User:Serena Ko/sandbox

**REFER CONSTITUTION OF ROMANIA TO WRITE SOMETHING MORE IN THE INTRO**

I did not even know the existence of country named Romania so I barely have information about how censorship is expanding in there. I think I am going to first look at the media history of Romania and how ideology of Romanian government has been changing since I think that the goal and the range of the censorship change in accordance with the political leaders' goal.

Vianu, Lidia. Censorship in Romania. Budapest: Central European University Press, 1998.

Boatcă, Manuela. "Knocking on Europe's Door: Romanian Academia between Communist Censorship and Western Neglect." South Atlantic Quarterly 105, no. 3 (2006): 551-79.

10.26.2016 Bibliography

Nasta, Dominique. Contemporary Romanian Cinema : The History of an Unexpected Miracle. London ; New York: Wallflower Press, 2013.

Ciobanu, Monica. "Remembering the Romanian Anti-Communist Armed Resistance: An Analysis of Local Lived Experience." Eurostudia 10, no. 1 (2015): 105-123.

(open access: https://www.erudit.org/revue/euro/2015/v10/n1/1033884ar.pdf)

According to Ciobanu, there were widespread violent repression and abrupt communization of the country in Romania in a context of post-World War II (106). The supporters of the communist regime labeled the group of opponents as fascists, criminals, or anti-national components under Western interests, and blamed those opponents for destabilizing the country (108).

After Romania became communized, the communist regime often used party-state propaganda to erase all the symbols and artifacts of the pre-communist era which could be remained in people’s mind (109). Also, to suppress the prevalent anti-communism and anti-Sovietism at that time, communist regime implemented many censorships everywhere in Romania: military force was mobilized to dismantle anti-communist movement (110). The people who were involved in resistance movement were hunted down by the authorities and incarcerated often times. There was religious persecution in Romania when it comes to Greek Catholics. There was even a patrimonial investigation by authorities that some people were punished for what their ancestors or kinship did (110).

Cleveland, Robert. "Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania” Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Accessed October 26, 2016. http://adst.org/wp-      content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf.

In the last half of 1947, King Michael was still on the regime while Soviet had so much power on Romanian economy (4). Though prewar Romania had some features of democracy such as a constitution, a parliament, political parties etc, it still had a king, and politically oligarchic (6).

Crawford, William. "Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania” Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Accessed October 26, 2016. http://adst.org/wp-      content/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf.

In 1958, Soviet troops withdrew from Romania and Romania was taking new directions toward a strong modernization and industrialization (33).

Lamasanu, Stefana. Capturing the Romanian Revolution: Violent Imagery, Affect and the Televisual Event, 2011, McGill University, Canada.

(open access: digitool.library.mcgill.ca/thesisfile96815.pdf)

Under Nicolae Ceausescu’s second communist Romanian regime, propagandist material was the only available information to the public across the country and this propagandist material was even controlled by the regime through its sanctioned channels – the national television and the party’s newspapers (66). Since the mobilization of written material was almost impossible, unofficial information was going around through gossips.  At the same time, Nicolae Ceauşescu terrorized his nations by obligating them to see a his and his wife’s portrayal everywhere. According to the writer, “From pre-kindergarten classrooms to official offices, the walls of every institution in every corner of the country were required to be adorned with photographs of the couple” (67).

Mark, David. "Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania” Association for Diplomatic Studies     and Training. Accessed October 26, 2016. http://adst.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf.

Mark worked as a legation in Romania from 1952-1954 and he remembers that Soviet Union was taking control of Romania’s economy at that time by creating about 20-22 Soviet-Romanian joint companies including the airline, the steel mills, the insurance company, road transport, harbors, etc (13). The Soviets at that time seems to thoroughly dominate the East European area.

Foreign diplomats back then were not allowed to travel around the country without special permission and they were not allowed to go near the Black Sea coast (13). The Romanian government even ruthlessly harassed the people who had in contact with American delegates. The government actually murdered one of local staff by pumping so much Sodium penathol, the truth drug, into her as a punishment for having association with American legations (14).

Preda Caterina. "Chile and Romania: Censorship in Dictatorships." Fair Observer.    http://www.fairobserver.com/region/europe/chile-and-romania-censorship-in-dictatorships-14067/.

As Romania was communized at the end of the 1940s, the communist party activists started the control of art to eliminate and erase all traces of the previous configuration and to dismantle the previous institutional model, etc. The communist Romanian government not only got rid of all the previous institutions and art legacies which were born pre-communist era, but also physically eliminated many actors, musicians, painters, etc.  As Romania established Soviet model of communization process, it was taken for granted for authorities to impose physical (arrests, killings, institutional purges) and psychological repression (terror, corruption, compromise). In the meantime, the communist Romanian government announced lists of forbidden volumes between 1944-1948 along with the lists of forbidden writers. For the institutional level, the last thing Romanian government wanted was intellectuals who could be possible insurgents. Thus, government authorities expelled professors and students from universities and never let them come back again.

"Romania Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers." Press Reference. Accessed October 27, 2016. http://www.pressreference.com/No-Sa/Romania.html.

In 1944, the Allied (Soviet) Control Commission was established in Bucharest, the capitol of Romania, and Soviet and Romanian Communist authorities started to repress press freedoms. Periodicals and other publications as well as radio broadcasts, the postal, telegraph, and telephone communications networks were censored and regulated before their printing, or before they were imported, or before they were distributed in Romania. As this censorship continued, in 1946, just 26 newspapers continued to publish and non-communist press was all destroyed.

Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards. The First Cold Warrior : Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2006.

(open access: https://books.google.com/books?id=wX6oPcVN- uAC&pg=PT129&lpg=PT129&dq=communization+process+of+Romania&source=bl&o ts=O187Cgfn76&sig=HlJ8KAIqEW6QioFjpRdoToC7QgI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE    wjC4NvJ6_fPAhXog1QKHYMFBGgQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=communization%20process%20of%20Romania&f=false)

Spalding gives little idea how Romania was communized: Iuliu Maniu and other opposition leaders against communism were arrested in July 1947, and the National Peasant Party was dissolved by the Communist-dominated national assembly (92). Though United States offered Marshall plan to all of Europe, Soviet Union saw this as America’s opportunist scheme to make Europe under American policy. Thus, many Eastern European countries rejected Marshall plan (half compulsorily by Stalin) and Romania was also communized (92).

Stan, Lavinia, and Lucian Turcescu. "The Romanaian Orthodox Church and Post-communist Democratisation." Europe - Asia Studies 52, no. 8 (2000): 1467-488.

(open access: http://www.academia.edu/183577/The_Romanian_Orthodox_Church_and_Post-Communist_Democratization).

As Romania became part of the communist block after World War II, the Romanian Communist Party considered religion as a capitalist remnant, which could make people confused about country’s ideology (1468). However, the Romanian Communist Party still wanted to keep churches as it thought that churches could be used to mobilize people and thus, churches could be used for achieving the party’s socioeconomic and political goals (Ibid). Under communism, the church and the Communist party made a contract: the party would not repress the church in exchange for its unconditional supports (Ibid). However, the church was still not allowed to pursue educational and charitable activities.

Williams Murat. "Country and Subject Reader Series, Romania.” Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training. Accessed October 26, 2016. http://adst.org/wpcontent/uploads/2012/09/Romania.pdf.

Williams spent two years in capital of Romania as a Political Officer from1949 to1951. While he was working as an ambassador in Romania, his movement was severely restricted by the Romanian government as he was American. The Romanian government limited the number of Americans they wanted to have in their country (8). At that time, the “Cominform Journal” was published under the Communist Party’s supervision and this was delivered all around the world as the journal was published in many languages (9). Cominform Journal specifically dealt with communism and was used to instruct communists all over the world the communist ideology and what was right things to do under communism.