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User:Sephiroth BCR/List of female Nobel laureates

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Marie Curie (right) was the first women to win a Nobel Prize, winning it with her husband, Pierre Curie (right). She is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes.

The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards are administered by the Nobel Foundation and awarded by a committee that consists of five members elected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.[2] Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years.[3] In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2007, the winners were awarded the prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK.[4] The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]

As of 2008, 35 Nobel laureates have been women, and the other 754 laureates are men.[6] The first woman to win a Nobel Prize was Marie Curie, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 with her husband, Pierre Curie, and Henri Becquerel.[7][8] Curie is also the only woman to have won multiple Nobel Prizes; she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1911. Curie's daughter, Irene Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935, making them the only mother-daughter pair to have won Nobel Prizes.[6] Among all the categories for the Nobel Prize, 12 women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other category.[7] Although women have won each of the five Nobel Prizes, all Nobel laureates in Economics have been men.[9]

Laureates

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Year Image Laureate Country Category Rationale
1903 Marie Curie France Physics "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel"[8]
1905 Bertha von Suttner Austria–Hungary Peace Honorary President of Permanent International Peace Bureau, Berne, Switzerland; Author of Lay Down Your Arms.[10]
1909 Selma Lagerlöf Sweden Literature "in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings"[11]
1911 Marie Curie France Chemistry "for her discovery of radium and polonium"[12]
1926 Grazia Deledda Italy Literature "for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general"[13]
1928 Sigrid Undset Norway Literature "principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages"[14]
1931 Jane Addams United States Peace Sociologist; International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[15]
1935 Irene Joliot-Curie France Chemistry "for their synthesis of new radioactive elements"[16]
1938 Pearl S. Buck United States Literature "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"[17]
1945 Gabriela Mistral Chile Literature "for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world"[18]
1946 Emily Greene Balch United States Peace Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom.[19]
1947 Gerty Theresa Cori United States Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"[20]
1963 File:Maria Goeppert-Mayer.gif Maria Goeppert-Mayer United States Physics "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"[21]
1964 Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin United Kingdom Chemistry "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances"[22]
1966 Nelly Sachs United States Literature "for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength"[23]
1976 Betty Williams United Kingdom Peace Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[24]
1976 Mairead Corrigan United Kingdom Peace Founder of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)[24]
1977 Rosalyn Yalow United States Physiology or Medicine "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"[25]
1979 Mother Teresa India Peace Leader of Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta.[26]
1982 Alva Myrdal Sweden Peace Former Cabinet Minister; Diplomat; Writer.[27]
1983 Barbara McClintock United States Physiology or Medicine "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"[28]
1986 File:Rita Levi-Montalcini in 1965.jpg Rita Levi-Montalcini Italy,
United States 		Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of growth factors"[29]
1988 Gertrude B. Elion United States Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"[30]
1991 Nadine Gordimer South Africa Literature "who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity"[31]
1991 File:Burma 3 150.jpg Aung San Suu Kyi Burma Peace "for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[32]
1992 Rigoberta Menchú Guatemala Peace "in recognition of her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[33]
1993 Toni Morrison United States Literature "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"[34]
1995 Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Germany Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"[35]
1996 Wisława Szymborska Poland Literature "for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality"[36]
1997 Jody Williams United States Peace "for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[37]
2003 Shirin Ebadi Iran Peace "for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children"[38]
2004 Elfriede Jelinek Austria Literature "for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power"[39]
2004 Wangari Maathai Kenya Peace "for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[40]
2004 Linda B. Buck United States Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"[41]
2007 Doris Lessing United Kingdom Literature "that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny"[42]
2008 Françoise Barré-Sinoussi France Physiology or Medicine "for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus"[43]

See also

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References

[edit]
General
  • "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
Specific
  1. ^ "Alfred Nobel – The Man Behind the Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize Awarders". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  3. ^ "The Nobel Prize". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  4. ^ "The Nobel Prize Amounts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-07.
  5. ^ "The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  6. ^ a b "Nobel Laureates Facts". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  7. ^ a b "Women Nobel Laureates". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  8. ^ a b "Nobel Prize in Physics 1903". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  9. ^ Smith, Adam (2007-03-23). "Newsletter March 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1905". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  11. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1909". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  12. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1911". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  13. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1926". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  14. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1928". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  15. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1931". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  16. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1935". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  17. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1938". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  18. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1945". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  19. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1946". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  20. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  21. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  22. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1964". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  23. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1966". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  24. ^ a b "Nobel Peace Prize 1976". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  25. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  26. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1979". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  27. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1982". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  28. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1983". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  29. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  30. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1988". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  31. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  32. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1991". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  33. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1992". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  34. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1993". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  35. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1995". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  36. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 1996". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  37. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 1997". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  38. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 2003". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  39. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  40. ^ "Nobel Peace Prize 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  41. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2004". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  42. ^ "Nobel Prize in Literature 2007". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
  43. ^ "Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2008". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-16.
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