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The Lizard
Incidental music by Jean Sibelius
The composer in 1913
Native name	Ödlan
Catalogue	Op. 8
Text	Ödlan by Mikael Lybeck
Composed	1909
Publisher	Fazer (1997)
Duration	Approx. 17 mins.
Premiere
Date	6 April 1910 (1910-04-06)
Location	Helsinki, Grand Duchy of Finland
Conductor	Jean Sibelius

The Lizard (in Swedish: Ödlan), Op. 8, is a theatre score for string ensemble—comprising six to nine musicians—by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius; he wrote the music in 1909 to accompany the Finnish author Mikael Lybeck's 1908 three-act, Symbolist play (skådespel) of the same name. The story, which takes place at the Eyringe family estate, is a romantic triangle: Alban, an overly-sensitive nobleman with an artist's soul, is engaged to Elisiv, the tender and virtuous nurse who had cared for his late father; however, he struggles to resist the carnal advances of his older cousin Adla (her name is a near homonym for ödla, the Swedish word for lizard), a cunning temptress whose plot to seduce him turns lethal. Sibelius contributed music for two scenes in Act II: Tableau 1, in which Alban plays his violin at the family burial chapel, hoping to summon his deceased relatives; and Tableau 3, in which Elisiv during a fever dream hears "strange" music and, later with three Eyringe ghosts, ponders the thin line between life and death.

The play premiered on 6 April 1910 at the Swedish Theatre in Helsinki; Gustaf Molander and Karin Molander created the roles of Alban and Elisiv, respectively, while the Swedish actress Valborg Hansson guest starred as Adla. During Act II, Sibelius conducted the chamber ensemble, which for effect he positioned behind the stage. The critics praised Sibelius's music as having fit the mood of the play well. Nevertheless, the production folded after just six performances, and The Lizard was never revived in Sibelius's lifetime. Although it was Sibelius's habit to excerpt suites from his theatre scores (as he had with, for example, King Christian II in 1898, Pelléas et Mélisande in 1905, Belshazzar's Feast in 1907, and Swanwhite in 1908), he never did so with The Lizard. Scholars speculate that this is because the music is dependent on the play's action.

The composer thought highly of his contribution to The Lizard, describing it to his patron and confidant Axel Carpelan as "one of the most exquisite works I have written". Stylistically, Sibelius deploys chromaticism to achieve a darkly-colored and dream-like palette. The Lizard comes from Sibelius's "crisis period" (1908–1912) and is therefore a 'psychological' work comparable to the string quartet Voces intimae (1909) and the Fourth Symphony (1911).

In the intervening decades, The Lizard has entered neither the Finnish nor the international repertories, and its significance is therefore primarily as a historical curiosity: Sibelius's lone theatre score for chamber ensemble. Accordingly, it has been recorded only a few times, with Juha Kangas and the Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra having made the world premiere studio recording in 1994. A typical performance lasts about 17 minutes.

History

Mikael Lybeck

Composition

Lybeck began writing The Lizard in 1907 and completed it in 1908; published by Albert Bonnier (Stockholm), the book became available to the public on 20 November 1908. The Finnish literary critics received the play positively, praising in particular the author's concise prose and—surprisingly, given his inexperience in the genre—sure sense for the dramatic; nevertheless, several wondered whether The Lizard could be staged successfully, given its dreamlike scenes and Lybeck's extensive stage directions. Sibelius read the play with alacrity and wrote to Lybeck of its impact.

Premiere

The Swedish actresses Valborg Hansson (left) and Karin Molander (right) created the roles of Adla and Elisiv, respectively, for the 6 April 1910 premiere at the Swedish Theatre.

The fact that Sibelius had contributed original music tended to increase any play's box office.

At the premiere, the ensemble consisted of seven musicians: two first violins (including Victor Carnier, who took the violin solo in Tableau 1), one second violin, one viola, two cellos (one of whom was Bror Persfelt), and one contrabass.

The contract Sibelius signed with Lybeck in 1909 stipulated that the latter would, in exchange for a fee, own the rights to the incidental music. As such, after The Lizard's six performances in 1910, Lybeck took possession of the autograph score and parts. With the playwright's death on 11 October 1925, the music became part of his estate, with which it remained until 1960 when his heirs donated the materials to the Sibelius Museum in Turku. The autograph score is an important historical document because it contains extensive rehearsal markings in the composer's hand. The Lizard finally was published—over 80 years after its premiere—in 1997 by Edition Fazer (now Fennica Gehrman); the publisher advertises the "delicate" score as "Sibelius at his most enchanting ... with "chromatic and whole note motifs and mysterious string tremolos [that] are a direct forerunner of Tapiola.

Lybeck's play

Ödlan, a Symbolist drama, was Lybeck's first play (1908); it earned positive reviews.

Structure and roles

The Lizard is a stage drama in three acts, of which Act II is subdivided further into three tableaux. Sibelius's incidental music is played in Tableau 1 (near the end of the scene) and Tableau 3 (the entirety of the scene). The play includes ten roles, three principal—Alban, Elisiv, and Adla—and seven minor. These are as follows:

Roles	Description	Appearances	Premiere cast (6 April 1910)
Alban	A young count, last of the Eyringe; fiancé of Elisiv	Acts I, II:1–2, III	Gustaf Molander
Elisiv	A young nurse; fiancée of Alban	Acts I, II:1–3, III	Karin Molander
Adla	Alban's older cousin and daughter of Elisabet	Acts I, II:2, III	Valborg Hansson
Baltsar	Uncle of Alban and brother of Alida	Acts I, II:2	Ernst Ahlbom
Bolivar			Mauritz Svedberg
Ben	Uncle of Alban and brother of Alida; a doctor	Acts I, II:2, III	Albert Nycop
Leonard	An old, faithful servant		"Herr Precht"
Ottokar	Father of Alban (appears as a ghost)	Act II:3	Hjalmar Peters
Elisabet	Mother of Alda and first wife of Ottokar (appears as a ghost)		Svea Peters
Alida	Mother of Alban and second wife of Ottokar (appears as a ghost)		"Fru Sjöblom"

The entire play takes place at the Eyringe family estate:

• Act I: The terrace room of the family mansion
• Act II, Tableau 1: The burial chapel^†
• Act II, Tableau 2: The terrace room
• Act II, Tableau 3: Within Elisiv's fever dream^†
• Act III: Elisiv's bedchamber

† Includes music by Sibelius.

Synopsis

In the play, the green lizard—which features on the Eyringe coat of arms, surrounded by 16 white stars—symbolizes evil.

The principal character in the play, Count Alban, is engaged to Elisiv, who represents everything that is pure. But, Adla —word that resembles to Ödlan or lizard— symbolizes evil and arouses both fear and passion in Alban. Elisiv and Adla both struggle to keep Alban's soul on their side. Elisiv trips, falls, and perishes in the struggle, but in revenge, Alban kills the evil that exists within himself - i.e. Adla.

Music

The Lizard is scored for violin solo and small string ensemble, consisting of a minimum of five additional players: 2 violins, viola, cello, and double bass. Sibelius also stipulated that there should be no more than nine players total.

• Adagio—Più adagio, to Act II, Tableau 1
• Grave—Adagio, to Act II, Tableau 3

Measures 1–6 of Tableau 1

Measures 1–5 of Tableau 3

Discography

The Finnish conductor Juha Kangas and the Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra made the world premiere studio recording in the autumn of 1994 for Finlandia Records (now Warner Classics). Critics largely have received The Lizard positively. Erik Levi, who reviewed the Kangas recording for BBC Music Magazine, noted that the "strangely withdrawn" music to The Lizard was one of the few of Sibelius's compositions for strings to have "reach[ed] the compositional heights of the symphonies and tone poems". In his review of the Segerstam recording, Gramophone's Andrew Achenbach declared The Lizard a "fascinating discovery ... luminously scored ... containing much duskily beautiful and splendidly atmospheric invention, not to mention some fascinating harmonic and textural foreshadowings of Tapiola". Similarly, Rob Barnett of MusicWeb International found The Lizard—with its "inky expressionist caverns"—"fascinating ... sinister stuff ... likely to puzzle the Sibelian generalist". On the other hand, David Hurwitz with Classics Today characterizes The Lizard as "all atmosphere and repetition of brief melodic patterns ... something moody that never forces you to pay attention". As such, he concludes, Sibelius was probably wise to never fashion a concert suite from the incidental music: "It would have been nearly impossible ... There's very little actual music here". The sortable table below lists all commercially available recordings of The Lizard:

Conductor	Ensemble	Rec.	Time	Recording venue	Label	Ref.
Juha Kangas	Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra	1994	19:29	Kaustinen Church	Finlandia
Tapio Tuomela	Folkwang Kammerorchester Essen	1995	13:39	Festhalle Viersen	Koch Schwann
—	Various performers	2006	17:05	Kuusankoski Hall	BIS
Leif Segerstam	Turku Philharmonic Orchestra	2014	25:50	Turku Concert Hall	Naxos

Notes, references, and sources

Notes

References

Sources

Books

• Barnett, Andrew (2007). Sibelius. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16397-1.
• Ekman, Karl [in Finnish] (1938) [1935]. Jean Sibelius: His Life and Personality. Translated by Birse, Edward. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. OCLC 896231.
• Goss, Glenda Dawn (2009). Sibelius: A Composer's Life and the Awakening of Finland. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00547-8.
• Grimley, Daniel (2021). Jean Sibelius: Life, Music, Silence. Reaktion Books. ISBN 978-1-78914-466-6.
• Johnson, Harold (1959). Jean Sibelius (1st ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. OCLC 603128.
• Kallberg, Jeffrey (2011). "Theatrical Sibelius: The Melodramatic Lizard". In Grimley, Daniel (ed.). Jean Sibelius and His World. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 74–88. ISBN 978-0-691-15281-3.
• Lybeck, Mikael [in Finnish] (1908). Ödlan: Ett skådespel [The Lizard: A Drama] (in Swedish). Stockholm: Albert Bonnier.
• Rickards, Guy (1997). Jean Sibelius. (20th-century Composers Series). London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-714-83581-5.
• Tawaststjerna, Erik (2008a) [1972; trans. 1986]. Sibelius: Volume II, 1904–1914. Translated by Layton, Robert. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24773-8.
• Tawaststjerna, Erik (2008b) [1978/1988; trans. 1997]. Sibelius: Volume III, 1914–1957. Translated by Layton, Robert. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-24774-5.

Liner notes

• Korhonen, Kimmo [in Finnish] (1996). Sibelius: Works for String Orchestra (CD booklet). Translated by Mäntyjärvi, Jaakko [in Finnish]. Juha Kangas & Ostrobothnian Chamber Orchestra. Finlandia. p. 4–6. 4509–98995–2. OCLC 38214359
• Wells, Dominic (2015). Sibelius: Swanwhite / The Lizard / A Lonely Ski Trail / The Countess' Portrait (CD booklet). Leif Segerstam & Turku Philharmonic Orchestra. Naxos. p. 3–4. 8.573341. OCLC 922995811

Journals and magazines

• Grandison, Emil [in Swedish] (1915). "Gustaf och Karin Molander" [Gustaf and Karin Molander]. In Roosval, Albin [in Swedish] (ed.). Scenisk Konst: Fjortonde Årgången [Scenis Art: Fourteenth Year] (in Swedish). Vol. 14. Stockholm: Fröleén and Co. p. 26.

Newspapers (by date)

• "Hj. L. [Lenning, Hjalmar] [in Finnish] (21 November 1908). "Mikael Lybecks skådespel Ödlan" [Mikael Lybeck's play The Lizard]. Hufvudstadsbladet (in Swedish). No. 319. p. 5.
• "E. Lds." [Lodenius, Elias] [in Finnish] (25 November 1908). "Mikael Lybecks nya bok" [Mikael Lybeck's new book]. Nya Pressen (in Swedish). No. 320. p. 3.
• "Habitué" [Hirn, Julius] [in Finnish] (5 April 1910). "Svenska teatern: Morgondagens premiär" [The Swedish Theatre: Tomorrow's premiere]. Nya Pressen (in Swedish). No. 75. p. 3.
• "Bis" [Wasenius, Karl] [in Finnish] (6 April 1910). "Jean Sibelius' musik till "Ödlan" af Mikael Lybeck" [The music of Jean Sibelius to "The Lizard" by Mikael Lybeck]. Hufvudstadsbladet (in Swedish). No. 91. p. 10–11.
• "Hj. L. [Lenning, Hjalmar] (7 April 1910). "Svenska teatern: Fru Valborg Hanssons gästspel, "Ödlan"" [The Swedish Theatre: Ms. Valborg Hansson's guest performance, "The Lizard"]. Hufvudstadsbladet (in Swedish). No. 92. p. 7.
• "Habitué" [Hirn, Julius] (7 April 1910). "Premiären af "Ödlan" på Svenska teatern" [The premiere of "The Lizard" at the Swedish Theatre]. Nya Pressen (in Swedish). No. 77. p. 4.

Websites

• "Musik till skådesspelet "Ödlan"" [Music for the Play "The Lizard"]. fennicagehrman.fi. Fennica Gehrman. 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
• Achenbach, Andrew (2015). "Sibelius: Swanwhite / The Lizard – Complete Incidental Music". gramophone.co.uk. Gramophone. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
• Barnett, Rob (2014). "Review: The Unknown Sibelius". musicweb-international.com. MusicWeb International. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
• Hurwitz, David. "Swanwhite Meets The Lizard". classicstoday.com. Classics Today. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
• Kurki, Eija (2018). "Belshazzar's Feast and The Lizard: Exoticism, Snake Dances, Violin Playing and Ghosts". SibeliusOne.com. Sibelius One. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
• Levi, Erik (2012). "Sibelius: The Lizard—incidental music; Suite in D minor, Op. 117; Rakastava". classical-music.com. BBC Music Magazine. Retrieved 1 May 2023.
• Sirén, Vesa [in Finnish]. "Incidental music: Op. 8 Ödlan (The Lizard)". sibelius.fi. Finnish Club of Helsinki. Retrieved 17 April 2023.

Reviews

• Lybeck's play was published and made available on 20 November 1908
• The play is a "love drama" ("kärleksdrama") in which a woman struggles to win the man she loves.
• Setting is the old dignified castle of the Eyringarn's ... shady park and ancient trees, with the burial chapel and a atmosphere of secret family tradition and half-forgotten genealogies that surrounds such a manor seat, held by Count Alban
• He is a young man of 23, who after the death of his father Count Ottokar, has assumed possession of the ancestral estate. He is eccentric and nervous, a dreamer and artist, who with his violin seeks solace and peace in music. (Han är excentrisk och nervös, en drömmare och konstnär, som med sin violin söker tröst och lugn i musiken.)
• Alban may be off illegitimate birth: His mother once was with a man who, after years absence, returned and before killing himself tells Alban that he is his real father (and thus that Alban is not the rightful lord of the estate).
• He gets engaged to a young girl named Elisiv, who is a nurse in the castle. She is tender and longs for warmth and protection.
• Adla is Alban's 31-year old cousin. He is mature and strong and possesses burning desire for Alban, who is the love of her life. She is determined to win his heart at all costs. She is Eyringarn in both name and blood. Alban sees her as the personification of the family's image: a lizard which with 16 stars constitutes its heraldry.
• Alban describes Alba to Elisiv as follows: "not only the agility is the same ... and the movements. The lizard is an unusually wise animal, it gathers experience and changes its behavior accordingly. Has a higher nervous life than others. There are also poisonous lizards. And have you noticed how she is still and as if in hibernation in the winter? She is completely different in the winter. But when spring comes and early summer. You think I'm exaggerating?" („inte bara smidigheten är densamma ... och rörelserna. Ödlan är ett ovanligt klokt djur, den samlar erfarenhet och ändrar sitt uppförande därefter. Har ett högre nervlif än andra. Det finnes också giftiga ödlor. Och har du märkt huru hon är stilla och liksom i dvala om vintern? Hon är en helt annan om vintern. Men när våren kommer och försommarn. Du tror att jag öfverdrifver?)
• Adla hates Elisiv and mocks her insignificance; she hunts Elisiv and tries to frighten her. When Elisiv has a strange accident (she slips on the rain-soaked stairs, frightened by a (real!) lizard that is nearby) and badly injures herself.
• In the third tableau of the second act, Elisiv has dream visions during a fever... she hears strange and extremely sensitive music; before her appear the most recently-deceased members of the family" Count Ottokar and his two wives, and below the steps of the burial chapel, a huge lizard can be seen with its head on the ground and its eyes shining like fire slits!
• In Act III, Alban and Adla meet at Elisiv's death bed. Alban is taken by Adele's sensuousness (the blood hymn of life roars through her veins), and embraces her passionately. Elisiv sees!
• The next night, Adla comes again to Elisiv's bed, but this time dressed in a lizard costume with shiny green scales. Alban rushes forward and tells Adla that she, too, must die. The sound of her body being thrown from the balcony and hitting the stone steps of the terrace follows.
• The play is symbolist and has a "distinctly fantastic character". It's unclear that is a dream and what is reality. It may be difficult to translate Elisiv's dreams into the reality of the stage. DRAMATIC DENOUEMENT
• There is a sharp contrast between the realism in some scenes and the symbolic-fantastic element in some others.

Hj. L.

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• Lybeck's style is purposeful and conscise: "where each word, polished and weighed like a precious stone, hides a calculated thought" ("där hvarje ord, afslipadt och vägdt som en dyrbar sten, döljer en beräknad tanke")
• The book is a success: a undoubtedly significant and mature work ... the book unconditionally holds one's attention all the way to the end
• It is a story about people who are oversensitive, abnormal in their soul life.
• It has the veil of a dreamlike mystery and has the character of a fairy tale play, thus bringing to mind Maeterlinck. The characters live on the border between the world and the immaterial beyond.
• The play's richness is not in its action but rather in its psychological drama.
• Count Alban is the last of the Eyringarns and is engaged to a young 19-year old nurse, Elisiv.
• His older cousin is Adla. The other actors are a servant and three uncles: Baltsar, Bolivar and Ben. Adla is a lizard-like woman who symbolizes the family, and she secretly loves passionately her younger cousin.
• The book is about the process of Adla trying to stealthily drive a wedge between the Alban and Elisiv (who is delicate, soft, charmingly so), who are united in a love borne of refined sensitivity feeling of estrangement.
• The open are not, however, in open/public opposition, and Elisiv does not even know what Adla is up to. ... Adla inspires Alban's desires, as well as those of other men.
• Alban is nervous and excitable, and has a morbid artist's soul ... he is a tormented dreamer haunted by the unresolved and uninvestigated secretive conditions of his birth.
• He can only free himself from Adele's power with her death. Alban has a very confused state of mind, at once attracted to and repulsed by Adla.
• The mood is one of doom.
• Elisiv is frightened by a lizard and falls down the stone stairs, badly hurting herself ... dizzy, she has visions that haunt her. She sees Alban's father and mother, as well as his previous wife. They all converse about the riddles of existence and the line between life and death.
• Alban allows himself to be seduced into embracing and kissing the lizard woman ... intoxication of the mind. She tries again to seduce him.
• The death of the beloved at the moment Adla in a lizard costume sneaks int the sick room, and there is a brief fight between Adla and Alban on the balcony. Curtain falls.

E. Lds

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