%20closed&f=false

https://books.google.com/books?id=WfFHAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA381

Hecules in UK https://books.google.com/books?id=Q-5-AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA231

https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A13D5DA85AE05A305%40GB3NEWS-1433C940D6757F18%402420212-14307F88BB6C9DB0%4013-14307F88BB6C9DB0%40?h=2&fname=&lname=&fullname=&rgfromDate=1910&rgtoDate=1940&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&sid=sgrdpbcwdkxscwkpoxwtlxavaqzpzyxg_wma-gateway015_1592415118101

https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-12D68A1D27EF6E89%402420193-12D62F67770E6086%4030-12D62F67770E6086%40?h=4&fname=&lname=&fullname=&rgfromDate=1910&rgtoDate=1940&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&sid=sgrdpbcwdkxscwkpoxwtlxavaqzpzyxg_wma-gateway015_1592415118101

https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-12EAE67E8012C1B6%402422577-12E9DF02ACE0450F%401-12E9DF02ACE0450F%40?h=12&fname=&lname=&fullname=&rgfromDate=1910&rgtoDate=1940&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&sid=sgrdpbcwdkxscwkpoxwtlxavaqzpzyxg_wma-gateway015_1592415118101

https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-129C82B86A8401F2%402426345-12982FD436A97D8C%402-12982FD436A97D8C%40?h=13&fname=&lname=&fullname=&rgfromDate=1910&rgtoDate=1940&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&sid=sgrdpbcwdkxscwkpoxwtlxavaqzpzyxg_wma-gateway015_1592415118101


https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-129ED014691CB1AE%402426843-12993BC06EFCD550%402-12993BC06EFCD550%40?h=11&fname=&lname=&fullname=&rgfromDate=1910&rgtoDate=1940&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&kwinc=%22testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&sid=sgrdpbcwdkxscwkpoxwtlxavaqzpzyxg_wma-gateway015_1592415118101

competition, obsolescence https://www.google.com/books/edition/Engineering_News_record/Ir8cAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Holyoke+turbine+flume&pg=RA2-PA512&printsec=frontcover

https://archive.org/details/journalofbostons19141bost/page/n17

END in 1937? https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-12A2B040404D60F6%402428627-129B8AF8A9E54677%408-129B8AF8A9E54677%40?h=1&fname=&lname=&fullname=&kwinc=%22testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&rgfromDate=1933&rgtoDate=1940&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&processingtime=&addedFrom=&addedTo=&sid=uytnwnxgjefnijuwzkwlkuqkpnztubbs_wma-gateway006_1592415256394

acquisition by HGED https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A12AE9C35A497B0E8%40GB3NEWS-12C157751BF22FA8%402434360-12BE6CB82D1477DD%408-12BE6CB82D1477DD%40?h=3&fname=&lname=&fullname=&kwinc=%22testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&rgfromDate=1938&rgtoDate=1990&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&processingtime=&addedFrom=&addedTo=&sid=kbknfvjkrcgnhnggyqmaohrifzqxayfp_wma-gateway005_1592415819624

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Waterpower_in_Lowell/FBFViPDH0lQC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+flume+in+Holyoke&pg=PA131&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Technology_in_America/Dod0DwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=the+flume+in+Holyoke&pg=PA99&printsec=frontcover

https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-11E09C99B04C0380%402417239-11E09C9A2E651EF8%4012-11E09C9C1AC0CCF8%40Holyoke%2527s%2BTest%2BFlume.%2BFamous%2Bover%2BWhole%2BCountry.%2BHistory%2Bof%2BExperiments?h=2&fname=&lname=&fullname=&kwinc=%22A.%20F.%20%22%20flume&kwexc=&rgfromDate=&rgtoDate=&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&processingtime=&addedFrom=&addedTo=&sid=zolbxobpzbrwnoxubzvxnkfcnaaplnsb_wma-gateway001_1593367966680#

https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-11E09A890CE26E70%402416575-11E09A8963816AA0%409-11E09A8AF615F280%40New%2BEngland%2BNews.%2BWorcester%2BCounty?h=1&fname=&lname=&fullname=&kwinc=%22F.%20Sickman%22%20flume&kwexc=&rgfromDate=&rgtoDate=&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&processingtime=&addedFrom=&addedTo=&sid=khxaplzpqrotpkqoyapdkqlmpswsdxnp_wma-gateway013_1593367924969

1897 improvement https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A11BC3DF3E61E32B5%40GB3NEWS-1204F08D80D52668%402413934-1204F08DDC6A79A0%407-1204F08F12DB4D10%40Holyoke?h=1&fname=&lname=&fullname=&kwinc=%22Holyoke%20flume%22&kwexc=&rgfromDate=1890&rgtoDate=1900&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&state%5B0%5D=connecticut&state%5B1%5D=maine&state%5B2%5D=massachusetts&state%5B3%5D=new-hampshire&state%5B4%5D=rhode-island&processingtime=&addedFrom=&addedTo=&sid=mkeajyhyxpmfqsdnquubvllwvpvpmdbt_wma-gateway011_1593367348805

man and water meaning of first mixed flow https://archive.org/details/manwaterhistory00smit/page/180/mode/2up?q=%22holyoke+test+flume%22

Emerson obit https://www.genealogybank.com/doc/newspapers/image/v2%3A109E426370EFFFF8%40GB3NEWS-12B7819467B4EEA8%402413749-12B78195C54B9B28%404-12B7819A0B9BE0C8%40Mortuary%2BNotice?h=5&fname=&lname=&fullname=&kwinc=%22Testing%20flume%22&kwexc=&rgfromDate=1890&rgtoDate=1900&formDate=&formDateFlex=exact&dateType=range&state%5B0%5D=connecticut&state%5B1%5D=maine&state%5B2%5D=massachusetts&state%5B3%5D=new-hampshire&state%5B4%5D=rhode-island&processingtime=&addedFrom=&addedTo=&sid=iiqvqljfvjqwepjegjemhjedwutwjnsx_wma-gateway015_1593367237654

https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89081530974&view=1up&seq=178


Scotland Engineers https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3027353&view=1up&seq=84 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3027354&view=1up&seq=171

France Engineers https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k5476977d/f431.image.r=%22Holyoke%20Testing%22?rk=64378;0 https://books.google.com/books?id=a0HoAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA294 https://books.google.com/books?id=T8cJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA49 https://books.google.com/books?id=UJjmAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA54 https://www.shf-lhb.org/articles/lhb/pdf/1913/09/lhb1913061.pdf (p 290) https://books.google.com/books?id=pbP8c6rrc84C&pg=PA111 https://books.google.com/books?id=G-hEAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71 https://books.google.com/books?id=pO3NAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA295 https://www.shf-lhb.org/articles/lhb/pdf/1904/01/lhb1904003.pdf

deux noms en français - "station d'essais de Holyoke" "huche d'essais de Holyoke" also "d'Holyoke" common

Italy Engineers https://books.google.com/books?id=tB9e0rpdUmwC&pg=PA261

Germany Engineers https://www.google.com/books/edition/Zeitschrift_des_Vereines_Deutscher_Ingen/0As-AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22die+turbine%22+Holyoke&pg=PA845&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Die_Francis_Turbinen_und_die_Entwicklung/xfNEAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22turbinen%22%20Holyoke&pg=PA294&printsec=frontcover&bsq= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Zeitschrift_des_Vereines_Deutscher_Ingen/R8RLAQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22turbinen%22+Holyoke&pg=PA149&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Die_Turbinen_Versuchsstationen_und_die_W/fmGCBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22turbinen%22+Holyoke&pg=PA11&printsec=frontcover https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fortschritte_der_Elektrotechnik/tlk3AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=&pg=PA656&printsec=frontcover

https://www.google.com/books/edition/Serial_set_no_8000_9000/Y543AQAAIAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Holyoke%20testing%20flume%20is%20the%20first&pg=RA45-PA9&printsec=frontcover&bsq=Holyoke%20testing%20flume%20is%20the%20first

"turbinen prufungsanstalt in Holyoke" "Versuchsstation in Holyoke" "Prüfstation in Holyoke"

note controversy between American and European tests https://archive.org/details/gri_33125015157650/page/n565/mode/2up?q=%22holyoke+testing+flume%22

Models tested

[edit]

Legacy

[edit]

In recent years Holyoke Gas & Electric has sought to capitalize on this testing legacy. In 2018 it was announced that local Framingham based turbine designer PDI, Inc., had received a grant to manufacture a new turbine wheel type with the city's Cofab Engineering firm, testing said prototype in one of the Canal locks as part of HG&E's Clean Energy Test Bed Initiative.[9]

https://archive.org/details/originsofturboje0000cons?q=%22Holyoke+Testing+Flume%22 Although the flume itself and its mechanical components were defunct by 1932, since [] the Holyoke Gas & Electric Company has maintained the original building which housed the laboratory as an electrical substation, serving the city's ratepayers with hydropower and other renewable-sourced electricity.[10] Francis turbine improv'ts https://archive.org/details/nutsboltsofpasth00hawk/page/198/mode/2up?q=%22holyoke+testing+flume%22

Successors

[edit]

Despite eventual obsolescence of this type of flume, others continued https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alden_Research_Laboratory built on concept, still active, continued innovation. note the Venturi meter same Alden? https://books.google.com/books?id=L8JHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA754

https://books.google.com/books?id=wbEA6jZQEWQC&pg=PA5656

citicism https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_the_Development_and_Transmission_of_P/TBRLAAAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Holyoke+flume+station+turbines&pg=PA87

use in SCOTUS https://www.google.com/books/edition/Reports_of_cases_decided_in_the_Supreme/9EwyAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq="flume+at+Holyoke"+turbines&pg=PA211&printsec=frontcover

Did James B. Francis, who did work on the Lowell system, develop his weir formula at Holyoke? https://www.usbr.gov/tsc/techreferences/hydraulics_lab/pubs/EM/EM20.pdf

Still used after argument was made that it was outmoded https://www.google.com/books/edition/Engineering_News_record/zzUxAQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22Francis+formula%22+weir+Holyoke&pg=PA466&printsec=frontcover


HWPCo among first in MA to collect stream flow data https://cdn.ioos.noaa.gov/attachments/2018/09/History-of-WRB-USGS-compressed.pdf

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In a 1915 court deposition Sickman was described as the hydraulic engineer in charge of hydraulic testing but his counsel objected to him being described as the "chief hydraulic engineer" despite having no superiors.[1]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Hydraulic Power Company of Niagara Falls v. Pettebone - Cataract Paper Company. Supreme Court of the State of New York. 1915. p. 125. [Mr. Franchot to Albert F. Sickman:] Q. Are you the chief hydraulic engineer in charge of the Holyoke Water Power Company's work at Holyoke, Mass.?
    Mr. Marshall: I object to that conclusion. Counsel is trying to put in his mount a certain loud sounding title which he does not possess...
    [Mr. Franchot] Q. The question is, what are you?
    [Sickman] A. Hydraulic Engineer in charge of the Holyoke Water Power Company's hydraulic work.
  2. ^ Herschel, Clemens (1916). "Twenty Years' Run-Off, at Holyoke, Mass., of the Connecticut River". Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers: 28. While Hydraulic Engineer of the Holyoke Water Power Company, 1879–1889, the writer instituted a system of keeping a daily record of the discharge of the Connecticut River at Holyoke, which was continued after his departure, by his old-time assistant and successor, A. F. Sickman...
    • "Club and Personal Affairs at Holyoke". Springfield Republican. September 20, 1925. p. 5. Mr. and Mrs. A. F. Sickman of Lincoln street are home from Montreal where they attended the convention of the New England Water Works association which was held in that city
    • "Collection of Ferns is Given to Museum". Springfield Republican. Springfield, Mass. December 5, 1927. p. 9. Mr. Sickman was a great nature lover...during the last days of his life he paid particular attention to the collection of wild ferns.
  3. ^ Barrett, Robert E. The History of the Holyoke Water Power Company; A Subsidiary of Northeast Utilities, 1859-1967 (PDF). Holyoke, Mass. – via Holyoke Gas & Electric.
  4. ^ https://www.google.com/books/edition/New_York_Court_of_Appeals_Records_and_Br/rJenRyCYxl0C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=%22E.+Horton%22+Holyoke&pg=PA619&printsec=frontcover
  5. ^ https://books.google.com/books?id=3gPcq-OZ2xsC&pg=RA1-PA59&lpg=RA1-PA59&dq=%22Holyoke+testing+flume%22+closed&source=bl&ots=LrI-2tGJQF&sig=ACfU3U0EGJRbOFd1IGdigJ_wodo3taN2RQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9hdHEr4nqAhUHnxQKHQ3RD4wQ6AEwBXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Holyoke%20testing%20flume%22%20closed&f=false
  6. ^ https://archive.org/details/congressionalse49offigoog/page/n86/mode/2up
  7. ^ Horton, Robert E. (1906). Turbine Water-Wheel Tests and Power Tables. Washington, D.C.: United States Geological Survey (USGS); Government Printing Office.
  8. ^ Mead, Daniel Webster (1908). Water Power Engineering: The Theory, Investigation, and Development of Water Powers. New York: McGraw Publishing Co. pp. 361–370.
  9. ^ "Massachusetts Awards PDI Grant to Test, Prototype and Deploy New Blade Design in Holyoke". PDI. September 26, 2018. HG&E, a municipal utility in Holyoke, Massachusetts, will work with Alden Labs in Holden, Massachusetts to conduct a velocity analysis of the Holyoke canal system and Hadley Falls Station tail race. This data will be used to develop a hydro system model that allows for analyses relative to projected hydrokinetic turbine performance. This model is an additional step in HG&E's ongoing initiative to establish the Holyoke Canal System as a test bed for hydrokinetic demonstrations, with the long-term goal being commercial hydrokinetic development in existing hydroelectric station tailraces.
  10. ^ Lotspeich, Charlie (June 4, 2009). "Water Power to the People of Holyoke". The Advocate. Northampton, Mass.: H.S. Gere & Sons, Inc.
[edit]
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