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The Kosiński Uprising was a rebellion which took place from 1591–1593. It involved the Cossacks led by Krzysztof Kosiński and Peasants against the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth led by Janusz Ostrogski. It ended with a Polish–Lithuanian victory at the Battle of Piatka, and a suppression of the uprising.

Prelude

The ban on expeditions against the Polish–Lithuanian neighbours was the main thing causing the daily issue of the Cossacks' obtaining a means of subsistence. The Sejm was reluctant to adopt new taxes for these military purposes, since the costly campaign against the Tsardom of Russia ended only a few years prior.

The problem stilll was not resolved by another constitution, which was adopted by the Sejm in 1590. It authorised the king to distribute empty, still undeveloped Ukrainian lands "for eternity to persons of noble status who have contributed to us and the Republic". In the future, this could've contributed to stabilising the situation in the borderlands, their colonisation, increasing population density, and establishing new towns strengthened with fortresses, but in the short term it gave practically nothing; or at least not much. Soon it turned out that large magnate latifundium were being established, which not only became a thorn in the side of the Cossacks and did not calm down the border, but on the contrary - it contributed to constant rebellions and riots in which the Cossacks played a substantial role. More and more often, in addition to attacks on Turkish and Tatar properties, there were attacks on merchant caravans and parliamentary retinues along with raids on noble estates in Ukraine.

In the meanwhile, a few estates were given to people associated with the Cossacks, including: Boryspil near Kiev – "Hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossacks" Wojciech Czanowicki, and Rokitne - Krzysztof Kosinski. There was likely still a Cossack hospital and arsenal in Trekhtymirov.

Division into registered and unregistered Cossacks, being the cause of discord within the Cossacks itself, became real. Contrary to the predictions of the noblemen's deputies, this did not make things easier to govern in Ukraine, but was instead an additional element in the development of unrest within the borderlands. He soon got the hang of it as it was the flame of the first Cossack uprising, led by Krzysztof Kosiński.

Uprising

The Zaporozhian Cossacks caused many problems for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth such as causing constant conflicts with the Tatars on its borders. In general, clashes with the borderland nobility or attacks were rare to noble manors. Sometimes a lonely wanderer was robbed, and another disappeared without a trace, but there were no major direct Polish–Cossack clashes. Therefore, the movementled by Krzysztof Kośinski caused serious concern and quickly became a legend. Not much is known about the leader of the uprising, and the information preserved is not entirely certain. He was probably a nobleman from Podlasie who found himself in Zaporizhia quite early and quickly achieved fame and respect among Cossacks. Bohdan Mikoszyński likely reported about it on 22 May 1586 in a letter to Kasper Podwysocki, writing that the Cossack troops of some Krzysztof, standing on watch near Tawan, gave notice of the approach of the Tatar Khan's troops. Later, Kosiński received the village from the king as one of the recognised Cossack commanders. Most likely, the direct cause of its occurrence were property disputes. Kosiński's name was well known at the court of Moscow, with which he maintained contact. At the turn of March and April 1593, the Tsar Fyodor, turning to the Don Cossacks, ordered them to meet on the Donets with their Zaporozhian (Putivists and Cherkasy) people, who will march against the khan on the Donets on our orders. (because the Zaporozhian Cherkasy, hetman Krzysztof Kosiński and all atamans were ordered to be on the Donets roads, and follow the Khan towards their Ukraine). ("Checked" up to here so far.)

Meanwhile, on January 9, 1592, Jan Szostowicki arrived in the Łuck stronghold in Volhynia, who, on behalf of his master, the voivode of Volhynia and the starosta of Bialya Tserkva and Bohusławski, Prince Janusz Ostrogski, filed a protest against the proceedings Krzysztof Kosiński. He not only "made himself a Cossack hetman", but also together with "all the Lowland Cossacks" on December 29, 1591, he attacked the Bila Tserkva, the house of Prince Dymitr Kurcewicz Bulyga, plundered it, took a casket from jewels and money, and privileges given to Ostrogski for both starosty offices, "land Rozwo-łowski and Wielka Słoboda, and to Rokitna" 3. A year earlier, Rokitna received Kosiński. Perhaps this small fortune was probably the reason why Kosiński, taking advantage of the Cossack power, decided to claim his own rights in a quite common way in the borderlands. Ostrogski immediately used the influence he had at the royal court, and that was it week, on January 16, he obtained a decision from Sigismund III, pursuant to which he was appointed commissioners to investigate 'freedom' spreading in the Volhynia, Kiev and Brac-Lava voivodeships. Commissioners these were the starostas: Jakub Pretficz of Trembovel, and Aleksander of Cherkasy Wiśniowiecki, Bracławski - Jakub Struś, barski - Stanisław Gulski, and troops trembowelski - Jan Gulski.

The White Tserkva quarrel quickly turned into a peasant-Cossack uprising. It was a spontaneous reaction of the subjects to the act sanctioned by the Sejm of 1590. colonization of the Dnieper lands and hastily introduced feudal orders there: creating farms, imposing serfdom and increasing the size of others duties. The insurgents occupied Trypol and Pereyaslav. In this situation, the person in charge of the work royal commission, the starosta of Sniatyn, Mikołaj Jazłowiecki, by the will of the monarch, °d\ 1590, "the elder" over the Cossacks, addressed them two89 pacification fisheries. The Cossacks, having fortified themselves in Trypól, launched an appeal Jazłowiecki, who did not feel strong enough to give them a battle. Finally both the parties reached an agreement that allowed them to exit the conflict with honor. The insurgents promised to obey the king's orders and remove Kc Siński, while Jazłowiecki, satisfied with this statement, withdrew from them persecution.

Neither side believed in the effectiveness of the agreed settlement. Gentry she predicted, and it turned out to be right, that a new rebellion would soon break out force. The Kiev warrior, Prince Konstanty Ostrogski, just in case, no one he accused him of an oversight, he hedged; in mid-October 1592 at the Sejm the Crown General Council stated that both Kiev and Bila Tserkva were not prepared important to possibly repel a Cossack attack, because the indiscretions and shortcomings of those in Kiev are such that, apart from the great cost and the effort cannot be saved, and the problem can only be closed by the office itself city ​​will be abolished, and His Majesty the Voivode would like to meet this requirement as well, he cannot, nor should he, himself. As it turned out, the bold Cossacks attacked both cities several times. They took weapons and ammunition from those castles. Kosiński mainly attacked the estates of Konstanty Ostrogskit. Taken by the prince the attempt to resist him ended in failure.

From Kiev and the Bratslav region the insurgents rushed to Volhynia. At the beginning of January 1593, the nobility despaired the Volyn meeting in Lutsk decided to postpone; all court cases and consider how to effectively respond to the spreading unrest. Advised over great danger from wanton people who call themselves Cossacks Lowlands, and having invaded the Karonine lands, the Kiev and Volhynian Voivodeships, according to custom the enemy, the castles and cities of both His Majesty and the nobility occupy, kill and murder people, burn and devastate, force people to swear obedience to themselves.

The king was asked to postpone the court cases in which the Volhynian nobility were parties to a more opportune time. The decision of the Volhynians coincided with a royal universal issued in mid-January 1593 in Warsaw, calling "as soon as possible" a general riot of nobles from the Kiev, Volhynia and Bratslav voivodeships to Konstantynów and, "having united according to their greatest power", ordering it to "prevent this wantonness". Konstanty Ostrogski became the commander of the noble troops.

Konstanty Ostrogski became a nobleman. Meanwhile, in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Ukrainian matters were treated as a private means which has become dangerous when used sizes, but it should be pacified without involvement crown army. It certainly had a serious impact. view of the conflict between the Grand Hetman of the Crown Jan Zamoyski and the Ostrogski family. And they worked. with great energy. They managed to get their troops to help private, common militias that threaten the nobility; ро icl;l page old.~li also royal commissioners: Pretficz, Wisniowiecki Jan Gulski. Kosiński was residing in Ostropol when the news reached him. about the approaching storm, he moved further east, under the Pięciokol Cudnowa. Here, too, there was a battle that ended with the defeat of the insurgents. This happened on February 2, 1593. Initially, the Cossacks even gained a certain advantage, but when the cavalry commanded by Janusz Ostrogski attacked, She confused their formations with forcing them to choose. The clash was transformative It turned into a real massacre, in which 2,000-3,000 insurgents died. 26 cannons, weapons, ammunition and banners fell into the hands of the victories. The losses of the nobility were slight. Kosiil.ski succeeded survived the pogrom and this is the key to the settlement (through Wiśniowiecki's intercession) instead of unconditional surrender.

The settlement was signed on February 10. On the one hand, Krzysztof Kosinski and Iwan Kreczkiewicz performed. "on behalf of the entire army", on the other - Jakub Pretficz, Aleksander Wisniowiecki, Volhynian trooper Waclaw Bohowitin, Vladimir's army Wasyl Hulewicz and Trembowla's army Jan Gulski. In a settlement it was stated, among others:

"I, Krzysztof Kosiński, for this time the hetman, and we, the centurions, atamans, the entire knighthood of the Zaporozhian Army, we declare with this letter of ours, we went against it the benefits in the grace of His Reverend Konstanty, Prince of Ostrogski.[ ... ], let us experience a lot of pain and damage to His They did basic love for His Grace's children, servants and subjects [...]. [ ... ] Christian gentlemen, not desiring to shed our blood, rather give it to us."

The Cossacks pledged:

"[ ... ] from then on, not to have Mr. Kosiński as a hetman, but yes in Ukraine, choose another one of us in no more than four Sundays; be in obedience to His Majesty's Queens, without making any quarrel with His neighbors; · be in their usual places behind the porches; but none no stops, no damage or harm to the princely estates or to the estates of their friends [...] should not be done or done; fugitives, traitors to betray princes and their servants who have run away to us, and not to us store; weapons taken anywhere from castles, towns and return their leases, except for Trypol; also banners, horses, cattle і return movable items collected from the ducal estates; also servants of both sexes; who is with us, send her away from sіebіе; for the most part, live with the Princes of Their Grace [...] and never live there with any other person to insist, and yes, to serve them [...]"

Next came a round of oaths. The Cossacks did not even think about fulfilling the terms of the agreement at Friday. As soon as Kosiński felt that he could get out of the situation unscathed, he went to Lowland there the army begins to gather again, by another approach of happiness He was frantically looking for support from his neighbors. That's when you can understand with Moscow, perhaps - how to respond to the jed-i from Alexander's account Wiśniowiecki - the solution was also to talk to the Tatar khan. In May 1593 moved to Czer-j safe with thousands of Cossacks. He was going to take a severe hit Alexander, anticipating his intentions, "came out behind the fortifications, falling like a hawk on them unsuspecting Cossacks. Kosiński died in battle, as did his companions the leaders fled to Zaporizhia.

Kosiński was one of the first Cossack commanders, repeatedly called w documents the hetman. It is true that Stefan Batory's universal from 1578 was called Jan Oryszowski's hetman, but the interested man himself titled himself much more more modestly - "lieutenant of the Zaporozhian Lowland Army", later (in 1585) Michał Różyński was considered the hetman of the Cossacks; He sermonized himself with the same title (in 1587 r.) appoint Łukian Czerniński, and in 1590 Wojciech "hetman of the Zaporozhian Cossacks" Czanowicki received a privilege from the king to Boryspil near Kiev.

Biblography

• Serczyk, Władysław A. (1984). Na dalekiej Ukrainie dzieje Kozaczyny do 1648 roku [In distant Ukraine, the history of Kozachyna until 1648] (PDF) (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo literackie Kraków-Wrocław.