User:SeriousThinker/sandbox
Amy has a house.[1] After decades of struggle, the monarchy was overthrown in 1912 and the Republic of China (ROC) was established. Despite China's eventual victory in the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War in general, numerous atrocities such as the Nanjing Massacre left lasting effects on the country. Concurrently during this period, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Kuomintang (KMT) government were fighting sporadically since 1927, with a brief truce as a united front when Japan began invading the country. The second phase of the civil war resumed not long after Japan was defeated, and by 1949, the CCP had established control on most of the territories of the country. As the KMT retreated to Taiwan, the country was split with both sides claiming to be the sole legitimate government of China. After the land reforms, later attempts to realize communism failed—the Great Leap Forward led to a massive famine of millions of citizens, while the Cultural Revolution caused a chaotic period of persecution and zealous Maoist populism. In 1971, the PRC replaced the ROC as China's representation in the United Nations (UN). Following the Sino-Soviet split, the Shanghai Communiqué in 1972 marked the beginning of normalized relations with the United States. Economic reforms that began in 1978 led by reformists within the CCP moved the country away from a socialist planned economy toward an increasingly capitalist market economy, spurring significant economic growth, although liberal and democratic political reforms stalled after the June Fourth Incident in 1989.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Smith 2014, p. 42.
Citations
[edit]- Smith, Sam (2014). The History of House Building. BRILL. doi:10.1163/9789004363816. ISBN 9789004363816. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
A
Timeline table
[edit]Monarchy of Lithuania | |
---|---|
Details | |
Style | His/Her Majesty[3] |
First monarch | Mindaugas I[1] |
Last monarch | Stanisław II August[2] |
Formation | 1253 |
Abolition | 1795 |
Residence | Mindaugas' Castle, Voruta (1253−1263) Gediminas' Castle, Vilnius (late 13th century−late 15th century) Palace of the Grand Dukes of Lithuania, Vilnius (late 15th century−1665) |
Appointer | Hereditary (1253–1574) Szlachta (1574–1795) Hereditary (1918) |
Pretender(s) | Prince Inigo, Duke of Urach (disputed) |
Order of Vytautas the Great with the Golden Chain | |
---|---|
Awarded by the sovereign of the Republic of Lithuania | |
Type | Order of chivalry |
Established | 1930 |
Motto | For God and the Empire |
Eligibility | Lithuanian nationals or anyone who has made a significant achievement for the Republic of Lithuania |
Awarded for | Prominent national or regional achievements[4] |
Status | Currently constituted |
Sovereign | Queen Elizabeth II |
Grand Master | Vacant |
Grades |
|
Former grades | |
Precedence | |
Next (lower) | Varies, depending on rank |
Military ribbon Civil ribbon |
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania
[edit]# | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
In office | Party | Chairman of the Presidium
of the Supreme Soviet |
General Secretary of the CPSU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Antanas Sniečkus
(1903–1974) |
July 13, 1944
– January 22, 1974 |
Communist Party | Justas Paleckis
(1899–1980) |
Generalissimus
(1878–1953) | ||
Nikita Khruschev
(1894–1971) | |||||||
Leonid Brezhnev(1906–1982) | |||||||
Motiejus Šumauskas
(1905–1982) | |||||||
– | Valery Khazarov
(1918–2013) |
January 22, 1974
– February 18, 1974 |
Communist Party | ||||
Petras Griškevičius
(1924–1987) |
February 18, 1974–
November 14, 1987 | ||||||
2 | |||||||
Antanas Barkauskas
(1899–1980) | |||||||
Yuri Andropov(1906–1982) | |||||||
Konstantin Chernenko(1906–1982) | |||||||
Mikhail Gorbachev(1906–1982) | |||||||
Nikolay Mitkin
(1929–1998) |
November 14, 1987
– December 1, 1987 |
Communist Party | |||||
– | |||||||
Ringaudas Songaila
(1929–2019) | |||||||
3 | Ringaudas Songaila
(1929–2019) |
December 1, 1987–
October 19, 1988 |
Communist Party | Ringaudas Songaila
(1930–2017) | |||
Algirdas Brazauskas
(1903–1974) |
January 15, 1990–
March 11, 1990 |
Communist Party | |||||
4 | |||||||
Algirdas Brazauskas
(1903–1974) | |||||||
March 11, 1990 — Restoration of Independence |
First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Lithuania
[edit]# | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
In office | Party | Chairman of the Presidium
of the Supreme Soviet |
General Secretary of the CPSU | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Antanas Sniečkus
(1903–1974) |
July 13, 1944
– January 22, 1974 |
Communist Party | Justas Paleckis
(1899–1980) |
Joseph Stalin | ||
Nikita Khruschev | |||||||
Leonid Brezhnev | |||||||
Motiejus Šumauskas
(1905–1982) | |||||||
– | Valery Khazarov
(1918–2013) Acting |
January 22, 1974
– February 18, 1974 |
Communist Party | ||||
Petras Griškevičius
(1924–1987) |
February 18, 1974–
November 14, 1987 | ||||||
2 | |||||||
Antanas Barkauskas
(1899–1980) | |||||||
Yuri Andropov | |||||||
Konstantin Chernenko | |||||||
Mikhail Gorbachev | |||||||
Nikolay Mitkin
(1929–1998) Acting |
November 14, 1987
– December 1, 1987 |
Communist Party | |||||
– | |||||||
Ringaudas Songaila
(1929–2019) | |||||||
3 | Ringaudas Songaila
(1929–2019) |
December 1, 1987–
October 19, 1988 |
Communist Party | Ringaudas Songaila
(1930–2017) | |||
Algirdas Brazauskas
(1903–1974) |
January 15, 1990–
March 11, 1990 |
Communist Party | |||||
4 | |||||||
Algirdas Brazauskas
(1903–1974) | |||||||
March 11, 1990 — Restoration of Independence |
# | Portrait | Name
(Birth–Death) |
Term | Party | Election | Prime Minister | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Algirdas Brazauskas (1932–2010) |
February 25, 1993 – February 25, 1998 |
Democratic Labour | 14 February, 1993 | Adolfas Šleževičius | ||
Laurynas Mindaugas Stankevičius | |||||||
Gediminas Vagnorius | |||||||
2 | Valdas Adamkus (born 1926) |
February 26, 1998 – February 26, 2003 |
Independent | ||||
Kazys Grinius | |||||||
Rolandas Paksas (born 1956) |
February 26, 2003 – April 6, 2004 |
Order and | 21 December, 1922 By the Seimas | ||||
3 | |||||||
Ernestas Galvanauskas | |||||||
Antanas Tumėnas | |||||||
Vytautas Petrulis | |||||||
Leonas Bistras | |||||||
April 6, 2004 — Impeachement of Rolandas Paksas | |||||||
– | Artūras Paulauskas (born 1953) Acting |
April 6, 2004 – July 12, 2004 |
New Union | Unelected — acting President following the impeachement |
Augustinas Voldemaras | ||
– | Aleksandras Stulginskis (1885–1969) Acting |
December 19, 1926 | Lithuanian Christian | Unelected — acting President following coup d''état | |||
Antanas Smetona (1874–1944) |
December 19, 1926 – June 15, 1940 |
Lithuanian | December 19, 1926 By the undemocratic approval of Seimas in one-candidate elections | ||||
4 | |||||||
Juozas Tūbelis | |||||||
Juozas Tūbelis | |||||||
Juozas Tūbelis | |||||||
December 11, 1931 By the undemocratic approval of Special Nation Representatives in one-candidate elections | |||||||
Vladas Mironas | |||||||
October 14, 1938 By the undemocratic approval of Special Nation Representatives in one-candidate elections |
Vladas Mironas | ||||||
Jonas Černius | |||||||
Antanas Merkys | |||||||
– | Antanas Merkys (1877–1955) Acting |
June 15, 1940 – June 17, 1940 |
Lithuanian | Unelected — de jure acting President |