Jump to content

User:Shivansh.ganjoo/sandbox

Coordinates: 33°27′N 76°14′E / 33.45°N 76.24°E / 33.45; 76.24
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This page is about the Indian state. For the proposed union territory, see Jammu and Kashmir (union territory). For the former princely state, see Jammu and Kashmir (princely state).

Jammu and Kashmir
State
Clockwise from top: Rangdum village, Tso Moriri, Leh city and Likir Monastery
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir
Flag
Official logo of Jammu and Kashmir
Emblem
Jammu and Kashmir
Location of Jammu and Kashmir in India
Map of Jammu and Kashmir
Map of Jammu and Kashmir
Coordinates (Srinagar): 33°27′N 76°14′E / 33.45°N 76.24°E / 33.45; 76.24
CountryIndia
Admission to Union26 October 1947
CapitalSrinagar (May–October)
Jammu (November–April)[1]
Districts22
Government
[*]
 • BodyGovernment of Jammu and Kashmir
 • GovernorSatya Pal Malik[2]
 • Chief MinisterVacant
(President's rule)[3]
 • LegislatureBicameral (89 seats in the Assembly + 36 seats in the Council)
(currently dissolved)
 • Parliamentary constituencyRajya Sabha (4)
Lok Sabha (6)
 • High CourtJammu and Kashmir High Court
Area
 • Total
222,236 km2 (85,806 sq mi)
 • Rank5th[note 1]
Highest elevation
[4] (Saltoro Kangri)
7,742 m (25,400 ft)
Lowest elevation
(Chenab River)
247 m (810 ft)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total
12,541,302
 • Rank19th
 • Density56/km2 (150/sq mi)
GDP
[5]
 • Total (2018–19)₹1.16 trillion (US$14 billion)
Time zoneUTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-JK
HDIIncrease 0.684[6] (medium)
HDI rank17th (2017)
Literacy68.74 (30th)
Official languagesUrdu[7]
Other spokenKashmiri, Hindi, Dogri, Punjabi, Pahari, Gojri, Balti, Dadri, Ladakhi[7][8][9] Zangskari,[10] Bhadarwahi,[11] Purgi,[12] Tibetan,[13] Bateri,[14] Shina,[15] Burushaski,[16] Brokskat[17] and Khowar[18]
Websitejammukashmir.nic.in
State symbols of Jammu and Kashmir
Bird
Black-necked crane
Flower
Lotus
Mammal
Kashmir stag
Tree
Chinar tree

Jammu and Kashmir (/ˈdʒæmuː, ˈdʒʌmuː/ and /kæʃˈmɪər, ˈkæʃmɪər/ ⓘ[19]) is a state in India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent, and a part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since 1947.[20][21]

The underlying region of this state was the southern and eastern part of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, whose western districts, now known as Azad Kashmir, and northern territories, now known as Gilgit-Baltistan, are administered by Pakistan.[note 2] The Aksai Chin region in the east, bordering Tibet, has been under Chinese control since 1962.

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three regions: (a) the Kashmir Valley, which accounts for 54.9% of the population of Jammu and Kashmir, and 15.7% of the area; 96.4% of the Valley's population is Muslim; (b) the Jammu Division, which accounts for 42.9% of the population of Jammu and Kashmir, and 25.9% of its area; 62.5% of Jammu's population is Hindu, and 33.5% Muslim; (c) and Ladakh, which accounts for 2.8% of the population of Jammu and Kashmir and 58.4% of its area; Muslims constitute 46.6% of the population of Ladakh, Buddhists 39.7%, and Hindus, 12.1%. Overall, in the state, Muslims constitute 68.31% of the population, Hindus 28.43%, Sikhs 1.87% and Buddhists 0.89%. Jammu and Kashmir is one of the two administrative divisions of India with a Muslim-majority population (the other being Lakshadweep).[27]

On 5 August 2019, the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution. The Parliament of India also passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which will reorganise the state into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir, and Ladakh.[28] The new union territories are planned to come into effect on 31 October 2019.[29]

History

[edit]

Accession

[edit]
Main articles: History of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir (princely state), and Kashmir conflict
Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh (1895–1961)
The Instrument of Accession of Kashmir to India was accepted by Governor General Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma.

Maharaja Hari Singh became the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir in 1925, and he was the reigning monarch at the conclusion of the British rule in the subcontinent in 1947. With the impending independence of India, the British announced that the British Paramountcy over the princely states would end, and the states were free to choose between the new Dominions of India and Pakistan or to remain independent. It was emphasized that independence was only a ‘theoretical possibility’ because, during the long rule of the British in India, the states had come to depend on British Indian government for a variety of their needs including their internal and external security.

Jammu and Kashmir had a Muslim majority (77% Muslim by the previous census in 1941[30]). Following the logic of Partition, many people in Pakistan expected that Kashmir would join Pakistan. However, the predominant political movement in the Valley of Kashmir (Jammu and Kashmir National Conference) was secular and was allied with the Indian National Congress since the 1930s. So many in India too had expectations that Kashmir would join India.[31][32] The Maharaja was faced with indecision.[note 3]

On 22 October 1947, rebellious citizens from the western districts of the State and Pushtoon tribesmen from the Northwest Frontier Province of Pakistan invaded the State, backed by Pakistan.[33][34] The Maharaja initially fought back but appealed for assistance to India,[35][36] who agreed on the condition that the ruler accede to India.[37] Maharaja Hari Singh signed the Instrument of Accession on 26 October 1947 in return for military aid and assistance,[38] which was accepted by the Governor General the next day.[39][40] While the Government of India accepted the accession, it added the proviso that it would be submitted to a "reference to the people" after the state is cleared of the invaders, since "only the people, not the Maharaja, could decide where the people of J&K wanted to live." It was a provisional accession.[41][42][43][note 4]

Once the Instrument of Accession was signed, Indian soldiers entered Kashmir with orders to evict the raiders. The resulting Indo-Pakistani War of 1947 lasted till the end of 1948. At the beginning of 1948, India took the matter to the United Nations Security Council. The Security Council passed a resolution asking Pakistan to withdraw its forces as well as the Pakistani nationals from the territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and India to withdraw the majority of its forces leaving only a sufficient number to maintain law and order, following which a plebiscite would be held. A ceasefire was agreed on 1 January 1949, supervised by UN observers.[44]

A special United Nations Commission for India and Pakistan (UNCIP) was set up to negotiate the withdrawal arrangements as per the Security Council resolution. The UNCIP made three visits to the subcontinent between 1948 and 1949, trying to find a solution agreeable to both India and Pakistan.[45] It passed a resolution in August 1948 proposing a three-part process. It was accepted by India but effectively rejected by Pakistan.[note 5] In the end, no withdrawal was ever carried out, India insisting that Pakistan had to withdraw first, and Pakistan contending that there was no guarantee that India would withdraw afterward.[46] No agreement could be reached between the two countries on the process of demilitarization.[47]

India and Pakistan fought two further wars in 1965 and 1971. Following the latter war, the countries reached the Simla Agreement, agreeing on a Line of Control between their respective regions and committing to a peaceful resolution of the dispute through bilateral negotiations.

Debate over accession

[edit]

The primary argument for the continuing debate over the ownership of Kashmir is that India did not hold the promised plebiscite. In fact, neither side has adhered to the UN resolution of 13 August 1948; while India chose not to hold the plebiscite, Pakistan failed to withdraw its troops from Kashmir as was required under the resolution.

India gives the following reasons for not holding the plebiscite:

"WE, THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR,
having solemnly resolved, in pursuance of the accession of this State to India which took place on the twenty-sixth day of October 1947, to further define the existing relationship of the State with the Union of India as an integral part thereof, and to secure to ourselves-

JUSTICE, social, economic and political;

LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith, and worship;

EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among us all;

FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity of the nation;

IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this seventeenth day of November, 1956, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION."

-Preamble of Constitution of Jammu & Kashmir.[48]

  • United Nations Security Council Resolution 47 on Kashmir was passed by UNSC under chapter VI of UN Charter, which are non-binding and have no mandatory enforceability.[49][50] In March 2001, the then Secretary-General of the United Nations, Kofi Annan during his visit to India and Pakistan, remarked that Kashmir resolutions are only advisory recommendations and comparing with those on East Timor and Iraq was like comparing apples and oranges, since those resolutions were passed under chapter VII, which make it enforceable by UNSC.[51][52][53][54][55][56] In 2003, then Pakistan President Pervez Musharraf announced that Pakistan was willing to back off from demand for UN resolutions for Kashmir if India accepted Kashmir as a disputed territory and agreed on that basis to sit with Pakistan to solve the problem.[57][58][59]
  • Moreover, India alleges that Pakistan failed to fulfill the pre-conditions by withdrawing its troops from the Kashmir region as was required under the same UN resolution of 13 August 1948 which discussed the plebiscite.[60][61][62][63]
  • India has consistently held that UN resolutions are now completely irrelevant and Kashmir dispute is a bilateral issue and it has to be resolved under 1972 Simla Agreement and 1999 Lahore Declaration.[64][65][66]
  • The 1948–49 UN resolutions can no longer be applied, according to India, because of changes in the original territory, with some parts "having been handed over to China by Pakistan and demographic changes having been effected in Azad Kashmir and the Northern Areas."[citation needed]
  • Another reason for the abandonment of the referendum is because demographic changes after 1947 have been effected in Pakistan-administered Kashmir, as generations of Pakistani individuals non-native to the region have been allowed to take residence in Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[60][67] Furthermore, India alleges that the demographics of the Kashmir Valley have been altered after separatist militants coerced 250,000 Kashmiri Hindus to leave the region.[68][69][70]
  • India cites the 1951 elected Constituent assembly of Jammu and Kashmir, which voted in favour of confirming accession to India. Also, the 2014 assembly elections saw the highest voter turnout in the state in the last 25 years, prompting Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi to claim that it reflects the faith of the Kashmiri people in the democratic system of India and that they have given a "strong message to the world".[71][72]

In response Pakistan holds that:

  • A statement from the British Cabinet Mission in India in 1946 confirmed that Jammu and Kashmir, a princely state at the time of partition, was a sovereign territory, and Article 7 of the Indian Independence Act of 1947 dealing with lapse of suzerainty of the British Crown over the Indian states reaffirmed this fact, so the Kashmiri people had a vested right of self-determination from the time of independence.[73]
  • The Kashmiri's right of self-determination was further secured by the progressive development of customary international law in relation to this collective freedom. General Assembly Resolution 1514 (1960) firmly recognized the right of colonial people to self-determination; and General Assembly Resolution 2625 (1970) subsequently affirmed the right of internal self-determination, of which the population of Kashmir has consistently been deprived.[73]
  • The popular Kashmiri insurgency which erupted on 1989 demonstrates that the Kashmiri people no longer wish to remain within India. Pakistan suggests that this means that Kashmir either wants to be with Pakistan or independent.[74]
  • According to the two-nation theory, which is the base of partition that created India and Pakistan, Kashmir should have been with Pakistan, because it has a Muslim majority.[75]
  • India has shown disregard to the resolutions of the UN Security Council and the United Nations Commission in India and Pakistan by failing to hold a plebiscite to determine the future allegiance of the state.[76]
  • In 2007 there were reports of extrajudicial killings in Indian-administered Kashmir by Indian security forces while claiming they were caught up in encounters with militants. The encounters go largely uninvestigated by the authorities, and the perpetrators are spared criminal prosecution.[77][78] Human rights organisations have strongly condemned Indian troops for widespread abuses and murder of civilians while accusing these civilians of being militants.[79][80][81]

Diplomatic relations between India and Pakistan soured for many other reasons[37] and eventually resulted in three further wars in Kashmir: the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, the Indo-Pakistan War of 1971 and the Kargil War in 1999. India has control of 45% of the area of the former Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir (Jammu, Kashmir Valley, Ladakh and Siachen Glacier); Pakistan controls 35% of the region (Gilgit–Baltistan and Azad Kashmir). China administers 20% (Aksai Chin and Trans-Karakoram Tract) of the state since 1962.[82]

The Chenab formula was a compromise proposed in the 1960s, in which the Kashmir valley and other Muslim-dominated areas north of the Chenab river would go to Pakistan, and Jammu and other Hindu-dominated regions would go to India.[83]

The eastern region of the erstwhile princely state has also been beset with a boundary dispute. In the late 19th- and early 20th centuries, although some boundary agreements were signed between Great Britain, Tibet, Afghanistan and Russia over the northern borders of Kashmir[citation needed], China never accepted these agreements, and the official Chinese position did not change with the communist revolution in 1949. By the mid-1950s the Chinese army had entered the northeast portion of Ladakh.[84]

By 1956–57 they had completed a military road through the Aksai Chin area to provide better communication between Xinjiang and western Tibet. India's belated discovery of this road led to border clashes between the two countries that culminated in the Sino-Indian war of October 1962.[85] China has occupied Aksai Chin since 1962 and, in addition, an adjoining region, the Trans-Karakoram Tract was ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963.

For intermittent periods between 1957, when the state approved its own Constitution,[86] and the death of Sheikh Abdullah in 1982, the state had alternating spells of stability and discontent. In the late 1980s, however, simmering discontent over the high-handed policies of the Union Government[87] and allegations of the rigging of the 1987 assembly elections[87] triggered a violent uprising which was backed by Pakistan.[88]

Since then, the region has seen a prolonged, bloody conflict between separatists and the Indian Army, both of whom have been accused of widespread human rights abuses, including abductions, massacres, rapes and armed robbery.[89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98] The army has officially denied these allegations.[99] However, violence in the state has been on the decline since 2004 with the peace process between India and Pakistan.[100]

Separatist insurgency and militancy since 1989

[edit]

In 1989, a widespread popular and armed insurgency[101][102] started in Kashmir. After the 1987 state legislative assembly election, some of the results were disputed. This resulted in the formation of militant wings and marked the beginning of the Mujahadeen insurgency, which continues to this day.[103] India contends that the insurgency was largely started by Afghan mujahadeen who entered the Kashmir valley following the end of the Soviet–Afghan War.[104] Yasin Malik, a leader of one faction of the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, was one of the Kashmiris to organise militancy in Kashmir, along with Ashfaq Majid Wani and Farooq Ahmed Dar (alias Bitta Karate). Since 1995, Malik has renounced the use of violence and calls for strictly peaceful methods to resolve the dispute. Malik developed differences with one of the senior leaders, Farooq Siddiqui (alias Farooq Papa), for shunning demands for an independent Kashmir and trying to cut a deal with the Indian Prime Minister. This resulted in a split in which Bitta Karate, Salim Nanhaji, and other senior comrades joined Farooq Papa.[105][106] Pakistan claims these insurgents are Jammu and Kashmir citizens and are rising up against the Indian army as part of an independence movement. Amnesty International has accused security forces in Indian-controlled Kashmir of exploiting an Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act that enables them to "hold prisoners without trial". The group argues that the law, which allows security forces to detain individuals for up to two years without presenting charges violates prisoners' human rights.[107][108] In 2011, the state humans right commission said it had evidence that 2,156 bodies had been buried in 40 graves over the last 20 years.[108] The authorities deny such accusations. The security forces say the unidentified dead are militants who may have originally come from outside India. They also say that many of the missing people have crossed into Pakistan-administered Kashmir to engage in militancy.[108] However, according to the state human rights commission, among the identified bodies 574 were those of "disappeared locals", and according to Amnesty International's annual human rights report (2012) it was sufficient for "belying the security forces' claim that they were militants".[109]

Separatist violence in the region has been observed to decline.[110] However, following the unrest in 2008, which included more than 500,000 protesters at a rally on 18 August, secessionist movements gained a boost.[111][112] Further the 2016–17 Kashmir unrest culminated in the deaths of more than 90 civilians,[113] with over 15,000 civilians injured.[114]

Police in Kashmir confronting violent protesters in December 2018

The 2009 edition of the Freedom in the World Report by the US-based NGO Freedom House rated Jammu and Kashmir as "Partly Free",[115] while in comparison, the same report rated Pakistan-administered Kashmir as "Not Free."[116] However, in the same report the Political rights and Civil liberties scored 6 and 5 respectively for Azad Kashmir[116] while as for Jammu and Kashmir[115] the scores were 5 and 4 respectively.

Six policemen, including a sub-inspector were killed in an ambush by militants in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir on 15 June 2017, by trespassing militants of the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba. 116 illegal trespassing cases along the India-Pak border in Jammu and Kashmir were reported in 2015 and 2016, including 88 in 2016. A total of 59 Army personnel have lost their lives in counter-terror operations in J&K since 2016.[117]

An attack on an Indian police convoy on the Jammu-Srinagar National Highway in February 2019, resulted in the deaths of 40 police officers. Responsibility for the attack was claimed by a Pakistan-backed millitant group.[118][119]

Reorganisation

[edit]
Main articles: Jammu and Kashmir (union territory) and Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill, 2019

The Bharatiya Janata Party came to power in the 2014 Indian general election and five years later included in their 2019 election manifesto the revocation of Article 370 of the Constitution of India.

In August 2019 both houses of the Parliament of India passed resolutions to change the constitutional status of Jammu and Kashmir which allowed the President of India make Constitutional Orders to officially amend Article 370 and to extend the application of the Constitution of India in its entirety to the state.[120][121][122][123]

At the same time, a reorganisation bill was presented in the Parliament of India, which proposed to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories, the union territory of Jammu and Kashmir, and that of Ladakh. Ladakh will include the districts of Leh and Kargil, while the other 20 districts would remain in Jammu and Kashmir.[124] The new union territory of Jammu and Kashmir will have an elected legislative assembly, cabinet and chief minister with competencies in all areas of the state list except public order and policing.[125] The bill was passed by both houses of parliament and was assented to by the President of India on 9 August 2019.[126] The new structure will come into effect on 31 October 2019.[29]

Geography and climate

[edit]
Main article: Geography of Jammu and Kashmir
Saser Kangri with an elevation of 7,672 m (25,171 ft) in Ladakh
The Kashmir Valley with an average elevation of 1,600 m (5,249 ft)
Plains of Jammu with an average elevation of 400 m (1,300 ft)

Jammu and Kashmir is home to several valleys such as the Kashmir Valley, Tawi Valley, Chenab Valley, Poonch Valley, Sind Valley and Lidder Valley. The main Kashmir Valley is 100 km (62 mi) wide and 15,520.3 km2 (5,992.4 sq mi) in area. The Himalayas divide the Kashmir valley from Ladakh while the Pir Panjal range, which encloses the valley from the west and the south, separates it from the Great Plains of northern India. Along the northeastern flank of the Valley runs the main range of the Himalayas. This densely settled and beautiful valley has an average height of 1,850 metres (6,070 ft) above sea-level but the surrounding Pir Panjal range has an average elevation of 5,000 metres (16,000 ft).

Because of Jammu and Kashmir's wide range of elevations, its biogeography is diverse. Northwestern thorn scrub forests and Himalayan subtropical pine forests are found in the low elevations of the far southwest. These give way to a broad band of western Himalayan broadleaf forests running from northwest-southeast across the Kashmir Valley. Rising into the mountains, the broadleaf forests grade into western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests. Above the tree line are found northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows. Much of the northeast of the state is covered by the Karakoram-West Tibetan Plateau alpine steppe. Around the highest elevations, there is no vegetation, simply rock and ice.

The Jhelum River is the only major Himalayan river which flows through the Kashmir valley. The Indus, Tawi, Ravi and Chenab are the major rivers flowing through the state. Jammu and Kashmir is home to several Himalayan glaciers. With an average altitude of 5,753 metres (18,875 ft) above sea-level, the Siachen Glacier is 76 km (47 mi) long making it the longest Himalayan glacier.

The climate of Jammu and Kashmir varies greatly owing to its rugged topography. In the south around Jammu, the climate is typically monsoonal, though the region is sufficiently far west to average 40 to 50 mm (1.6 to 2.0 in) of rain per month between January and March. In the hot season, Jammu city is very hot and can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) whilst in July and August, very heavy though erratic rainfall occurs with monthly extremes of up to 650 millimetres (26 in). In September, rainfall declines, and by October conditions are hot but extremely dry, with minimal rainfall and temperatures of around 29 °C (84 °F).

Across from the Pir Panjal range, the South Asian monsoon is no longer a factor and most precipitation falls in the spring from southwest cloud bands. Because of its closeness to the Arabian Sea, Srinagar receives as much as 635 millimetres (25 in) of rain from this source, with the wettest months being March to May with around 85 millimetres (3.3 in) per month. Across from the main Himalaya Range, even the southwest cloud bands break up and the climate of Ladakh and Zanskar is extremely dry and cold. Annual precipitation is only around 100 mm (3.9 in) per year and humidity is very low. In this region, almost all above 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) above sea level, winters are extremely cold. In Zanskar, the average January temperature is −20 °C (−4 °F) with extremes as low as −40 °C (−40 °F). All the rivers freeze over and locals make river crossings during this period because their high levels from glacier melt in summer inhibits crossing. In summer in Ladakh and Zanskar, days are typically a warm 20 °C (68 °F), but with the low humidity and thin air nights can still be cold.

Division Area (km2) Area (%)
Kashmir 15,948 15.73%
Jammu 26,293 25.93%
Ladakh 59,146 58.33%
Jammu and Kashmir 101,387 100%

Administrative divisions

[edit]
The Divisions of Jammu and Kashmir: Kashmir (green), Jammu (orange) and Ladakh (blue)
Main article: List of districts in Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir consists of three divisions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley and Ladakh, and is further divided into 22 districts.[127] The Siachen Glacier, although under Indian military control, does not lie under the administration of the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Kishtwar, Ramban, Reasi, Samba, Bandipora, Ganderbal, Kulgam and Shopian are newly formed districts, and their areas are included with those of the districts from which they were formed.[127]

Division Name Headquarters Area (km²) Population
2001 Census		 Population
2011 Census
Jammu Kathua District Kathua 2,651 550,084 615,711
Jammu District Jammu 3,097 1,343,756 1,526,406
Samba District Samba 904 245,016 318,611
Udhampur District Udhampur 4,550 475,068 555,357
Reasi District Reasi 1,719 268,441 314,714
Rajouri District Rajouri 2,630 483,284 619,266
Poonch District Poonch 1,674 372,613 476,820
Doda District Doda 11,691 320,256 409,576
Ramban District Ramban 1,329 180,830 283,313
Kishtwar District Kishtwar 1,644 190,843 231,037
Total for division Jammu 26,293 4,430,191 5,350,811
Kashmir Anantnag District Anantnag 3,984 734,549 1,069,749
Kulgam District Kulgam 1,067 437,885 423,181
Pulwama District Pulwama 1,398 441,275 570,060
Shopian District Shopian 612.87 211,332 265,960
Budgam District Budgam 1,371 629,309 755,331
Srinagar District Srinagar 2,228 990,548 1,250,173
Ganderbal District Ganderbal 259 211,899 297,003
Bandipora District Bandipora 398 316,436 385,099
Baramulla District Baramulla 4,588 853,344 1,015,503
Kupwara District Kupwara 2,379 650,393 875,564
Total for division Srinagar 15,948 5,476,970 6,907,622
Ladakh Kargil District Kargil 14,036 119,307 143,388
Leh District Leh 45,110 117,232 147,104
Total for division Leh 59,146 236,539 290,492
Total 101,387 10,143,700 12,548,925

Urban Local Bodies (ULB) List

[edit]

Municipal corporations: 2 – Srinagar, Jammu

Municipal councils: 6 – Udhampur, Kathua, Poonch, Anantnag, Baramulla, Sopore

Municipal Committees: 70 – Akhnoor, Gho Manhasan, Bishnah, Arnia, RS Pura, Khour, Jourian, Samba, Vijaypur, Bari Brahmana, Ramgarh, Hiranagar, Basohli, Lakhenpur, Billawar, Parole, Rajouri, Sunderbani, Kalakote, Nowshera, Thanamandi, Kishtwar, Chenani, Ramnagar, Katra, Reasi, Doda, Thathri, Bhaderwah, Ramban, Batote, Banihal, Surankote, Achabal, Bijbehara, Kokernag, Mattan, Quazigund, Aishmuquam, Seer Hamdan, Verinag, Kulgam, Devsar, Yaripora, Frisal, Pulwama, Pampore, Tral, Khrew, Awantipora, Shopian, Ganderbal, Budgam, Khansahib, Magam, Beerwah, Chadoora, Charari Sharief, Kunzer, Pattan, Uri, Watergam, Bandipora, Sumbal, Hajin, Kupwara, Handwara, Langate, Leh, Kargil.[128]

Demographics

[edit]
Population increase
YearPop.±%
19513,254,000—    
19613,561,000+9.4%
19714,617,000+29.7%
19815,987,000+29.7%
19917,837,000+30.9%
200110,143,700+29.4%
201112,548,926+23.7%
Source:Census of India[129][130]
The 1991 Census could not be held in Jammu and Kashmir, the 1991 population is interpolated.

Religion in Jammu And Kashmir (2011)[131]

  Islam (68.31%)
  Hinduism (28.43%)
  Sikhism (1.87%)
  Buddhism (0.89%)
  Christianity (0.28%)
  Jainism (0.01%)
  Other or none (0.01%)
  Atheist (0.001%)

Languages of Jammu and Kashmir (2011)[132]

  Kashmiri (53.27%)
  Hindi (20.83%)
  Dogri (20.04%)
  Punjabi (1.75%)
  Other (4.11%)

The major ethnic groups living in Jammu and Kashmir include Kashmiris, Gujjars/Bakarwals, Paharis, Dogras and Ladakhis.[133] The Kashmiris live mostly in the main valley of Kashmir and Chenab valley of Jammu division with a minority living in the Pir Panjal region. The Pahari-speaking people mostly live in and around the Pir Panjal region with some in the northern Kashmir valley. The nomadic Gujjars and Bakerwals practice transhumance and mostly live in the Pirpanjal region. The Dogras are ethnically, linguistically and culturally related to the neighboring Punjabi people and mostly live in the Udhampur and Jammu districts of the state. The Ladakhis inhabit Ladakh region.

Jammu and Kashmir is one of India's two administrative divisions (the other being the Union territory of Lakshadweep which is overwhelmingly Muslim) with a Muslim majority population. According to the 2011 census, Islam is practised by about 68.3% of the state population,[134] while 28.4% follow Hinduism and small minorities follow Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.9%) and Christianity (0.3%).[131] About 96.4% of the population of the Kashmir valley are Muslim followed by Hindus (2.45%) and Sikhs (0.98%) and others (0.17%)[135] Shias live in the district of Badgam, where they are a majority.[136] The Shia population is estimated to comprise 14% of the state's population.[137]

In Jammu, Hindus constitute 62.55% of the population, Muslims 33.45% and Sikhs, 3.3%; In Ladakh (comprises Buddhists-dominated Leh and Shia Muslim-dominated Kargil), Muslims constitute about 46.4% of the population, the remaining being Buddhists (39.7%) and Hindus (12.1%).[135] The people of Ladakh are of Indo-Tibetan origin, while the southern area of Jammu includes many communities tracing their ancestry to the nearby Indian states of Haryana and Punjab, as well as the city of Delhi.

According to political scientist Alexander Evans, approximately 99% of the total population of 160,000–170,000 of Kashmiri Brahmins, also called Kashmiri Pandits, (i.e. approximately 150,000 to 160,000) left the Kashmir Valley in 1990 as militancy engulfed the state.[138] According to an estimate by the Central Intelligence Agency, about 300,000 Kashmiri Pandits from the entire state of Jammu and Kashmir have been internally displaced due to the ongoing violence.[139]

The pre-independence Census of 1941 recorded Muslims as constituting 72.41% of the population, and Hindus 25.01%. In the 1961 census, the first one to be conducted after the partition of the State, Muslims constituted 68.31% of the population and Hindus 28.45%. The proportion of Muslims fell to 64.19% by 1981 but recovered afterward, reaching 68.31% again by 2011.[140]

Division % Area % Population Population % Muslim % Hindu % Sikh % Buddhist and other
Kashmir 15.73% 54.93% 6,888,475 96.40% 2.45% 0.98% 0.17%
Jammu 25.93% 42.89% 5,378,538 33.45% 62.55% 3.30% 0.70%
Ladakh 58.33% 2.18% 274,289 46.40% 12.11% 0.82% 39.67%
Jammu and Kashmir 100% 100% 12,541,302 68.31% 28.43% 1.87% 0.89%
  • Statistics from the 2011 Census India: Population by religious community
  • 525,000 refugees from Indian-administered portions of the state (mainly the Jammu province) migrated to Pakistan and Azad Kashmir in 1947–48.[141][142]: 125 
  • 226,000 refugees from Pakistan-administered Kashmir migrated to India and Jammu and Kashmir in 1947–48.[141]
  • An estimated 50,000-150,000 Kashmiri Muslims and 150,000–300,000 Kashmiri Pandits have been internally displaced due to the conflict.[138][143]

In Jammu and Kashmir, the principal spoken languages are Kashmiri, Urdu, Dogri, Hindi, Punjabi, Pahari, Balti, Ladakhi, Gojri, Shina and Pashto. However, Urdu written in the Persian script is the official language of the state. Hindustani is widely understood by peoples. Many speakers of these languages use Urdu or English as a second language.[144]

Urdu occupies a central space in media, education, religious and political discourses, and the legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. The language is said to function as a symbol of identity among Muslims of South Asia.[145] Additionally, as the language is regarded as a "neutral" and non-native language of the multilingual region, its acceptance was broadly accepted by Kashmiri Muslims.[146] The use of Urdu as the official language of Jammu and Kashmir has also been criticised by Rajeshwari V. Pandharipande of the University of Illinois on the basis that the language is spoken as a native language by less than 1% of the population, and has rendered Kashmiri, spoken by 53% of the population, into a functional "minority language," effectively restricting its use to home and family.[147][148]

The Kashmir Valley is dominated by ethnic Kashmiris, who have largely driven the campaign for secession from India. Non-Kashmiri Muslim ethnic groups (Paharis, Gujjars and Bakarwalas), who dominate areas along the Line of Control, have remained indifferent to the separatist campaign.[citation needed] Jammu province region has a 70:30 Hindu-Muslim ratio. Parts of the region were hit by militants, but violence has ebbed there, along with the Valley, after India and Pakistan started a peace process in 2004.[149]

Dogras (67%) are the single largest group in the multi-ethnic region of Jammu living with Punjabis, Kashmiris, Paharis, Bakerwals and Gujjars. Statehood is demanded in Hindu-dominated districts. Ladakh is the largest region in the state with over 200,000 people. Its two districts are Leh (68% Buddhist) and Kargil (91% Muslim population). Union territory status has been the key demand of Leh Buddhists for many years.[149]

Politics and government

[edit]
Main articles: Politics of Jammu and Kashmir, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir Legislature, and Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir
See also: Elections in Jammu and Kashmir and Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election, 2014
Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India permitted to fly a distinctive state flag.
Narendra Modi in Srinagar

Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India which enjoyed special autonomy under Article 370 of the Constitution of India, according to which no law enacted by the Parliament of India, except for those in the field of defence, communication and foreign policy, will be extendable in Jammu and Kashmir unless it is ratified by the state legislature of Jammu and Kashmir. Subsequently, jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of India over Jammu and Kashmir has been extended.[150]

Jammu and Kashmir was the only Indian state to have its own official state flag along with national flag[151] and constitution. Indians from other states cannot purchase land or property in the state.[152] Designed by the then ruling National Conference, the flag of Jammu and Kashmir features a plough on a red background symbolising labour; it replaced the Maharaja's state flag. The three stripes represent the three distinct administrative divisions of the state, namely Jammu, Valley of Kashmir, and Ladakh.[153]

In 1990, an Armed Forces Act, which gives special powers to the Indian security forces, has been enforced in Jammu and Kashmir.[154] The decision to invoke this act was criticised by the Human Rights Watch.[155] Amnesty International has strongly condemned the implementation of this Act that grants virtual immunity to security forces from prosecution.[156] Minar Pimple, Senior Director of Global Operations at Amnesty International states.[157]

Like all the states of India, Jammu and Kashmir has a multi-party democratic system of governance with a bicameral legislature. At the time of drafting the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir, 100 seats were earmarked for direct elections from territorial constituencies. Of these, 25 seats were reserved for the areas of Jammu and Kashmir State that came under Pakistani occupation; this was reduced to 24 after the 12th amendment of the Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir:[158]

"The territory of the State shall comprise all the territories which on the fifteenth day of August 1947, were under the sovereignty or suzerainty of the Ruler of the State" and Section 48 therein states that, "Notwithstanding anything contained in section 47, until the area of the State under the occupations of Pakistan ceases to so occupied and the people residing in that area elect their representatives (a) twenty-five seats in the Legislative Assembly shall remain vacant and shall not be taken into account for reckoning the total member-ship of the Assembly; and the said area shall be excluded in delimiting the territorial Constituencies Under Section 47".

After a delimitation in 1988, the total number of seats increased to 111, of which 87 were within Indian-administered territory.[159] The Jammu & Kashmir Assembly is the only state in India to have a 6-year term, in contrast to the norm of a 5-year term followed in every other state's Assembly.[160] There was indication from the previous INC Government to bring parity with the other states,[161] but this does not seem to have received the required support to pass into law.

Influential political parties include the Jammu & Kashmir National Conference (NC), the Indian National Congress (INC), the Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party (PDP), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and other smaller regional parties. After dominating Kashmir's politics for years, the National Conference's influence waned in 2002, when INC and PDP formed a political alliance and rose to power.[162] Under the power-sharing agreement, INC leader Ghulam Nabi Azad replaced PDP's Mufti Mohammad Sayeed as the Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir in late 2005. However, in 2008, PDP withdrew its support from the government on the issue of temporary diversion of nearly 40 acres (16 ha) of land to the Sri Amarnath Shrine Board.[163] In the 2008 Kashmir Elections that were held from 17 November to 24 December, the National Conference party and the Congress party together won enough seats in the state assembly to form a ruling alliance.[164] In the 2014 election, the voter turnout was recorded at 65% – the highest in the history of the state. The results gave a fractured mandate to either parties – the PDP won 28 seats, BJP 25, NC 15 and INC 12. After 2 months of deliberations and president's rule, the BJP and the PDP announced an agreement for a coalition government, and PDP patron Mufti Mohammad Sayeed was sworn-in as CM for a second term, with Nirmal Singh of the BJP sworn-in as deputy CM. This also marked the first time in 35 years that the BJP was a coalition partner in the state government.

Economy

[edit]
Economy of Jammu and Kashmir
Farming in Ladakh
CurrencyIndian Rupee
Statistics
GDP₹1.57 trillion (US$19 billion) (2018–19 est.)
GDP rank22nd
GDP growth
6.9% (2018–19 est.)[5]
GDP by sector
Agriculture 22%
Industry 25%
Services 56% (2018-19)
Public finances
45.6% of GDP (2018–19 est.)[5]
Revenues₹711 billion (US$8.5 billion) (2018–19 est.)[5]
Expenses₹803 billion (US$9.6 billion) (2018–19 est.) [5]
All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.
Tourism forms an integral part of the state's economy. Shown here is the Shalimar Gardens. Mughal emperor Jahangir inscribed Amir Khusrau's famous paradise on Earth verse in the gardens.[165][166][167]

Jammu and Kashmir's economy is predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities.[168] The Kashmir Valley is known for its sericulture and cold-water fisheries. Wood from Kashmir is used to make high-quality cricket bats, popularly known as Kashmir Willow. Kashmiri saffron is very famous and brings the state a handsome amount of foreign exchange. Agricultural exports from Jammu and Kashmir include apples, barley, cherries, corn, millet, oranges, rice, peaches, pears, saffron, sorghum, vegetables, and wheat, while manufactured exports include handicrafts, rugs, and shawls.

Horticulture plays a vital role in the economic development of the state. With an annual turnover of over ₹3 billion (US$36 million), apart from foreign exchange of over ₹800 million (US$9.6 million), this sector is the next biggest source of income in the state's economy.[169] The region of Kashmir is known for its horticulture industry[170] and is the wealthiest region in the state.[171] Horticultural produce from the state includes apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts.[169]

The Doda district has deposits of high-grade sapphire.[172] Though small, the manufacturing and services sector is growing rapidly, especially in the Jammu division. In recent years, several consumer goods companies have opened manufacturing units in the region. The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) has identified several industrial sectors which can attract investment in the state, and accordingly, it is working with the union and the state government to set up industrial parks and special economic zones.[173] In the fiscal year 2005–06, exports from the state amounted to ₹11.5 billion (US$140 million).[174] However, industrial development in the state faces several major constraints including extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.[175] The Jammu & Kashmir Bank, which is listed as a S&P CNX 500 conglomerate, is based in the state. It reported a net profit of ₹598 million (US$7.2 million) in 2008.[176]

The Government of India has been keen to economically integrate Jammu and Kashmir with the rest of India. The state is one of the largest recipients of grants from New Delhi, totalling US$812 million per year.[177] It has a mere 4% incidence of poverty, one of the lowest in the country.[177]

In an attempt to improve the infrastructure in the state, Indian Railways is constructing the ambitious Jammu–Baramulla line project at a cost of more than US$2.5 billion.[178] Trains run on the 130 km Baramula-Banihal section. The 17.5 km Qazigund-Banihal section through the 11 km long Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel was commissioned. Udhampur-Katra section of the track was commissioned early in July 2014. The Katra-Banihal section is under construction. The route crosses major earthquake zones and is subjected to extreme temperatures of cold and heat, as well as inhospitable terrain, making it an extremely challenging engineering project. It is expected to increase tourism and travel to Kashmir. Three other railway lines, the Bilaspur–Mandi–Leh railway, Srinagar-Kargil-Leh railway and the Jammu-Poonch railway have been proposed.

Year State's Gross Domestic Product (in million INR)
1980 ₹11,860,000 (US$140,000)
1985 ₹22,560,000 (US$270,000)
1990 ₹36,140,000 (US$430,000)
1995 ₹80,970,000 (US$970,000)
2000 ₹147,500,000 (US$1.8 million)
2006 ₹539,850,000 (US$6.5 million)
2016 ₹1,323 million (US$16 million)[179]
2017 ₹1,065 million (US$13 million)
2018 ₹1,166 million (US$14 million)

Agriculture

[edit]

Given below is a table of 2015 national output share of select agricultural crops and allied segments in Jammu and Kashmir based on 2011 prices:[180]

Segment National Share %
Walnut 94.1
Cherry 93.8
Almond 90.5
Apple 25.2
Pear 22.3
Wool and hair 10.1

Tourism

[edit]
Main article: Tourism in Jammu and Kashmir
Vaishno Devi temple located in Jammu is the most visited place in state[181]

Before the insurgency intensified in 1989, tourism formed an important part of the Kashmiri economy. The tourism economy in the Kashmir valley was worst hit. However, the holy shrines of Jammu and the Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh continue to remain popular pilgrimage and tourism destinations. Every year, thousands of Hindu pilgrims visit holy shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath, which has had significant impact on the state's economy.[182] It was estimated in 2007 that the Vaishno Devi yatra contributed ₹4.75 billion (US$57 million) to the local economy annually a few years ago.[183] The contribution should be significantly greater now as the numbers of Indian visitors have increased considerably. Foreign tourists have been slower to return. The British government still advises against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir with the exception of the cities of Jammu and Srinagar, travel between these two cities on the Jammu-Srinagar highway, and the region of Ladakh,[184] while Canada excludes the entire region excepting Leh.

Besides Kashmir, several areas in the Jammu region have a lot of tourist potential as well. Bahu Fort in Jammu city is the major attraction for the tourists visiting that city. Bage-e-Bahu is another tourist destination. The local aquarium, established by the fisheries department, is visited by many. Tourists from across India visit Jammu in a pilgrimage to Mata Vaishno Devi. Mata Vaishno Devi is located in the Trikuta Hills, about 40 to 45 km from Jammu City. Approximately 10 million Pilgrims visit this holy place every year.

Tourism in the Kashmir valley has rebounded in recent years, and in 2009, the state became one of the top tourist destinations of India.[185] Gulmarg, one of the most popular ski resort destinations in India, is also home to the world's highest green golf course.[186] The state's recent decrease in violence has boosted the economy and tourism.[187] It was reported that more than a million tourists visited Kashmir in 2011.[188][189][190] During 2016–17 Kashmir unrest, Kashmir Valley witnessed drastic decline in Tourism with only 850,000 tourists visiting the Valley in 2018, while on the other hand the Jammu region of the state flourished with highest number of tourist visiting the state crossing the numbers over 16 million.[181]

Culture

[edit]
Main article: Culture of Kashmir
See also: Kashmiriyat and Kashmiri cinema
Sumda Sculpture
Mother and Child, Kashmir, Charles W. Bartlett.

Due to the special status, people from outside the state could not purchase land in the state. As a consequence, houseboats became popular among those who were unable to purchase land in the Valley and have now become an integral part of the Kashmiri lifestyle.[citation needed]

The Dumhal is a famous dance in the Kashmir Valley, performed by men of the Wattal region. The women perform the Rouff, another traditional folk dance. Kashmir has been noted for its fine arts for centuries, including poetry and handicrafts. Shikaras, traditional small wooden boats, and houseboats are a common feature in lakes and rivers across the Valley.

Kehwa, traditional green tea with spices and almond, is consumed all through the day in the chilly winter climate of Kashmir. Most of the buildings in the Valley and Ladakh are made from softwood and are influenced by Indian, Tibetan, and Islamic architecture.

Jammu's Dogra culture and tradition is very similar to that of neighboring Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. Traditional Punjabi festivals such as Lohri and Vaisakhi are celebrated with great zeal and enthusiasm throughout the region, along with Accession Day, an annual holiday which commemorates the accession of Jammu & Kashmir to the Dominion of India.[191] After Dogras, Gujjars form the second-largest ethnic group in Jammu. Known for their semi-nomadic lifestyle, Gujjars are also found in large numbers in the Kashmir Valley. Similar to Gujjars, Gaddis are primarily herdsmen who hail from the Chamba region in Himachal Pradesh. Gaddis is generally associated with emotive music played on the flute. The Bakkarwalas found both in Jammu and the Kashmir valley is wholly nomadic pastoral people who move along the Himalayan slopes in search of pastures for their huge flocks of goats and sheep.

The Shri Pratap Singh Museum in Srinagar is the main repository of Kashmiri elite culture and royal heritage. The Meeras Mahal in Noor Bagh, near Sopore, founded by Atiqa Bano, holds the material and artistic heritage of the common folk.[192]

The Ladakh region is famous for its unique Indo-Tibetan culture. Chanting in Sanskrit and Tibetan language forms an integral part of Ladakh's Buddhist lifestyle. Annual masked dance festivals, weaving and archery are an important part of traditional life in Ladakh. Ladakhi food has much in common with Tibetan food, the most prominent foods being thukpa, noodle soup; and tsampa, known in Ladakhi as Ngampe, roasted barley flour. Typical garb includes gonchas of velvet, elaborately embroidered waistcoats and boots, and gonads or hats. People adorned with gold and silver ornaments and turquoise headgears throng the streets during Ladakhi festivals.

Education

[edit]
Main articles: List of institutions of higher education in Jammu and Kashmir and List of engineering colleges in Jammu and Kashmir

In 1970, the state government of Jammu and Kashmir established its own education board and university. Education in the state is divided into primary, middle, high secondary, college and university level. Jammu and Kashmir follows the 10+2 pattern for education of children. This is handled by Jammu and Kashmir State Board of School Education (abbreviated as JKBOSE). Private and public schools are recognized by the board to impart education to students. Board examinations are conducted for students in class VIII, X and XII. In addition, there are Kendriya Vidyalayas (run by the Government of India) and Indian Army schools that impart secondary school education. These schools follow the Central Board of Secondary Education pattern.

Notable higher education or research institutes in Jammu and Kashmir include the Indian Institute of Technology Jammu, Indian Institute of Management Jammu, National Institute of Technology, Srinagar, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jammu, Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, Srinagar, Government College of Engineering and Technology, Jammu, Government Medical College, Srinagar, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Awantipora, Acharya Shri Chandra college of medical sciences, Jammu and Government Medical College, Jammu, University-level education is provided by University of Kashmir, University of Jammu, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, Islamic University of Science & Technology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badhshah University, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Institution of Technicians and Engineers (Kashmir), Islamia College of Science and Commerce, Srinagar, Central University of Kashmir located at Ganderbal and Central University of Jammu located at Raya Suchani in the Samba district of Jammu.

Sports

[edit]
See also: Sports in Jammu and Kashmir, Real Kashmir F.C., and Jammu and Kashmir cricket team
Royal Springs Golf Course Srinagar

Sports like cricket, football are famous along with sports like golf, skiing, water sports and adventure sports. Srinagar is home to the Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, a stadium where international cricket matches have been played.[193] The first international match was played in 1983 in which West Indies defeated India and the last international match was played in 1986 in which Australia defeated India by six wickets. Since then no international match has taken place in the stadium due to the prevailing security situation.

Maulana Azad Stadium is a stadium in Jammu and is one of the home venues for the Jammu and Kashmir cricket team. The stadium has hosted home games for Jammu and Kashmir in domestic tournaments since 1966. It has also hosted one One Day International in 1988 between India and New Zealand, which was abandoned due to rain without a ball being bowled. The stadium has played host to one women's test match where India lost to West Indies and one Women's One Day International where India beat New Zealand in 1985.

Srinagar has an outdoor stadium named Bakshi Stadium for hosting football matches.[194] It is named after Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad.

The city has a golf course named Royal Springs Golf Course, Srinagar located on the banks of Dal lake, which is considered as one of the best golf courses of India.[195]

Ladakh Marathon is held at Leh, is the marathon recognised by Association of International Marathons and Distance Races.[196] Being held at height of 11,500 feet, it is known as the highest marathon in the world.[197] In 2015, Ladakh Marathon was rated among "top ten nicest marathon" in the world.[198]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Jammu and Kashmir is a disputed territory between India, Pakistan and China. The areas of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan administered by Pakistan and Aksai Chin region administered by China are included in the total area.
  2. ^ The Government of Pakistan and Pakistan sources refer to Jammu amd Kashmir as "Indian-occupied Kashmir" ("IOK") or "Indian-held Kashmir" (IHK);[22][23] "Indian-administered Kashmir" and "Indian-controlled Kashmir" are used by neutral sources.[24] Indian sources call the territory under Pakistan control "Pakistan-occupied Kashmir" ("POK") or "Pakistan-held Kashmir" ("PHK").[25][26]
  3. ^ Schofield (2003, p. 54): In his letter to Lord Mountbatten on 26 October 1947, the Maharaja wrote, "I wanted to take time to decide which Dominion I should accede... whether it is not in the best interests of both the Dominions and my State to stay independent, of course with cordial relations with both.
  4. ^ Kashmiri leader Sheikh Abdullah noted in the UN Security Council in 1948: ""the (plebiscite) offer (was) made by the Prime Minister of India when, I think, he had not the slightest need for making it, for Kashmir was in distress... The Government of India could have easily accepted the accession and said, "All right, we accept your accession and we shall render this help." There was no necessity for the Prime Minister of India to add the proviso while accepting the accession that "India does not want to take advantage of the difficult situation in Kashmir."(Varshney 1992, p. 195)
  5. ^ Korbel (1953, p. 502): "Though India accepted the resolution, Pakistan attached to its acceptance so many reservations, qualifications, and assumptions as to make its answer `tantamount to rejection'.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Desk, The Hindu Net (8 May 2017). "What is the Darbar Move in J&K all about?". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 10 November 2017. Retrieved 23 February 2019. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ "Satya Pal Malik sworn in as Jammu and Kashmir governor". The Economic Times. Press Trust of India. 23 August 2018. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  3. ^ "BJP-PDP alliance ends in Jammu and Kashmir LIVE updates: Mehbooba Mufti resigns as chief minister; Governor's Rule in state". Firstpost. 19 June 2018. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  4. ^ "Saltoro Kangri, India/Pakistan". peakbagger.com. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  5. ^ a b c d e "Jammu and Kashmir Budget Analysis 2018-19". PRSIndia. 19 January 2018. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 24 February 2019.
  6. ^ "Sub-national HDI – Area Database". Global Data Lab. Institute for Management Research, Radboud University. Archived from the original on 23 September 2018. Retrieved 25 September 2018.
  7. ^ a b "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. p. 49. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  8. ^ Khan, N. (6 August 2012). The Parchment of Kashmir: History, Society, and Polity. Springer. p. 184. ISBN 9781137029584. Archived from the original on 23 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  9. ^ Aggarwal, J. C.; Agrawal, S. P. (1995). Modern History of Jammu and Kashmir: Ancient times to Shimla Agreement. Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 9788170225577. Archived from the original on 24 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  10. ^ Zangskari.
  11. ^ Bhadrawahi.
  12. ^ Purik.
  13. ^ Shakspo, Nawang Tsering (2005). "Tibetan (Bhoti)—An Endangered Script in Trans-Himalaya". The Tibet Journal. Vol. 30. Library of Tibetan Works and Archives. pp. 61–64. ISSN 0970-5368. JSTOR 43301113.
  14. ^ Bateri.
  15. ^ Crane, Robert I. (1956). Area Handbook on Jammu and Kashmir State. University of Chicago for the Human Relations Area Files. p. 179. Shina is the most eastern of these languages and in some of its dialects such as the Brokpa of Dah and Hanu and the dialect of Dras, it impinges upon the area of the Sino-Tibetan language family and has been affected by Tibetan with an overlay of words and idioms.
  16. ^ Pakistan's "Burushaski" Language Finds New Relatives.
  17. ^ Brokskat.
  18. ^ Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D. (2017). Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twentieth Edition. Dallas: SIL International.
  19. ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-3-12-539683-8
  20. ^ Akhtar, Rais; Kirk, William, Jammu and Kashmir, State, India, Encyclopaedia Britannica, retrieved 7 August 2019 (subscription required) Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir, state of India, located in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent in the vicinity of the Karakoram and westernmost Himalayan mountain ranges. The state is part of the larger region of Kashmir, which has been the subject of dispute between India, Pakistan, and China since the partition of the subcontinent in 1947."
  21. ^ Jan·Osma鈔czyk, Edmund; Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
  22. ^ Ali Zain (13 September 2015). "Pakistani flag hoisted, pro-freedom slogans chanted in Indian Occupied Kashmir – Daily Pakistan Global". En.dailypakistan.com.pk. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  23. ^   (11 September 2015). "Pakistani flag hoisted once again in Indian Occupied Kashmir | World | Dunya News". Dunyanews.tv. Retrieved 17 November 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  24. ^ South Asia: fourth report of session 2006–07 by By Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Foreign Affairs Committee page 37
  25. ^ Snedden, Christopher (2013). Kashmir: The Unwritten History. HarperCollins India. pp. 2–3. ISBN 978-9350298985.
  26. ^ The enigma of terminology Archived 16 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine, The Hindu, 27 January 2014.
  27. ^ Larson, Gerald James. "India's Agony Over Religion", 1995, page 245
  28. ^ "Jammu Kashmir Article 370: Govt revokes Article 370 from Jammu and Kashmir, bifurcates state into two Union Territories". The Times of India. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  29. ^ a b Ministry of Home Affairs (9 August 2019), "In exercise of the powers conferred by clause a of section 2 of the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act." (PDF), The Gazette of India, retrieved 9 August 2019
  30. ^ Snedden 2003.
  31. ^ Guha, Ramachandra (2008), India after Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy, Pan Macmillan, ISBN 978-0330396110, archived from the original on 21 October 2013, retrieved 1 September 2017: "Pakistan naturally expected Kashmir, with its Muslim majority, to join it. India thought that the religious factor was irrelevant, especially since the leading political party, the National Conference, was known to be non-sectarian."
  32. ^ Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, pp. 172–, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7: "Senior Pakistanis, many of whom had once naively simply expected that J&K would join Pakistan, had come to believe that India had been deliberately conniving with Hari Singh to obtain J&K's accession. To try to prevent India's acquisition, some of these Pakistanis sent the Pukhtoons to capture J&K for Pakistan."
  33. ^ "Quick guide: Kashmir dispute". BBC News. 29 June 2006. Archived from the original on 13 October 2008. Retrieved 14 June 2009.
  34. ^ "Who changed the face of '47 war?". Times of India. 14 August 2005. Archived from the original on 1 June 2014. Retrieved 14 August 2005.
  35. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  36. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 August 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. ^ a b Stein, Burton. 1998. A History of India. Oxford University Press. 432 pages. ISBN 0-19-565446-3. Page 368.
  38. ^ Šumit Ganguly (13 February 1999). The Crisis in Kashmir: Portents of War, Hopes of Peace. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-0-521-65566-8. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  39. ^ "Rediff on the NeT Special: The Real Kashmir Story". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  40. ^ "Rediff on the NeT: An interview with Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  41. ^ Varshney 1992, p. 194.
  42. ^ Humayun Mirza (1 January 2002). From Plassey to Pakistan: The Family History of Iskander Mirza, the First President of Pakistan. University Press of America. p. 161. ISBN 978-0-7618-2349-0. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  43. ^ Nyla Ali Khan (15 September 2010). Islam, Women, and Violence in Kashmir: Between India and Pakistan. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 30–. ISBN 978-0-230-11352-7. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  44. ^ Subramaniam, Arjun (2016), India's Wars: A Military History, 1947–1971, Harper Collins India, ISBN 978-9351777496. Excerpt at How the map of Jammu and Kashmir could have been significantly different today Archived 27 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Scroll.in
  45. ^ Schofield 2003, p. 70.
  46. ^ Varshney 1992, p. 212.
  47. ^ Korbel 1953, pp. 506–507.
  48. ^ Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir (PDF). Official website of Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly on National Informatics Centre, India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
  49. ^ "1948: Another UNSC Resolution on Kashmir". Archived from the original on 13 December 2014.
  50. ^ Bill Emmott (25 November 2002). "Bill Emmott: If Saddam steps out of line we must go straight to war". the Guardian.
  51. ^ "Low expectations from Indo-Pak talks". Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  52. ^ "The Rediff Interview/Ashraf Jehangir Qazi". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  53. ^ "Don't expect too much from talks: Officials". Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  54. ^ "Does India have a case in Kashmir?". Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  55. ^ "Annan upbeat on Kashmir". Archived from the original on 26 April 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  56. ^ "Terrorism to feature in talks with Kofi Annan". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  57. ^ "We have 'left aside' U.N. resolutions on Kashmir: Musharraf". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  58. ^ "The Musharraf formula". Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  59. ^ "Does Pakistan have sincere intention to resolve Kashmir issue: Omar to Musharraf". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  60. ^ a b "With Friends Like These...": Human Rights Violations in Azad Kashmir. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2007. In January 194,
  61. ^ Subramanian Swamy (6 February 2003). "India's bleeding head wound". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 30 May 2004. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  62. ^ Hashim Qureshi. "Understanding UN Resolutions on Kashmir". Archived from the original on 23 September 2014.
  63. ^ "rediff.com: The Rediff Interview/Pakistan's High Commissioner for India Ashraf Jehangir Qazi". rediff.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
  64. ^ "India repulses Pakistan attack at UN assembly". Archived from the original on 15 December 2014. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
  65. ^ "Kashmir profile". Archived from the original on 16 July 2015. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
  66. ^ "Indian, Pakistani and Chinese border disputes-Fantasy frontiers". Archived from the original on 1 August 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  67. ^ From Jinnah to Jihad: Pakistan's Kashmir quest and the limits of realism. Atlantic Publishers and Distributors (P) Ltd. 2007. ISBN 978-81-269-0721-2. Retrieved 31 December 2007. While India had agreed to a plebiscite initially, it reneged, arguing that Pakistan had refused to withdraw its troops, had integrated parts of Kashmir with the rest of the country and had altered their demographic system.
  68. ^ Kaul, Shyam; Kachru, Onkar (1 January 1998). Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh: ringside views. ISBN 978-81-85495-51-4. Retrieved 31 December 2007. Demographics (1947–48) considered for this UN resolution have changed, most recently with the exodus of a 1/4 million Hindus from Kashmir.
  69. ^ "Only 1 Pandit family returned to Valley in 25 years: J&K govt to SC". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 2 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  70. ^ Kaul, Shyam; Kachru, Onkar (1 January 1998). Jammu, Kashmir, Ladakh: ringside views. ISBN 978-81-85495-51-4. Retrieved 31 December 2007. Indians are free to migrate as anyone else in a democracy. Yet, as a large group, none of the post-partition (1947) minorities have relocated to India or migrated to Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, or anywhere else in the world under the threat of persecution or insecurity. Ironically, 250,000 Hindus living in Kashmir left Kashmir for India due to the hostile environment created by the militancy in Kashmir.
  71. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir Registers Highest Voter Turnout in 25 Years, Jharkhand Breaks Records". Ndtv.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  72. ^ PTI. "Jammu and Kashmir people have shown their faith in Indian democracy: PM Narendra Modi – timesofindia-economictimes". Articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com. Archived from the original on 18 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  73. ^ a b Sikandar Shah (24 January 1957). "Peace not possible without progress on Kashmir issue". The China Post. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  74. ^ Kashmiris want accession to Pakistan: Attique Archived 8 May 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  75. ^ "'Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory triumphing in Kashmir,' writes Indian journalist". The Nation. 25 April 2017. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. Retrieved 5 April 2019.
  76. ^ Schofield, Victoria (17 January 2002). "South Asia | Kashmir's forgotten plebiscite". BBC News. Archived from the original on 29 September 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  77. ^ "South Asia | Kashmir's extrajudicial killings". BBC News. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  78. ^ Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch (31 January 2007). "India: Prosecute Police for Killings in Jammu and Kashmir | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 12 July 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  79. ^ Brad Adams, Asia director at Human Rights Watch. (9 February 2009). "India: Hold Abusers in Kashmir Accountable | Human Rights Watch". Hrw.org. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  80. ^ "Kashmir's extra-judicial killings". BBC News online. BBC. 8 March 2007. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  81. ^ Somini Sengupta (6 February 2007). "Indian Army and Police Tied to Kashmir Killings". New York Times. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  82. ^ "Kashmir Fast Facts". CNN. Retrieved 12 January 2019.
  83. ^ "The Future of Kashmir?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 5 August 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2010.
  84. ^ "Kashmir – region, Indian subcontinent". Archived from the original on 5 October 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  85. ^ "Kashmir | region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 8 November 2015. Retrieved 20 November 2015.
  86. ^ Schofield 2003, p. 94
  87. ^ a b Schofield 2003, p. 137
  88. ^ Schofield 2003, p. 210
  89. ^ Billal A. Jan (Director) (2012). Ocean of Tears (Excerpt) (YouTube). Jammu and Kashmir: PSBTIndia. {{cite AV media}}: External link in |title= (help)
  90. ^ "India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: I. Summary". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  91. ^ "India and Human Rights in Kashmir – The Myth – India Together". Archived from the original on 9 May 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  92. ^ Schofield 2003, pp. 148, 158
  93. ^ "India: "Everyone Lives in Fear": Patterns of Impunity in Jammu and Kashmir: VI. Militant Abuses". Archived from the original on 27 May 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  94. ^ "Kashmir troops held after rape". BBC News. 19 April 2002. Archived from the original on 18 December 2008. Retrieved 2 June 2008.
  95. ^ "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 25 March 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2007. The Jammu and Kashmir government on Tuesday said 219 Kashmiri Pandits were killed by militants since 1989 while 24,202 families were among the total 38,119 families which migrated out of the Valley due to turmoil
  96. ^ "Not myth, but the truth of migration". Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2007. The Pandits have preserved the threat letters sent to them. They have the audio and video evidence to show what happened. They have preserved the local newspapers through which they were warned to leave the Valley within 48 hours. This evidence also include still photographs of Pandits killed by militants and the desecrated temples.
  97. ^ "Pregnant woman in Doda accuses Lashkar militants of gang raping her repeatedly". The Indian News. Archived from the original on 22 March 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2007. A 31-year-old pregnant Gujjar woman has told police at the Baderwah Police Station in Jammu and Kashmir's Doda District that she was repeatedly gang raped by Lashkar-e-Toiba militants for two months.
  98. ^ "19/01/90: When Kashmiri Pandits fled Islamic terror". Rediff. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2007. Notices are pasted on doors of Pandit houses, peremptorily asking the occupants to leave Kashmir within 24 hours or face death and worse... In the preceding months, 300 Hindu men and women, nearly all of them Kashmiri Pandits, had been slaughtered following the brutal murder of Pandit Tika Lal Taploo, noted lawyer and BJP national executive member, by the JKLF in Srinagar on September 14, 1989. Soon after that, Justice N K Ganju of the Srinagar high court was shot dead. Pandit Sarwanand Premi, 80-year-old poet, and his son were kidnapped, tortured, their eyes gouged out, and hanged to death. A Kashmiri Pandit nurse working at the Soura Medical College Hospital in Srinagar was gang-raped and then beaten to death. Another woman was abducted, raped and sliced into bits and pieces at a sawmill.
  99. ^ "95% HR violation cases against Army in J&K false". zeenews.
  100. ^ "2 Militants Killed After 22-Hour Standoff in India Kashmir | Asia | English". .voanews.com. 7 January 2010. Archived from the original on 12 February 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2010.
  101. ^ "1989 Insurgency". Kashmirlibrary.org. Archived from the original on 26 January 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  102. ^ "Contours of militancy". Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  103. ^ "Timeline of the conflict". BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  104. ^ "India Pakistan – Timeline". BBC News. BBC News. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  105. ^ PMO in secret talks with secessionists Archived 1 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine, The Hindu, 25 January 2006
  106. ^ Malik Under Fire, Rebels Call For 'less Autocratic' JKLF Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine, The Indian Express, 23 December 2005
  107. ^ Huey, Caitlin (28 March 2011). "Amnesty International Cites Human Rights Abuse in Kashmir". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2013.
  108. ^ a b c "Kashmir graves: Human Rights Watch calls for inquiry". BBC News. 25 August 2011. Archived from the original on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  109. ^ "Asia Pacific Human Rights by region". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
  110. ^ A.G. Noorani. "Article 370 : Law and politics". Online edition of Frontline magazine, Volume 17 – Issue 19, Sep. 16–29, 2000. Archived from the original on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  111. ^ Avijit Ghosh (17 August 2008). "In Kashmir, there's azadi in air". Online edition of The Times of India, dated 17 August 2008. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  112. ^ Thottam, Jyoti (4 September 2008). "Valley of Tears". Time. Archived from the original on 5 May 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  113. ^ Yasir, Sameer (2 January 2017). "Kashmir unrest: What was the real death toll in the state in 2016?". Firstpost. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  114. ^ Akmali, Mukeet (23 January 2017). "After 15000 injuries, Govt to train forces in pellet guns". Greater Kashmir. Archived from the original on 26 January 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  115. ^ a b "Freedom in the World 2009 – Kashmir (India)". Freedom House. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  116. ^ a b "Freedom in the World 2009 – Kashmir (Pakistan)". Freedom House. 16 July 2009. Archived from the original on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2009.
  117. ^ Express Web Desk (16 June 2017). "Six policemen, including sub-inspector, killed in militant ambush in Anantnag, Jammu and Kashmir". Online edition of The Indian Express, dated June 16, 2017. Archived from the original on 19 June 2017. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
  118. ^ Cite error: The named reference TOI attack was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  119. ^ Pulwama Attack 2019, everything about J&K terror attack on CRPF by terrorist Adil Ahmed Dar, Jaish-eMohammad Archived 18 February 2019 at the Wayback Machine, India Today, 16 February 2019.
  120. ^ K. Venkataramanan (5 August 2019), "How the status of Jammu and Kashmir is being changed", The Hindu
  121. ^ "Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part II, Section 3" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Government of India. 5 August 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019.
  122. ^ "Gazette article" (PDF). egazette.nic.in. 1941. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  123. ^ "Gazette article" (PDF). www.egazette.nic.in. 1941. Retrieved 9 August 2019.
  124. ^ Jammu & Kashmir Reorganisation Bill passed by Rajya Sabha: Key takeaways, The Indian Express, 5 August 2019.
  125. ^ Johri, Devesh Ratan & Iti (7 August 2019). "Salient Features Of Jammu & Kashmir Reorganization Bill [Read Bill]". www.livelaw.in.
  126. ^ http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2019/210407.pdf
  127. ^ a b "Ministry of Home Affairs:: Department of Jammu & Kashmir Affairs". Archived from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 28 August 2008.
  128. ^ "Housing and Urban Development Department". Housing and Urban Development Department, Government of Jammu and Kashmir. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  129. ^ "Reference Tables, A-series : Population". Census of India 2001. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  130. ^ "Census Population" (PDF). Census of India. Ministry of Finance India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 December 2008. Retrieved 18 December 2008.
  131. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference census2011 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  132. ^ "Language – India, States and Union Territories" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General. pp. 13–14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
  133. ^ "Department of Tourism, Jammu and Kashmir". jktourism.org. Archived from the original on 31 July 2015. Retrieved 2 August 2015.
  134. ^ "Share of Muslims and Hindus in J&K population same in 1961, 2011 Censuses". 29 December 2016. Archived from the original on 30 December 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2016.
  135. ^ a b Calculated from the 2011 Census India: Population by Religious Community Archived 13 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  136. ^ "Are Kashmiri Shias The Next Pandits?". Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  137. ^ "Signs of Support in Kashmir for Islamic State Alarm Intel Agencies". Archived from the original on 21 June 2015. Retrieved 16 June 2015.
  138. ^ a b Evans, Alexander (1 March 2002). "A departure from history: Kashmiri Pandits, 1990–2001". Contemporary South Asia. 11 (1): 19–37. doi:10.1080/0958493022000000341. ISSN 0958-4935. S2CID 145573161.
  139. ^ "CIA – The World Factbook". Archived from the original on 9 May 2007.
  140. ^ Share of Muslims and Hindus in J&K population same in 1961, 2011 Censuses Archived 30 December 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Indian Express, 30 December 2016.
  141. ^ a b Korbel, Danger in Kashmir 1966, p. 153.
  142. ^ Snedden, Christopher (2001), "What happened to Muslims in Jammu? Local identity, '"the massacre" of 1947' and the roots of the 'Kashmir problem'", South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 24 (2): 111–134, doi:10.1080/00856400108723454, S2CID 143991832
  143. ^ Cite error: The named reference auto was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  144. ^ "Kashmiri: A language of India". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 16 September 2007.
  145. ^ Bhat, M. Ashraf (9 September 2011). Emergence of the Urdu Discourses in Kashmir (11 ed.). LANGUAGE IN INDIA.
  146. ^ Farouqi, Ather (2006). Redefining Urdu Politics in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.
  147. ^ Pandharipande, Rajeshwari (2002), "Minority Matters: Issues in Minority Languages in India" (PDF), International Journal on Multicultural Societies, 4 (2): 3–4, archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2016, retrieved 21 June 2016
  148. ^ Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (27 March 2008), Language in South Asia, Cambridge University Press, pp. 132–, ISBN 978-1-139-46550-2
  149. ^ a b "Descent into Chaos". Epaper.timesofindia.com. 16 September 2010. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  150. ^ "States: Jammu & Kashmir: Repeating History:By Harinder Baweja (3 July 2000)India Today". Archived from the original on 21 October 2007.
  151. ^ "Under BJP pressure, J&K withdraws flag order". The Hindu. 14 March 2015. Archived from the original on 4 September 2015. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  152. ^ "Sorry". Indianexpress.com. Retrieved 18 July 2010.[dead link‍]
  153. ^ "The Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2012.
  154. ^ The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers Act, 1990" Indian Ministry of Law and Justice Published by the Authority of New Deli
  155. ^ "India: Repeal Armed Forces Special Powers Act Archived 11 September 2008 at the Wayback Machine Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 11 September 2008.
  156. ^ "India: Accountability still missing for human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 10 November 2016. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  157. ^ "India: Accountability still missing for human rights violations in Jammu and Kashmir". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 10 September 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  158. ^ "Constitution of Jammu and Kashmir Section 4 Read with Section 48(a)". Kashmir-information.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  159. ^ Luv Puri (24 October 2002). "The vacant seats". Online edition of The Hindu, dated 24 October 2002. Chennai, India. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
  160. ^ Rasheeda Bhagat (27 October 2005). "It is introspection time for Congress in J&K". The Hindu Businessline. Archived from the original on 6 January 2006. Retrieved 9 April 2009.
  161. ^ "Govt plans to reduce J&K Assembly's term to 5 years". The Tribune. 19 November 2005. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 28 January 2009.
  162. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir Assembly Elections 2002: Ending National Conference's Reign:30 October 2002 By S.H.Imam (J&K Insight)". Jammu-kashmir.com. 30 October 2002. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  163. ^ "PDP withdraws support from J&K government(By Mukhtar Ahmad in Srinagar)28 June 2008 19:03 IST (Rediff News)". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 25 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  164. ^ "Pro-India parties win majority in Kashmir elections". CNN. 28 December 2008. Archived from the original on 16 November 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  165. ^ Michelsen, Leslee (2013). Ferozkoh: Tradition and Continuity in Afghan Art (English ed.). A&C Black. p. 99. ISBN 978-9992195987. 'If there be Paradise on earth, it is here, it is here, it is here'. This Persian couplet invokes the heavenly realms. The verse was inscribed at the Shalimar Gardens in Kashmir, founded by the Mughal emperor Jahangir in 1620, (...)
  166. ^ Kabir, Ananya Jahanara (2009). Territory of Desire: Representing the Valley of Kashmir. U of Minnesota Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0816653560. However, the association between his [Jahangir's] love of Kashmir and the Persian couplet (...), appears to be an urban legend of sorts. The couplet is by the Sufi poet of Delhi, Amir Khusrau Dehlavi (1253–1325 CE), (...)
  167. ^ Blake, Stephen P. (2002). Shahjahanabad: The Sovereign City in Mughal India 1639–1739. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 44. ISBN 978-0521522991. This same inscription is also found in the Shalimar garden in Kashmir, built by the Emperor Jahangir in the early part of his reign.
  168. ^ "CHAPTER III : Socio-Economic and Administrative Development" (PDF). Jammu & Kashmir Development Report. State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 November 2012. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  169. ^ a b "CHAPTER IV : Potential Sectors of State Economy" (PDF). Jammu & Kashmir Development Report. State Plan Division, Planning Commission, Government of India. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 September 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  170. ^ "India: Jammu registers 10,000 MTs increase in fruit production in 2 years". GreaterKashmir.com. 5 October 2007. Archived from the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  171. ^ PTI (10 February 2008). "Demand for Mercedes in Jammu going up: Merc dealer". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  172. ^ Haroon Mirani (20 June 2008). "Sapphire-rich Kashmir". The Hindu Business Line. Archived from the original on 2 November 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  173. ^ "Funds sought for SEZs: ASSOCHAM identifies key sectors for J&K's development". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 7 April 2008. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  174. ^ PTI (18 June 2007). "Kashmir, the economy looks up". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  175. ^ "Power shortage to hit India Inc". Rediff News. 2 April 2008. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 25 January 2009.
  176. ^ "J&K Bank Q4 net up 32% at Rs 598 mn". Livemint. 2 June 2008. Archived from the original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  177. ^ a b Amy Waldman (18 October 2002). "Border Tension a Growth Industry for Kashmir". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  178. ^ Harish Kunwar. "Train-Link for J & K Prosperity". Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, dated 16 October 2008. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 25 November 2008.
  179. ^ "Jammu and Kashmir Budget Analysis 2016–17". PRS Legislative Research. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2017.
  180. ^ "2015 agricultural output of Jammu and Kashmir based on 2011 prices" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 August 2018. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  181. ^ a b Excelsior, Daily (25 March 2019). "Govt's bid to portray J&K as only Kashmir, discourage tourists visiting Jammu". Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 31 March 2019.
  182. ^ "Amarnath Board to study yatra impact on Kashmir economy". Online edition of The Hindu, dated 13 September 2007. Chennai, India. 13 September 2007. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2009.
  183. ^ "Vaishno Devi yatra injects Rs 475 cr to Katra economy annually(CJ: Rattan Sharma, 27 Aug 2007)". Merinews.com. 27 August 2007. Archived from the original on 29 August 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  184. ^ "India travel advice – GOV.UK". Fco.gov.uk. 9 April 2013. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  185. ^ "Foreign tourists flock Kashmir". Online edition of The Hindu, dated 18 March 2009. Chennai, India. 18 March 2009. Archived from the original on 9 November 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2009.
  186. ^ Prystay, Cris (26 October 2007). "Fairway to Heaven – WSJ.com". Online.wsj.com. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  187. ^ "Tourists arrival gives boost to J-K economy". Sify. 29 December 2009. Archived from the original on 29 April 2013. Retrieved 16 April 2013.
  188. ^ "J and K hopeful of wooing 10 lakh tourists this year". https://www.oneindia.com. 17 January 2011. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  189. ^ Tourists back in Kashmir. YouTube. 24 July 2011. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.
  190. ^ "Welcome to Jammu and Kashmir's new tourist hot-spot". NDTV.com. 29 May 2011.
  191. ^ "J-K Accession Day to be celebrated as Diwali: BJP". Rediff. Archived from the original on 28 October 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2007.
  192. ^ Muhammad Zaka Ur Rub (6 October 2017). "Atiqa Bano, the lady who single handedly built a museum". Greater Kashmir. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  193. ^ "Records / Sher-i-Kashmir Stadium, Srinagar / One-Day Internationals". ESPNCricinfo. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  194. ^ "J&K stadium hosts football match after 25-year gap". Times of India. 16 July 2012. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  195. ^ "India". Robert Trent Jones – Golf Architects. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
  196. ^ "AIMS – Calendar of Races". Aimsworldrunning.org. 11 November 2015. Archived from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  197. ^ "LAHDC organises 3rd Ladakh Marathon at Leh | Business Standard News". Business-standard.com. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
  198. ^ "4,000 runners ready for Ladakh Marathon tomorrow". Tribuneindia.com. 12 September 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2015.
Sources

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]
Government
General information


* Category:History of the Republic of India Category:States and territories established in 1947 Category:1947 establishments in India Category:Urdu-speaking countries and territories Category:Kashmiri-speaking countries and territories Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan Category:Disputed territories in Asia


Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Shivansh.ganjoo/sandbox&oldid=1252001749"