User:SgtLarkin/sandbox

Startle Response

    My thoughts on making this article better would to define what, how, and when startle responses happen.  SgtLarkin (talk)

Article Epansion

1. Increased whole-body auditory startle reflex and autonomic reactivity in children with anxiety disorders is another form of startle response. Research has found that children have a hypersensitive central nervous system or fear response. One of the quickest startle responses is auditory. This respons is very primal, even animals use this in order to flee danger. The auditory reflex starts in the brainstem and is regulated by the amydala. The brainstem is the core of the human brain where all the basic functions for life support andr fight or flight responsens are processed. The startle response created in the mid brain is a whole body reaction. The affects of this whole body response is magnified in children with anxiety disorders. It was also noted that the non-affected siblings without the anxiety disorder also had an enhanced autoniomic response.SgtLarkin (talk)

2. Startle response in people with a generalized anxity disorder have increased sensitivity when emotions are at a higher state. As with auditory startle response, individuals with general anxiety disorder, the fear response is magnified and processed in the amygdala. It has also been found that the response to stress is also increased due to the release of the stress hormone cortizol. Research has proven that with repeated stimuli the response will decrease in magnitude.SgtLarkin (talk)

3. Repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to sensitisation in subsequent avoidance behavior and induces fear conditioning. This was tested on grey seals and it was found that repeated stimuli would cuse seals to stay away from meal sources and use their flight responses due to the sound pulse used in the test. This created a conditioned fear response to the sound pulse. The sound pulse intensified the fear response of the seal the more it was played. Eventually the seals were so hypersensitive they would be scanning frequently as a form of anxity in response to the stress.SgtLarkin (talk)

Annotated Bibliography Section

1. "Increased whole-body auditory startle reflex and autonomic reactivity in children with anxiety disorders." The authors describe how Young individuals with anxiety disorders have a heightened fear system which is related to the central nervous system. testing for these anxiety disorders used a blink test but it appears the whole body muscle test is a better at identifying these problems. SgtLarkin (talk)

2. "Startle Response in Generalized Anxiety Disorder." The authors in this study focused on generalized anxiety disorder. They wanted to figure out how the autonomic nervous system affected the startle response. Also they found out how an individuals emotional state affected the startle response and how it was magnified. SgtLarkin (talk)

3. "Repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to sensitisation in subsequent avoidance behaviour and induces fear conditioning." The authors in this article Relate the startle response to fight or flight response. They also report on how repeated attempts to stimulate this response also lowers the reaction in the test subject. SgtLarkin (talk)

References

Bakker, M. J., Tijssen, M. J., van der Meer, J. N., Koelman, J. M., & Boer, F. (2009). Increased whole-body auditory startle reflex and autonomic reactivity in children with anxiety disorders. Journal Of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 34(4), 314-322. SgtLarkin (talk)
Ray, W. J., Molnar, C., Aikins, D., Yamasaki, A., Newman, M. G., Castonguay, L., & Borkovec, T. D. (2009). Startle Response in Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Depression & Anxiety (1091-4269), 26(2), 147-154. doi:10.1002/da.20479 SgtLarkin (talk)
Götz, T., & Janik, V. M. (2011). Repeated elicitation of the acoustic startle reflex leads to sensitisation in subsequent avoidance behaviour and induces fear conditioning. BMC Neuroscience, 12(1), 30-42. doi:10.1186/1471-2202-12-30 SgtLarkin (talk)