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The timeline of schizophrenia is a list of significant events in the creation, definition, development and continued redefinition of the diagnostic category "schizophrenia", as was originally created by the doctors of Burgholzli, the hospital clinic of the University of Zurich, during an approximately eleven year period beginning in the early 20th century.

2023: a novel method for electrochemistry probe of dopamine; using N,N’-di(trimethylaminoethyl) perylene diimide

2022: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown.

2021:

a novel method for electrochemistry detection of dopamine; perylene diimide (PDI)-MXene (Ti3C2TX)

The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown.

2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia. For schizophrenia to be diagnosed depends on the existence for most of a 1 month duration 2 of (a) - (g) of which one of the two must be (a) - (d): Persistent delusions (a), and, or, hallucinations (b), disorganized thinking (c), experiences of influence, passivity or control (d), Negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia or paucity of speech, avolition, asociality and anhedonia (e), grossly disorganized behaviour that impedes goal-directed activity (f), psychomotor disturbances (g)

2014: the Mandarin name for schizophrenia in Taiwan is changed to a word with a new meaning: “disorder with dysfunction of thought and perception”

2013: DSM-5 is published. There are no tests for the purpose of diagnosis using a laboratory or by psychometric methods. Neurological imaging, pathology, and physiology research indicates the presence of abnormalities within the brain, but "none are diagnostic". Schizophrenia has the Diagnostic Criteria codes: 295.90 (F20.9), and is within the group: Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychotic disorders

2012: The Korean term for schizophrenia (jungshinbunyeolbyung / jeongshin-bunyeol-byung: mind-split disorder) is changed to attunement disorder by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The concept of the replacement word was inspired by the text of a South Korean monk written during 1579.

2010: a review of existing literature on the benefit of lesion generation by stereotactic neurosurgery for schzophrenia (general anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, depression, schizoaffective disorder, addiction) found schizophrenia (and addiction) had the least improvement from surgery. Of the techniques utilised cingulotomy provided the most benefit, although "all lesional techniques confounded".

2002: In Japan, the translation of the word schizophrenia in discontinued, replaced by Japanese words which mean "integration disorder" or ‘disintegration disorder’

2001: the term for schizophrenia in Hong Kong (jing-shen-fen-lie: 'mental split-mind disorder' / splitting of the mind) is changed to si-jue-shi-tiao.

1997: an explanation for schizophrenia by neural diathesis-stress is made by Walker & Diforio via "a substantive literature on the behavioral effects of psychosocial stressors" and recent studies on "hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis" cortisol activation

1994: DSM-IV is published. Schizophrenia is encoded as 295, with the types: Catatonic, Disorganised, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Undifferentiated

1990: ICD 10th revision: encodes "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" The diagnostic concept is divided: Catatonic, Cenesthopathic, Hebephrenic, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Simple, Undifferentiated, unspecified.

1982: Irwin Feinberg proposes the hypothesis that a cause of schizophrenia is correlation to reduction in synaptic density within the cortex of the brain of adolescent aged individuals.

1980: DSM-III is published. Diagnosis of schizophrenia depends on the existence of one of (1) - (6) for at least six months: (1): bizarre delusions (2): somatic, grandiose, religious, nihilistic, or other delusions without persecutery or jealous content (3): delusions with persecutory or jealous content if accompanied by hallucinations of any type (4): auditory hallucinations in which either a voice keeps up a running commentary on the individual's behavior or thoughts, or two or more voices converse with each other (5): auditory hallucinations on several occasions with content of more than one or two words (6): incoherence, marked loosening of associations, markedly illogical thinking, or marked poverty of content of speech if associated with at least one of the following: (a) blunted, flat, or inappropriate affect (b) delusions or hallucinations (c) catatonic or other grossly disorganized behavior. Encoded as 295 with the types: Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual.

1976: the first tomography study of schizophrenia

1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses"

1972: philosopher Gilles Deleuze and psychoanalyst and political activist Félix Guattari first publish on the subject of "anti-Oedipus" with Capitalism and schizophrenia, as a critique of conventional psychiatric and psychoanalytic practices.

1968: DSM-II is published. Schizophrenia is within the group: Psychoses not attributed to physical conditions previously listed. The diagnostic code is 295. The concept is divided into the types: acute schizophrenic episode, catatonic, childhood, chronic undifferentiated, hebephrenic, latent, other (and unspecified) types, paranoid, residual, schizo-affective, simple.

1966: Jacques Van Rossum proposes that a more than normally active or more stimulated anatomical receptors for the cerebrally neurotransmitting biochemical catecholamine dopamine could be an etiology. Catecholamines are synthesized in the adrenal medulla.

1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia"

1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"

1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"

1950: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, an English language translation by J. Zinkin of Dr Bleuler's 1911 work is published

1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7

1945: about 40,000 psychiatric patients of 283,000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead

1941:

Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia

senior physician at Friedmatt, the Department of Psychiatry of the University of Basel and battalion physician of the Swiss army Dr Manfred Bleuler finds, from a "eugenic standpoint", sterilisation is necessary from the results of a hereditary study of "316 hospitalized schiophrenics and their 11410 relatives"

1940 JANUARY: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany

1939 SEPTEMBER 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia effected by an overdose of morphine as a consequence of the pathological effects of tobacco and the psychoactive nicotine (an addiction) in addition to or without cocaine, which were precipitative of oral cancer, diagnosed during 1923.

1939 SEPTEMBER after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.

1939 JULY 15: Dr Bleuler dies

1939: FRS are included in a monograph by Schneider Schneider's idea of Second Rank Symptoms include "Wahneinfall, thought inhibition (slowing or poverty of thought), flight of ideas, incoherence or dilapidation (Zerfahrenheit), compulsion". The word Zerfahrenheit was created by Dr Kraepelin as the sole sign necessary for recognition of all possible forms of dementia praecox.

1938 OCTOBER 3–7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)"

1938: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin

1937:

the publically known correspondance of Professor Bleuler and Dr Freud concludes with 26 letters written by Dr Freud, 53 by Professor Bleuler

Schizophrenia in Japan commences to exist by the transferal of the concept by the approval of a translation of the term by a committee within the Japanese Society for Psychiatry and Neurology

Langfeldt describes schizophrenia as “process" or alternatively (for the same considerations) "nuclear"

1936 FEBRUARY: developed by A C de A F Egas Moniz; the first operative treatment by psycho-neurosurgical intervention, which is by leukotomy, is performed on patients including a patient or patients (psychiatric clinic Bombarda, Lisbon) with a diagnosis of schizophrenia. Almeida Lima was the surgeon by the direction of E Moniz, the procedure consists of an injection of alcohol into the brain white matter.

1934: Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, which is approximately 26% of the total in Germany, are made unable to produce children via sterilisation

1933 JULY 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised.

1932: the President of the Royal Society of Medicine in preambulatory speech states that schizophrenia is a "reaction-type"

1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox"

1924:

Dr Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.

diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger

1923: Dr Bleuler differentiates process and reactive schizophrenia

1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility"

1919 before FEBRUARY 20: schizophrenia as a diagnostic term is used within America in Boston Psychopathic Hospital by Bullard Professor in Neuropathology at Harvard Medical School E. E. Southard.

1914: Erwin Stransky describes intrapsychic ataxia

1913:

Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"

Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia

1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry

1911:

Dr Bleuler's German language work: Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien is published in Leipzig & Vienna. Schizophrenia is a group of diseases not a sole disease. The groupings (paranoid, hebrephrenic, simple, catatonic) are entities constructed for nosology purposes not as descriptions of nature

• Association-splitting is a primary symptom, the secondary symptoms of sz happen because of "loosening of the associations". Disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom" "Schizophrenic splitting" per se is "only" an "exaggerated" form of existing healthy "physiological processess" (sic).
• For treatment Dr Bleuler considers the best option available is occupation by work, even if the patient is within the acute stage, if not this, then sport, if neither are possible then preoccupation with games. Work provides the patient the opportunity to escape from an autistic existence.
• Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud. Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox".
• Dr Bleuler expresses his "hope" that sterilisation will be used in certain circumstances with regards to those diagnosed with schizophrenia "for eugenic reasons".

Dr Freud's hypothesis that schizophrenia is an "inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects"

Dr Ballet describes the nosology psychose hallucinatoire chronique

1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility

1909 MARCH 7: work at the clinic of Zürich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin

1908:

APRIL 24: the term "schizophrenie" is first used at a Deutscher Verein für Psychiatrie (German Association for Psychiatry) conference in Berlin by Dr Bleuler, in a lecture entitled 'Prognosis of Dementia Praecox (Group of Schizophrenias)'. Dr Bleuler's concept is from an approximately eight year study of 647 patients The conference was the first time the Association had convened to discuss specifically dementia praecox. Maximilian Jahrmärker spoke on the ease of the diagnosing and differentiating from other psychoses of d. praecox.

Wolff proposes dysphrenie as a type of mental disorder

1907:

Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles"

Dr Carl Jung's work on the psychology of Dementia Praecox is published. The work contains no direct reference to schizophrenia. Dr Jung refers to "dissociation (Binet, Janet)" as a "weakness of consciousness due to the splitting-off of one or a series of ideas". Dr Jung discusses Otto Gross's "synchronous series" as consciousness if affected by disease in the lexicon of the "French School" which is that "associations" are "split-off", and that a split-off series of ideas occur in hysteria in situations of hypnotism and with the somnambulists. Dr Jung explicitly associates a "split off series of ideas" with "Freud and Gross". Dr Jung in discussion of organisms sans brain, and, catatonia, in relation to automatism (the "reflex machine") propounds the notion that the reality of the catatonic state is of a complex in the mind split off ("unassailable") from any external psychological stimuli In discussion of Paranoid Dementia, with reference specifically to "hysterics with dissociation of consciousness", in a first state of one consciousness, the existence of a second subsequent state of consciousness (in a temporal sequence) will not occur in the hysterics consciousness normally, and instead, the "force" of the second state of consciousness is expressed as hallucination or "other automatisms", as a split-off complex disturbing another complex. The disturbance is compared (with reference to Flournoy) as the disturance of an invisible planet in orbit to a visible planet. Split off thoughts coalesce ("crowd themselves") into consciousness forming hallucination.

1906:

investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli is finished.

Assoziation, Traum und Hysterische Symptom by Dr C Jung is published

1905:

Dr Bleuler's Bewußtsein und Assoziation is published

1904:

Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud

Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people"

Über die Bedeutung von Assoziationsversuchen by Dr Bleuler is published

1903: investigation of word-association made by Dr Jung and Dr Riklin inside Burgholzli begins.

1902:

Jung uses the idea of a complex in his thesis.

Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud

1900:

Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zürich where Dr Eugen Bleuler is director

The Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ILCD-1) describes psychiatric disorders as: "85 General paralysis of insane 86 Insanity (not puerperal)"

1899:

the first complete description of Dementia Praecox is made, published in Emil Kraepelin’s textbook

a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook

a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy

Die Assoziationen in der Erschöpfung by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume II) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor

1896: Experimentelle Studien über Associationen by Dr G. Aschaffenburg is published in Psychologische Arbeiten (Volume I) in which Dr E. Kraepelin is the editor

1895:

Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"

Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America for which an enforcement is made that it is illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry

Freud is using cocaine

1894: Dr Freud is inhaling ignited tobacco smoke containing the psychoactive nicotine from about 20 cigars every day

1893: Dr Josef Breuer of Vienna and Dr Freud explain the existence of the phenomenon of "splitting of consciousness" as "present to a rudimentary degree in all forms of hysteria".

1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"

1888: Professor (1886; chef de clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 1885) Gilbert Ballet thinks "inner speech unfolds a life of its own" which "occasionally" persist in consciousness to an extent which is to "border on auditory hallucination"

1887 JANUARY 1: Experiments on the association of ideas by James McKeen Cattell is published by the Mind Association

1886: (eugenics) Auguste Forel is the first in Europe (as Director of Burgholzli hospital in Zürich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis

OCTOBER 20,1885 - FEBRUARY 28, 1886: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology. During this period Dr Freud is attending lectures provided by the neurologist professor Jean-Martin Charcot ('le pere de la neurologie' in France, the father of modern neurology), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière. Dr Freud participates in the drug-use of cocaine, a psychoactive drug, during this period.

1884 after APRIL 21 - before JUNE 19: Dr Freud first consumes and self administers cocaine in order to report on the history, pharmacology, effects, and possible medicinal use; published as Über Coca during July 1884.

1883: Sir F Galton F.R.S publishes his use of: a word association test. Galton invents "eugenics".

1882: Dr Arnold Pick describes the general concept krankheitsbewuẞtstein (awareness of illness), which contains specifically krankheitsgefühl (awareness of feeling ill) and kranksheitseinsicht (insight into illness). Reason and or reflection produce kranksheitseinsicht

after MAY 1880 and before MAY 1881: S Freud begins his predominantly life-long habit of tobacco consumption. During 31 March 1881 Dr S Freud qualifies as a doctor of medicine. Dr Freud's father was also a consumer of the same plant the smoke of which contains the psychoactive substance nicotine and a number of toxic substances.

1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by alienist Heinrich Schüle within Illenau asylum (construction completed 1842) in Baden, Germany. Schuele's concept of nosology was made in harmony with an idea of degression from health in which insanity is progressive through generation by biological inheritance, named the theory of degeneration.

1879: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment

1874: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia

1863:

Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia Hebe is the translation of an ancient greek word which meant "goddess of the youth", hebe in the psychiatric sense meant "youth"

Kahlbaum differentiates vesania typica from dysphrenia.

1861: positive and negative symptoms, a concept, created by the assistant physician (University College Hospital) John Russell Reynolds, in which the former include hallucinations and delusions of the paranoid type (clonic jerking and movements of a non-normal sort), (the latter: loss of sensation, paralysis and coma)

1860: Morel's degeneration-theory (in Traité des maladies mentales), from Saint-Yon asylum (opened 11 July 1825), is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation". The degenerative process as from the first stage is thought caused by alcohol and, or, other toxic substances. The possible danger of the problem of degeneration is that it could develop as a “physiological and moral malaria” within a hypothetical population by defective development of circumstances as a consequence of environmental pathologicity.

1859: Heinrich Neumann considered insanity ("Wahsinn") to be a staggered process of development in which the first manifestation is melancholia, should this persist, develops into periods of mania, the third state if continuation of insanity occurs is amentia confusion ("Verwirtheit") or paranoia ("Verrucktheit"). Within individuals with no relief from symptomatic states of the previous three stages the consequence is dementia ("Blödsinn")

1852: Alienist Bénédict-Augustin Morel first describes "démence précoce"

1841: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis; in the original German language version: "Psychose". Dr. Canstatt was "königlich bayerischem Gerichtsarzte" (a royal Bavarian court physician) during 1843, during the reign of Ludwig I. «Psychose» signifies psychic neurosis

1835: Dr Eisenmann created the terms somatopsychrosen and psychrosen to describe orders of neurotic illness. The fourth family of somatopsychrosen illnesses is named Dysphrenesien. The fourth family of psychorosen is named phrensie, which is described as sufferings of the intelligence ("Leiden der intelligens"). Phrensie has six groups: Aphelxia ("Zerstreutheit": absent-mindedness), Anamnesia ("Vergefslichteit": obsessiveness), Monomoria ("fixe ideen": fixed ideas), Moria ("Narrheit": folly), Lerema ("Kindischwerden": childishness), Anoëa ("Blödsinn": nonsense - nonsensicalness)

1833: Joseph Guislain considered insanity to develop through definable states (1)manie (2)folie (3)stupidité (4)l’epilepsie (5)hallucinations (6)confusion, with the seventh and terminus state being: dementia

1797: the retrospective first supposed contended obvious example of the admission to an institution of an individual with thoughts and behaviours which indicate the existence of a schizophrenia-like disorder: the case of James Tilly Matthews.

1700: the concept of associations of ideas is used explicitly in the year of the fourth edition of Essay Concerning Human Understanding of John Locke; madness is made by associations of ideas which are not within human understanding.

1652: the historian Alexander Ross, in his book about the history of the world, states Michael the Stammerer (Michael Balbus) "dyed" (during the year 829) "of a Phrensie and Strangury or as some say of a Bloudy flux"

after circa 1640 and before 1651: Thomas HOBBES of Malmesbury is the first to make use of the idea of what is known by Locke as the «association of ideas»

1602-8: Professor (University of Basel) Felix Platter determines within states of phrensie "spectra varia ex falsa imaginatione existiment". Platter determines lesion of the mind as mentis alienatio with mentis hallucinatio.

c. 1533: scholar, university teacher (Dôle, Pavia), lawyer (Metz), physician, court astrologer, Knight, Magician Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim contends that phrensie is the "soul coming from the Gods, or Demons". While "Plato defines this by alienation, and binding", phrensie is divine which proceeds from dieties.

before 1422: an account by a monk of St Albans Thomas Walsingham in which is written of deaths in Cantebriggae during 1389 where people died (moriebantur) by invading (invasi) phrensy (phrenesi) of mind (mentis) ("prout dicebatur, sospites, invasi mentis phrenesi moriebantur, sine viatico sive sensu")

c. 1420: the first known use of the English version word dilusioun; Siege of Thebes of John Lydgate, monk at Bury St Edmunds, within the only Middle English poem on Oedipus's sons.

1368: first known use in France of the word realité

1300's: the word frentik is understood to mean both "fooles" and "madde" in England in Piers Plowman and by Geoffrey Chaucer (esquire) respectively.

after c. 1241: reading Aristotle’s treatises, a monk of the Order of St Dominic: Albertus (of Lauingen, born as Count von Bollstädt) uses realistic ideas instead of allegory and symbolism for synthesis of libri naturales with sapientia biblica to produce a position of thought of how to understand nature by christian contemplation as realism.

c. 1200 the idea of insight exists in writing in the Ormulum, in which Canon Regular of St Augustine Orrm (christened Ormin) provides translation of the Gospels (expounds hope for salvation of the illiterate that should be made by their education in the details of christian devotion) as verse-homilies

c. 130 AD: Claudius Galenus Pergami (Greek: Κλαύδιος Γαληνός) recognizes the location of the phrenic nerve at the spinal cord 3rd mylotome with the diaphragm

195 or 185 - 159 BCE Terentius Afer uses "deludi" a word of the ancient Latin language

between c. 205-184: "earum ipsarum rerum rēapse, non oratione perfectio" (a line of Truculentes a comedical play (palliata) by T.M. Plautus); the Latin language words rerum rēapse mean the reality of things. "Phronesium" is a character.

Παρανοίας γραφή (paranoías graphḗ) a legal action against insanity, as in Plato's text "Laws" (Πλάτων Νόμοι), was a process in which someone could make complaint, usually against a father, or against anyone who is "mad or senile".

399: Σωκράτης (Socrates) is condemned by a court to be expelled from Athens in relation in part to a voice he hears (τὸ δαιμόνιον - the daimonion).

428: In an ancient Greek theatre play by ΕΥΡΙΠΙΔΗΣ (Euripides) a nurse is made to speak on the subject of a problem which relates to φρένας (phrenes)

c. 1894–1595: Babylonian language has no word for mind. The concept of the possibility of gaining topical intelligence by access of a supra-consciousness existed as known of by the medium of divination.

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• Ban, Thomas A. (July 26, 2018). "Neuropsychopharmacology in Historical Perspective Education in the Field in the Post-Neuropsychopharmacology Era Ernst Feuchtersleben's separation of psychosis from neurosis". inhn.org. Argentina: International Network for the History of Neuropharmacology. In 1845 the term was adopted by Ernst Feuchtersleben (1806-1849) for the separation of mental illness from William Cullen's (1712-1790) "neurosis" that referred to...
• Feuchtersleben, Ernst, Freiherr von (1845) The principles of medical psychology, being the outlines of a course of lectures London: Sydenham Society, Translation by H. Evans Lloyd Esq. p.271: "Every psychosis is, at the same time, a neurosis; because, without the intervention of nervous action, no change of the psychical action becomes manifest, but every neurosis is not a psychosis, of which convulsions and pain afford sufficient examples."
• Tenório, Fernando (2016). "Psychosis and schizophrenia: effects of changes in psychiatric classifications on clinical and theoretical approaches to mental illness". História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos. 23 (4). Rio de Janeiro: 941–963. doi:10.1590/S0104-59702016005000018. PMID 27992057. The term "psychosis" was created by the Austrian psychiatrist Ernst von Feuchtersleben in 1845 to describe the psychological manifestations of mental illness, distinguishing them from the supposed alterations of the nervous system which caused them in some cases (and which were called "neuroses") (Garrabé, 1989, p.186; 2004, p.28).
• Agrippa von Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius, 1486?-1535. and French, John, 1616-1657., 2005, Three books of occult philosophy written by Henry Cornelius Agrippa of Nettesheim ... ; translated out of the Latin into the English tongue by J.F., Oxford Text Archive, http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12024/A26565.
• Conti, A; Pasnau, R (2009). "47 - Realism from VIII - Metaphysics". The Cambridge History of Medieval Philosophy. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 647–660. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521762182.010. ISBN 978-1-139-09544-0.
• Michael Bitbol Schrödinger’s Philosophy of Quantum Mechanics p. 103 Springer Science & Business Media 2012
• AUGUSTINIAN PROVINCE OF ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND
• Orrm. Bodleian Library MS. Junius 1. Bodleian Libraries, University of Oxford: digital.bodleian.ox.ac.uk.
• Magalie Parys Introduction to mental illness in Ancient Mesopotamia
• Zacharias Kotzé The evil eye of Sumerian deities
• Frauke Schultze-Lutter, Benno G. Schimmelmann, Stephan Ruhrmann The Near Babylonian Speech Confusion in Early Detection of Psychosis
• Kathryn Stevens Secrets in the Library: Protected Knowledge and Professional Identity in Late Babylonian Uruk

Schizophrenia Category:Schizophrenia

Reports

From approximately 11:00 am 6 April 1966 more than 200-300 students and a teacher from Westall High School apparently witnessed seeing one or three aerial objects with flight capabilities. Described as a grey (or silvery-green) saucer-shaped craft with a slight purple hue and about twice the size of a family car. According to the students, the object was descending, overflew the high school, and disappeared behind a stand of trees. Approximately 20 minutes later the object reportedly reappeared, climbed at speed and departed towards the north-west. Some accounts describe the object as being pursued by five unidentified aircraft. Where a craft had landed a "perfect circle" was observable in grass that was "about knee high" of "about 4 or 5 metres in diameter". One of the craft which was "just in the sky, sitting" after a while moved "really really fast". The craft when hovering had visible irradiant heat around. One witness states that he thought that what he was witnessing "wasn't possible". Three craft "hovering above the school...definitely weren't aircraft", then "one went down behind the school". Of three children who immediately went to where the craft landed, one "was hysterical" and was later taken away in an ambulance, the other "fainted". The third student experienced "heat" radiation and heard a "buzzing" sound from the craft. There were "purple lights all around" the craft. The craft could move "incredibly fast". A man aged in his sixteenth year digging up carrots on a market garden witnessed a craft in the air and "didn't believe" what he was seeing. The testimony of the gardener was of: a craft "very bright" "whitish silver" "slowly changed it's form, became translucent" "was shimmering". "You could almost feel the power the energy from it". Residual "gas" was "drifting around in an "arc" in the air in trail from after the crafts motion. Another child apparently witnessed two craft on the ground "about two metres apart" with heat experienced from about "a metre away". The craft were "disks", underneath had "no seams", with a "smooth" metallic surface, with some aspect in rotational motion. About 25 to 30 or 40 minutes after the incident, the military arrived at the school. James E. McDonald subsequently interviewed a teacher who witnessed the object. One hundred and thirty six people testified to an investigator that they saw a "flying saucer" or "saucers", one hundred and eighty five people about the circle caused in a "paddock", seventy six that they witnessed both the "saucer" and the change in grass in the paddock, as of 2023.

References

2022: The pathogenesis of schizophrenia is unknown.

2021: The etiology of schizophrenia is unknown.

2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia. For schizophrenia to be diagnosed depends on the existence for most of a 1 month duration 2 of (a) - (g) of which one of the two must be (a) - (d): Persistent delusions (a), and, or, hallucinations (b), disorganized thinking (c), experiences of influence, passivity or control (d), Negative symptoms such as affective flattening, alogia or paucity of speech, avolition, asociality and anhedonia (e), grossly disorganized behaviour that impedes goal-directed activity (f), psychomotor disturbances (g)

2014: the Mandarinian version of the name for schizophrenia in Taiwan is changed to a word with a new meaning: “disorder with dysfunction of thought and perception”

2013: DSM-5 is published. There are no tests for the purpose of diagnosis using a laboratory or by psychometric methods. Neurological imaging, pathology, and physiology research indicates the presence of abnormalities within the brain, but "none are diagnostic". Schizophrenia has the Diagnostic Criteria codes: 295.90 (F20.9), and is within the group: Schizophrenia Spectrum and other psychotic disorders

2012: The Korean term for schizophrenia (jungshinbunyeolbyung / jeongshin-bunyeol-byung: mind-split disorder) is changed to attunement disorder by the Korean Neuropsychiatric Association. The concept of the replacement word was inspired by the text of a South Korean monk written during 1579.

2002: In Japan, the translation of the word schizophrenia in discontinued, replaced by Japanese words which mean "integration disorder". The term used before the change was "Jungshinbunyeolbyung".

2001: the term for schizophrenia in Hong Kong (jing-shen-fen-lie: 'mental split-mind disorder' / splitting of the mind) is changed to si-jue-shi-tiao.

1994: DSM-IV is published. Schizophrenia is encoded as 295, with the types: Catatonic, Disorganised, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Undifferentiated

1990: ICD 10th revision: "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders" The diagnostic concept is divided: Catatonic, Cenesthopathic, Hebephrenic, Paranoid, Residual, Schizophreniform, Simple, Undifferentiated, unspecified.

1982: Irwin Feinberg proposes the hypothesis that a cause of schizophrenia is correlation to reduction in synaptic density within the cortex of the brain of adolescent aged individuals.

1980: DSM-III is published. Diagnosis of schizophrenia depends on the existence of one of (1) - (6) for at least six months: (1): bizarre delusions (2): somatic, grandiose, religious, nihilistic, or other delusions without persecutery or jealous content (3): delusions with persecutory or jealous content if accompanied by hallucinations of any type (4): auditory hallucinations in which either a voice keeps up a running commentary on the individual's behavior or thoughts, or two or more voices converse with each other (5): auditory hallucinations on several occasions with content of more than one or two words (6): incoherence, marked loosening of associations, markedly illogical thinking, or marked poverty of content of speech if associated with at least one of the following: (a) blunted, flat, or inappropriate affect (b) delusions or hallucinations (c) catatonic or other grossly disorganized behavior. Encoded as 295 with the types: Disorganized, Catatonic, Paranoid, Undifferentiated, Residual.

1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses"

1968: DSM-II is published. Schizophrenia is within the group: Psychoses not attributed to physical conditions previously listed. The diagnostic code is 295. The concept is divided into the types: acute schizophrenic episode, catatonic, childhood, chronic undifferentiated, hebephrenic, latent, other (and unspecified) types, paranoid, residual, schizo-affective, simple.

1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia"

1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"

1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"

1950: Monograph Series on Schizophrenia No. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias, an English language translation by J. Zinkin of Dr Bleuler's 1911 work is published

1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7

1945: about 40,000 psychiatric patients of 283,000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead

1941: Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia

1940 January: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany

1939 September 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia

1939 September after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.

1939 July 15: Dr Bleuler dies

1939: FRS are included in a monograph by Schneider Schneider's idea of Second Rank Symptoms include "Wahneinfall, thought inhibition (slowing or poverty of thought), flight of ideas, incoherence or dilapidation (Zerfahrenheit), compulsion". The word Zerfahrenheit was created by Dr Kraepelin as the sole sign necessary for recognition of all possible forms of dementia praecox.

1938 October 3–7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)"

1938: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin

1937: the publically known correspondance of Professor Bleuler and Dr Freud concludes with 26 letters written by Dr Freud, 53 by Professor Bleuler

1934: Patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, which is approximately 26% of the total in Germany, are made unable to produce children via sterilisation

1933 July 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised.

1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox"

1924:

Dr Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.

diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger

1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility"

1913:

Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"

Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia

1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry

1911:

Dr Bleuler's German language work: Dementia Praecox oder Gruppe der Schizophrenien is published in Leipzig & Vienna. The secondary symptoms of sz happen because of "loosening of the associations". Association-splitting is a primary symptom; disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom" Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud. Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox". "Schizophrenic splitting" per se is "only" an "exaggerated" form of existing healthy "physiological processess" (sic). For treatment Dr Bleuler considers the best option available is occupation by work, even if the patient is within the acute stage, if not this, then sport, if neither are possible then preoccupation with games. Work provides the patient the opportunity to escape from an autistic existence. Dr Bleuler expresses his "hope" that sterilisation will be used in certain circumstances with regards to those diagnosed with schizophrenia "for eugenic reasons".

Dr Freud's hypothesis that schizophrenia is an "inability to maintain libidinal cathexis of objects"

Dr Ballet describes the nosology psychose hallucinatoire chronique

1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility

1909 March 7: work at the clinic of Zurich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin

1908 April 24: Bleuler "coins" the term "schizophrenie" at a conference in Berlin, Germany. Dr Bleuler's concept is from an approximately eight year study of 647 patients

1907: Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles"

1904:

Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud

Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people"

1902:

Jung uses the idea of a complex in his thesis.

Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud

1900:

Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich where Dr E Bleuler is director

The Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ILCD-1) describes psychiatric disorders as: "85 General paralysis of insane 86 Insanity (not puerperal)"

1899:

a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook

a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy

1895:

Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"

Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America made of: illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry

1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"

1888: Professor (1886; chef de clinique, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, 1885) Gilbert Ballet thinks "inner speech unfolds a life of its own" which "occasionally" persist in consciousness to an extent which is to "border on auditory hallucination"

1886: (eugenics) Forel is the first in Europe (at a hospital in Zurich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis

October 20, 1885 - February 28, 1886: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology. During this period Dr Freud is attending lectures provided by the neurologist professor Jean-Martin Charcot ('le pere de la neurologie' in France, the father of modern neurology), Hôpital de la Salpêtrière. Dr Freud used cocaine, a psychoactive drug, during this period.

1883: Sir F Galton F.R.S publishes his use of: a word association test. Galton invents "eugenics".

after May of 1880 and before May of 1881: S Freud begins his predominantly life-long habit of tobacco consumption. During 31 March 1881 Dr S Freud qualifies as a doctor of medicine. Dr Freud's father was also a consumer of the same plant the smoke of which contains the psychoactive substance nicotine and a number of toxic substances.

1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by alienist Heinrich Schüle within Illenau asylum (construction completed 1842) in Baden, Germany. Schuele's concept of nosology was made in harmony with an idea of degression from health in which insanity is progressive through generation by biological inheritance, named the theory of degeneration.

1879: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment

1874: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia

1863: Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia Hebe is the translation of an ancient greek word which meant "goddess of the youth", hebe in the psychiatric sense meant "youth"

1857: Morel's degeneration-theory, from Saint-Yon asylum (opened 11 July 1825), is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation". The degenerative process as from the first stage is thought caused by alcohol and, or, other toxic substances. The possible danger of the problem of degeneration is that it could develop as a “physiological and moral malaria” within a hypothetical population by defective development of circumstances as a consequence of environmental pathologicity.

1852: Alienist Bénédict-Augustin Morel first describes "démence précoce"

1841: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis; in the original German language version: "Psychose". Dr. Canstatt was "königlich bayerischem Gerichtsarzte" (a royal Bavarian court physician) during 1843, during the reign of Ludwig I.

1602-8: Professor (University of Basel) Felix Platter determines within states of phrensie "spectra varia ex falsa imaginatione existiment". Platter determines lesion of the mind as association of mentis alienatio with mentis hallucinatio.

130 AD: Galen of Pergamus recognizes the location of the phrenic nerve at the spinal cord 3rd mylotome with the diaphragm

399 BC: Σωκράτης (Socrates) is condemned in part by a court with relation to a voice he hears (τὸ δαιμόνιον - the daimonion) to be expelled from Athens.

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Timeline of schizophrenia lists significant events in the history of the definition and creation of the diagnostic category schizophrenia.

• 1841: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis
• 1845: Esquirol created the word hallucination
• 1852: Alienist Morel first describes "démence précoce"
• 1857: Morel's degeneration-theory is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation"
• 1863: Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia
• 1874: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia
• 1879: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment
• 1880: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by Schüle.
• 1883: Sir F Galton publishes his use of: the word association test
• October 20 1885 - February 28 1886: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology. During this period Dr Freud is attending lectures provided by the neurologist professor Jean-Martin Charcot (‘le pere de la neurologie’ in France, the father of modern neurology) Dr Freud used cocaine, a psychoactive drug, during this period.
• 1886: (eugenics) Forel is the first in Europe (at a hospital in Zurich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis
• 1892: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"
• 1895: Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"
• 1895: Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America made of: illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry
• 1899: a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook
• 1899: a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy
• 1900: Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich where Dr E Bleuler is director
• 1902:
  • Jung uses the idea of a complex in his thesis.
  • Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud
• 1904: Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud
• 1904: Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people"
• 1907: Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles"
• 1908 April 24 : Bleuler "coins" the term schizophrenia.
• 1909 March 7: work at the clinic of Zurich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin
• 1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility
• 1911: Dr Bleuler's writing MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias was published. The secondary symptoms happen because of "loosening of the associations". Association-splitting is a primary symptom; disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom" Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud. Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox".
• 1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry
• 1913:
  • Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"
  • Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia
• 1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility"
• 1924: Dr Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.
• 1924: diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger
• 1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox"
• 1933 July 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised.
• 1938: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin
• 1938 October 3 - 7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)"
• 1939: FRS are included in a monograph by Schneider
• 1939 July 15: Dr Bleuler dies
• 1939 September after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.
• 1939 September 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia
• 1940 January: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany
• 1941: Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia
• 1945: about 40 000 psychiatric patients of 283 000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead
• 1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7
• 1952: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"
• 1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"
• 1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia"
• 1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses"
• 1990: ICD 10th revision: "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders"
• 2002: In Japan, schizophrenia stopped being used, replaced by Japanese words which means “integration disorder”. The term used before the change was “Jungshinbunyeolbyung”.
• 2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia

-----

Timeline of schizophrenia lists significant events in the history of the definition and creation of the diagnostic category schizophrenia.

1800

• 41: medical examiner and physician Canstatt creates the word psychosis
• 45: Esquirol created the word hallucination

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---

• 52: Alienist Morel first describes "démence précoce"
• 57: Morel's degeneration-theory is published "1st generation: neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation"

---

---

• 63: Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia

---

---

• 74: Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia
• 79: Francis Galton first mentions in publication the "essence" of a novel idea for psychological investigation: a word association experiment

---

---

• 80: "dementia praecox" is first used as a description by Schüle.
• 83: Sir F Galton publishes his use of: the word association test
• October 20 85 - February 28 86: Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology. During this period Dr Freud is attending lectures provided by the neurologist professor Jean-Martin Charcot (‘le pere de la neurologie’ in France, the father of modern neurology) Dr Freud used cocaine, a psychoactive drug, during this period.
• 86: (eugenics) Forel is the first in Europe (at a hospital in Zurich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis

---

---

• 92: Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"
• 95: Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"
• 95: Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America made of: illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry
• 99: a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Kraepelin in his textbook
• 99: a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy

---

---

1900

• 1900: Carl Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich where Dr E Bleuler is director
• 02:
  • Jung uses the idea of a complex in his thesis.
  • Bleuler first reads the writings of Freud
• 04: Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud
• 04: Jung & Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people"
• 07: Indiana (in the United States of America) is the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles"
• 08 April 24 : Bleuler "coins" the term schizophrenia.
• 09 March 7: work at the clinic of Zurich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin

---

---

• 10: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility
• 11: Dr Bleuler's writing MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias was published. The secondary symptoms happen because of "loosening of the associations". Association-splitting is a primary symptom; disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom" Dr Bleuler's theory of the symptoms but not the causes of schizophrenia used psychology analysis ideas invented by Dr Sigmund Freud. Dr Bleuler wrote for his 1911 text that an "important aspect" of the Dr and the Dr's colleagues theory of concepts of the psychology of pathology (this is the "psychopathology") of schizophrenia was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox".
• 12: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for those diagnosed as mentally ill to marry
• 13:
  • Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"
  • Dr Kraepelin provides his most detailed description of schizophrenia

---

---

• 20: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility"
• 24: Eugen Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.
• 24: diagnosis by feelings: Ludwig Binswanger
• 29: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox"

---

---

• 33 July 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised.
• 38: Kurt Schneider mentions his idea of symptoms (First Rank Symptoms: FRS) in a conference in Berlin
• 38 October 3 - 7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)"
• 39: FRS are included in a monograph by Kurt Schneider
• 39 July 15: Dr Bleuler dies
• 39 September after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government.
• 39 September 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia

---

---

• 40 January: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany
• 41: Rümke's idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia
• 45: about 40 000 psychiatric patients of 283 000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead
• 48: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision: Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7) / Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7

---

---

• 52: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-I: "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"
• 55: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision: "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)"

---

---

• 65: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses" of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia"

---

---

• 75: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses" "295 Schizophrenic psychoses"

---

---

• 90: ICD 10th revision: "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders"

---

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2000

• 02: In Japan, schizophrenia stopped being used, replaced by Japanese words which means “integration disorder”. The term used before the change was “Jungshinbunyeolbyung”.

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• 19: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification: primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia

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The History of schizophrenia in the past begins certainly only during 1908 which was the very first time anyone anywhere publicly knew of this word's existence. The originator of the idea of the word, Dr Bleuler, described schizophrenia as a disturbance of reality within the self.

between the years 100'000 and 35'000 in the past

Main articles: Human evolution, Human brain, Upper Paleolithic, and Anatomy

Skulls of ancient people found by archaeology show that ancient people (humans) had whole brains which are made of smaller parts joined as a whole of which the parts have the same shapes as are within it as the present now

Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic

In writings from the 5th Century BC to 2nd Century AD, in Ancient Greece, and the Roman Republic, no-one was found to have written anything about anyone having schizophrenia, although many other psychiatric disorders were written about. The word phrenitis (here in the English language) did exist in old Greek.

deludier

Main articles: Delusion § History, and Schizophrenia § Symptoms

Terentius Afer (195 or 185 - 159 BCE) used the word "deludier" which is an ancient Latin language word

Ippolytus

See also: Schizophrenia § Meaning

An example of a problem of the mind from ancient Greece:

Nurse: this divination is of great worth, people who are without waves are the gods and [ (phrenes) conscience ]

Phaedra: Poor me, what sin have I done, have I sinned and gone astray. A divine curse is happening to me

— translation of Ippolytus (the name of a theatre play) written using ancient greek by Euripides (the writer of the play), of 428 BC.

The "waves" is the noise of breakers falling down or breaking upon a beach shore, also storm waves; which are disturbing. In De Tranquillitate Animi by Seneca, written after 49 AD the word Tranquillitate is tranquility. Tranquility is possible for someone when they are not disturbed.

melancholy

See also: Schizophrenia § Lack of insight

Someone with or defined as usually as melancholy is thought to also have hallucinations. Those with melancholy see darkness because of vapours from black bile which form an "inner darkness".

paranoias

See also: History of schizophrenia § 1911

A legal proceedings for "paranoias" (the name of the problem of law some people need help with) was a process in which someone could complaint, usually against a father, or against anyone who is a "mad or senile person".

1300's England

The Olde English words: Frentik with Fooles:

wisdom to telle To Fayturs or to Fooles þat Frentik

— Pers Ploghm by Langland of Cleyberie in Shropshire

and: frenetik with madde:

And in his throwes frenetik and madde He corseth

— by Chaucer (or, known by the description: Geoffrey Chaucer esquire)

are from the 1300's. Frenetic, the same word in the English language, today is thought to mean "frantic, frenzied".

1492

America was discovered by people from Europe. Tobacco and cocaine are both native in the continent of America. (more information at: 1880 - 1895 and after, 1911)

1641 - 1845

Main articles: Delusion § History, Schizophrenia § Classification, and Schizophrenia § Symptoms

See also: History of schizophrenia § 1911

• 1641: R Descartes refers to delusion (in Latin)
• 1841: medical examiner and physician C Canstatt creates the word psychosis
• 1845: Esquirol created the word hallucination

1852 - 1874

• 1852: B-A Morel first describes "démence précoce", which is French: démence is dementia, précoce is precocious. Precocious means early in age: young. Morel is known as an "alienist" not a psychiatrist.
• 1856: Sigmund Freud is born. Sigmund's father was a wool merchant and Jewish ethnicity
• 1857:
  • Morel's degeneration-theory is published: "1st generation - neurosis, 2nd: mental alienation, 3rd: imbecility, 4th: sterilisation". The first stage is caused by alcohol and, or, other toxic substances. (more information at: 1920 & 1938, 1933 July 14 & 1934)
  • Eugen Bleuler is born in Zollikon near Zurich
• 1863: KL Kahlbaum creates the idea of hebephrenia; Hebe is the translation of an ancient greek word which meant "goddess of the youth". ‹hebe› means in the psychiatric sense "youth"
• 1874: KL Kahlbaum creates the idea of catatonia

1880 - 1895 and after

See also: Schizophrenia § History, History of schizophrenia § 1911, Schizophrenia § Meaning, and Addiction

• 1880: "dementia praecox" is used as a description by H Schüle.
• after May of 1880 and before May of 1881: (Dr) S Freud began consuming and inhaling smoking tobacco and continued his whole life.
• 1881 March 31: Dr S Freud obtains a degree in medicine
• 1884 after April 21, and before July : Dr Freud first consumes and administers to himself cocaine.
• October 20 1885 - February 28 1886: Dr Freud's work changes from neuropathology to psychopathology. Dr Freud attributed this change to the lectures of Dr J-M Charcot on Hysteria. Dr Freud used cocaine during this period.
• 1886: (eugenics) Dr A. Forel is the first in Europe (at a hospital in Zurich) to sterilize someone because of a psychiatric diagnosis
• 1892: Dr Freud begins a method of "psychical analysis" or "concentration technique" for analysis of psychology. Dr Freud begins his use of a technique and analysis which later is known as "free association"
• 1894: Dr Freud is inhaling smoke from about 20 cigars every day
• 1895:
  • Dr Freud publishes a work which mentions "association fibers" of the brain which "serve the association of ideas"
  • Connecticut (United States of America): (eugenics) the first law in America made of: it is illegal for "epileptics, imbeciles, and the feebleminded" to marry
  • between March and April: Dr Freud is self-administering cocaine.

1899 - 1904

See also: Dementia praecox § History, History of dementia, History of schizophrenia § 1911, and Delusion § History

• 1899:
  • a definition of Dementia Praecox with the syndromes: hebephrenic, catatonic, paranoid is made by Dr E Kraepelin in his textbook
  • a doctor of the Indiana State Reformatory discovers the method for sterilisation: vasectomy
• 1900 Dr C G Jung is a staff member at a Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich where Dr Bleuler was director (Jung is pronounced the same as ‹young›)
• 1902: Dr Bleuler first reads the writings of Dr Freud
• 1904
  • Dr Bleuler begins an approximately 33 year exchange of mailed (posted) letters with Dr Freud
  • Dr's C.G.Jung & F.Riklin publish: "Experimental investigations about associations of healthy people"
• 1907: Indiana (in the United States of America) is the the first place in the world to make a eugenics-law for the sterilisation of "idiots" and "imbeciles"

1908

Dr Eugen Bleuler invented the word "schizophrenia" sometime before April 1908. Dr Bleuler gives a public talk during the 24th of April at the German Psychiatric Association. The talk is titled: The Prognosis of Dementia Praecox (Schizophrenia group). The talk is made in the German language.

Dr Bleuler's concept was based on an approximately eight year study of 647 patients

Before 1911

See also: Schizophrenia § Lack of insight

Dr Bleuler knew of the writings and opinions of Freud, Jung and Wundt.

• 1909, 7 March: work at the clinic of Zurich by the direction of Dr Jung under he direction of Dr Bleuler: experiments on "word-association", is concluded by Dr Jung's resignation. The doctors who did the experiments were Dr Bleuler (clinic director), Dr Jung, Dr Riklin, Dr Fürst, Dr Binswanger, Dr Nunberg, Dr Wehrlin.
• 1910: ILCD 2: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute: 67 General paralysis of the insane 68 Other forms of mental alienation 74 (A.B.C.D.) Other diseases of the nervous system 74A Idiocy, imbecility

1911

First printing of the work by Dr. Eugen Bleuler

See also: Schizophrenia § History, and History of dementia

Dr Bleuler's writing MONOGRAPH SERIES ON SCHIZOPHRENIA NO. 1 Dementia Praecox or the Group of Schizophrenias was published to stop the use of the description Dementia Praecox from Dr Emil Kraepelin:

"a far more important and practical reason - to propose a new designation beside the older one - the older form is a product of a time when not only the very concept of dementia, but also that of precocity, was applicable to all cases at hand. But it hardly fits our contemporary ideas - Today we include patients whom we would neither call “demented” nor exclusively victims of deterioration early in life. Thus we are left with no alternative but to give the disease a new name...By the term “dementia praecox” or “schizophrenia” we designate a group of psychoses..."

— 

Dr Bleuler wrote that an "important aspect" of the text was the "application of Freud's ideas to dementia praecox". Dr Freud's ideas are to do with psychology analysis.

Dementia Praecox is divided into: Paranoid, Catatonia, Hebephrenia, Simple schizophrenia

The intended medical meaning of Dr Bleuler and his colleagues for 1911

Dr Bleuler wrote his colleagues Riklin, Abraham and Jung worked also on the new idea: schizophrenia.

During 1911 the meaning of schizophrenia from perceptions from observation of Dr Bleuler (with his colleagues) is "splitting is the prerequisite condition of most of the phenomena of" schizophrenia as a "complicated" health "condition". Most of the symptoms occur as a result of "association-splitting". Association-splitting is a type of disturbance. Logical thinking weakness causes emotion be more dominating so that splitting happens into emotional "idea-complexes" (emotion is described as "affect" in the book). The secondary symptoms happen because of "loosening of the associations". Association-splitting is a primary symptom; disturbance of associations is the "main primary symptom"

After 1911

See also: Treatments and prevention of schizophrenia § History of treatments

• 1912: The government of Switzerland is the first country outside of the United States of America to produce a eugenics law: it becomes illegal for mentally ill to marry
• 1913: Dementia praecox is accepted by "most British psychiatrists"
• 1914: A new law in the United States of America: people are only able to have cocaine if it is prescribed by a doctor or dentist (before, people could buy it) (more information at: 1492, 1880 - 1895 and after, 1911)
• 1920: Bertillon Committee for the International Statistical Institute (ISI 3rd revision) list: 84(1) Idiocy, Imbecility"
• 1924:
  • Dr Eugen Bleuler supports ideas of eugenics.
  • diagnosis by feelings (see: 1941): Ludwig Binswanger
• 1927: In Cardiff and London, Great Britain, Dementia praecox is written and spoken about as a disease.
• 1929: International List of Causes of Death (ILCD 4th revision): "84a" the description for this code is: "Dementia praecox"
• 1933 July 14: the German government make a law that people diagnosed with "Schizophrenia" can be sterilised. This is because the German government think schizophrenia is a "mental defect" which is "hereditary"
• 1934: Patients with schizophrenia which was 26% of the total, are made unable to make children by sexual activity (they are sterilised by order of the government) in Germany. Sterilisation of people is known as negative-eugenics.

1938 and after

See also: Treatments and prevention of schizophrenia § History of treatments, and Insanity

• 1938
  • Kurt Schneider describes symptoms which were thought to be important and true by doctors for years after, and are not included or less important since ICD 2019.
  • October 3 - 7: ILCD 5th revision (in Europe and after the United States): Mental disorders and deficiency: "84b", defined as: "Schizophrenia (dementia praecox)"
• 1939
  • July 15: Dr Bleuler dies
  • September
    • after 1: organization of the deaths of patients with schizophrenia directly caused by the German government ruled by Adolf Hitler (people say the name adolf has the associated meaning: "noble wolf")
    • 23: Dr Freud dies by euthanasia (this word is pronounced: youth-an-asia (or) you-than-asia)
• 1940 January: 1st group of psychiatric patients killed by carbon monoxide gas in Germany
• 1941
  • 70 273 patients killed by gas method: number with schizophrenia unknown, killed by gas, injection of morphine, phenobarbital, scopolamine, starved to death by a diet of vegetables (only for patients unable to work), shot
  • H.C. Rümke's has the idea praecox feeling for diagnosing schizophrenia
• 1942 June 23 : 535 patients from Kobierzyn Mental Home were transported to Auschwitz-Birkenau where hydrogen cyanide as Zyklon-B was used to kill people. Zyklon is the german language word which in the English language is: cyclone (this word is pronounced: psych-lone = sike-loan)
• 1945: about 40 000 psychiatric patients of 283 000 patients with various diagnoses during 1939 in Germany aren't dead
• 1948: International Lists of Diseases and Causes of Death 6th revision:
  • Dementia (309): Dementia praecox (schizophrenia) (300.7): catatonic (300.2), hebephrenic (300.1), paranoid (300.3), paraphrenic (300.1), primary (300.0), simple-type (300.0), simplex (300.0)
  • Schizophrenia, schizophrenic (insanity) (psychosis) (reaction) 300.7: with manic-depressive psychosis (300.6), acute (300.4), catatonic (300.2), hebephrenic (300.1), latent (300.5), paranoid (300.3), paraphrenic (300.1), primary (300.0), residual state (Restzustand) (300.5), simple, simplex (300.0)
• 1952 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual Mental Disorders-I:
  • "Psychoses": 300.0-.8: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)":
    • Simple, Hebephrenic, Catatonic, Paranoid, Acute schizophrenic reaction, Latent, Schizo-affective psychosis, Other and unspecified, Childhood.
• 1955: International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 7th revision:
  • "Psychoses": 300.0-.7: "Schizophrenic disorders (dementia præcox)" with the types:
    • Simple, Hebephrenic, Catatonic, Paranoid, Acute schizophrenic reaction, Latent, Schizo-affective psychosis, Other and unspecified
• 1965: ICD 8th revision: "(290-299) Psychoses"
  • of which the codes "295.0 - .9" are for "Schizophrenia":
    • with the types: "Simple" "Hebephrenic" "Catatonic" "Paranoid" "Acute schizophrenia episode" "Latent" "Residual" "Schizo-affective" "Other" "Unspecified"
• 1975: ICD 9th revision: "(295-299) Other psychoses"
  • "295 Schizophrenic psychoses" ".0-.9" with types:
    • "Unspecified, Subchronic, Chronic, Subchronic with acute exacerbation, Chronic with acute exacerbation, In remission"
    • with the types: "Simple " "Disorganised" "Catatonic " "Paranoid" "Acute schizophrenia episode" "Latent" "Residual" "Schizo-affective" "Other specified types" "Unspecified".
• 1970's - 1980: In the early 1970s, the criteria for determining schizophrenia were the subject of numerous controversies. Schizophrenia was diagnosed far more often in the United States than in Europe. This difference was partly the result of looser criteria for determining whether someone had the condition in the United States, where the DSM-II manual was used. In Europe, the ICD-9 manual was used. A 1972 study, published in the journal Science, concluded that the diagnosis of schizophrenia in the United States was often unreliable. These factors resulted in the publication of the DSM-III in 1980 with a stricter and more defined criteria for the diagnosis.
• 1990: ICD 10th revision: "(F20-F29)" with the descriptions: "Schizophrenia, schizotypal and delusional disorders"
  • with the codes ".0-.9" for the different divisions/descriptions, all except .9 of these having the word "schizophrenia" after:
    • "Paranoid" "Hebephrenic" "Catatonic" "Undifferentiated" "Postschizophrenic" "Residual" "Simple" "Other", ".9" being "Schizophrenia, unspecified"
    • "(F00-F09)" "Organic, including symptomatic, mental disorders" includes: "F06.1" is "Organic catatonic disorder" "F06.2" is "Organic delusional [schizophrenia-like] disorder". "F23" is "Acute and transient psychotic disorders" of this ".1" is "Acute polymorphic psychotic disorder with symptoms of schizophrenia", ".2" is "Acute schizophrenia-like psychotic disorder"
• 2002: In Japan, schizophrenia stopped being used, replaced by Japanese words which means “integration disorder”. This was caused by the Japanese National Federation of Families with Mentally Ill who had written to the Society of Psychiatry and Neurology because they thought that “mind-split-disease” meant that the "mind of individuals with schizophrenia was split" so that people with the diagnosis were "unpredictable, untreatable, and dangerous". The term used before the change was “Jungshinbunyeolbyung”.
• between 2005 and 2015: a woman with schizophrenia is sterilised: New York State has the legal obligation to enforce sterilisation in some circumstances (against the will of someone diagnosed with schizophrenia). Amongst other birth-control measures intra-uterine devices have an approximately 99% reduction of pregnancies rate and are replaceable every 5 to 10 years.
• 2018: Doctors diagnosing using the praecox feeling (see: 1941, 1924, 1911)
• 2019: ICD 11th revision:The World Health Organisation ICD classification of primary psychotic disorder 6A20 Schizophrenia is:
  • .0 is for first episode, .1 multiple episodes, .2 continuous, .Y is Other specified episode, .Z is: episode unspecified. With: "currently symptomatic", "in partial remission", "in full remission", "unspecified"

NOTES

42a1 f5805ff0 cbfd5 0e318da2640. (21ab) 3f8717af ?|

(f5805ff0 = 3f8717af) 23(4), 19(8), 19(4), 1(7), 23(4), 19(8)