User:SeismicShrimp/sandbox2
| SeismicShrimp/sandbox2 Temporal range:
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|---|---|
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| Fossil of Meganeura monyi | |
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| Life restoration of Meganeurites gracilipes | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | †Meganisoptera |
| Family: | †Meganeuridae Handlirsch 1906 |
Meganeuridae is a family of large stem-odonatans known from the Carboniferous and Permian. These insects differ from crown group odonatans if not
only the average size of taxa but also in the lack of secondary genitalia in males along with the lack of the nodus and pterostigma in wing venation.[1]
Description
[edit]Wing Anatomy
[edit]Most genera within the family have wing lengths of 100 mm or larger with some reaching up to 330 mm.
Species
[edit]| Genus | Species | Age | Location | Notes | Image |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bohemiatupus[2] | B. elegans | Middle Pennsylvanian | Czech Republic | Known from parts of both fore and hind wings, was the first large griffinfly known from Bohemian Massi. It had an estimated wing length of 260 mm. | |
| Boltonites [3] | B. radstockensis | Middle Carboniferous | England | Larger member of the family that was originally described as a species of Meganeura. The wing has a smaller amount of branching in the C3 and analis compared to other genera. It has an estimated wing length of 200 mm. | |
| Carpentertypus [4] | C. durhami | Lower Permian | Unite States | Was originally described under the genus Tupus due to similarities like the differences in the fore and hindwings in the middle sections. It had an estimated wing length of 175 mm. | |
| Erasipterella[5] | E. jini | Upper Carboniferous | China | A species known from both wing and body fossils that was originally described as the genus Sinierasiptera. It had an estimated wing length of 49 mm. |  |
| Gallotupus[6] | G. oudardi | Upper Carbonferous | France | Member known from a forewing similar to the fragmentary genus Asapheneura roussini, but with a longer Cubitus Anterior vein along with less space between that and the Media Posterior vein. It had an estimated wing length of 90 mm. |  |
| Gilsonia[3] | G. titana | Upper Carboniferous | France | Known from a mostly complete wing with venation similar to what is seen in the genus Meganeurula. It had an estimated wing length of around 120 mm. |  |
| Meganeura | M. monyi | ||||
| Meganeurina[3] | M. confusa | Upper Carboniferous | France | A member known from body and wing fossils. The venation is very similar to what is seen in Meganeura though they differ in the width of the hindwing. It had an estimated wing length of 220 mm. |  |
| Meganeurites[3] | M. gracilipes | Upper Carboniferous | France | A member of the family known from wing and body fossils. Its wing length is estimated between 130-140mm. | |
| Meganeuropsis[7][8] | M. americana | Lower Permian | United States | One of the largest members of the genus. It had an estimated wing length of 305 mm. |  |
| M. permiana | Lower Permian | The largest species in the genus and currently the largest member of the family overall with a wing length estimated at 330 mm. | |||
| Meganeurula[3] | M. selysii | Upper Carboniferous | France | ||
| Megatypus[9][10] | M. ingentissimus | Lower Permian | United States | Has a total wing length estimated at 125 mm. |  |
| M. parvus | Lower Permian | United States | |||
| M. vetustus | Lower Permian | United States | |||
| Shenzhousia[5] | S. qilianshanensis | Early Pennsylvanian | China | S. qilianshanensis is larger than S.readi with a wing width estimated around 35 mm along with a smaller amount of cells within the wing. The total wing length is estimates at 160 mm. | |
| Stephanotypus [11] | S. schneideri | ||||
| Tupus[7][12] | T. gallicus | Middle Permian | France |  | |
| T. orientalis | Upper Carboniferous | China | Originally described as the genus Paragilsonia but was later reassigned to Tupus. It had an estimated wing length between 112-140 mm. | ||
| T. permianus | Lower & Upper Permian | United States | |||
| T. whitei | Upper Permian | United States |
Paleobiolgy
[edit]Behavior
[edit]A large amount of research has been done on the group's behavior mostly because of the large sizes many members of the family reached. Just like modern odonates, Meganerids would have been predators, hunting a large variety of animals in their ecosystems. Based on the presence of spines on the tibiae and tarsi, these insects would have mostly used a combination of the legs and thorax to trap prey similar to modern-day members of Odanata.[13]
Members of the family lacked certain traits in the wing venation seen in modern dragonflies, lacking these traits would have made it harder for the animal to make quick turns in flight. Larger members of the family like Meganeura were likely not able to achieve full powered flight due to weight. Instead, employing a form of powered gliding, allowing the animal to require less energy when in the air.[14] This restricted members of the family to more open spaces along with forests seen along sources of water. Due to these factors, it is most likely that members of the family would roam in search for prey rather than staying perched in the foliage. This hunting style is also seen in a large amount of modern day odonates, this being referred to as "hawking". One of the members of the family, Gallotupus, has wing anatomy suggesting a slower flight speed due to it's shortly potiolated wing similar to what is seen in the living family Calopterygidae.[6]
Another source of evidence towards this is the presence of large compound eyes on members of the family. These eyes are similar in shape to what is seen in modern day hawking dragonflies, being dorsally flattened.[13]
Extinction
[edit]Meganeuridae survived throughout the Permian but seem to have went extinct due to the Permian Mass Extinction like a larger amount of other groups.[15] Despite what was believed, even the large members seem to have survived till the late Permian as seen in the Late Permian of Lodève. Specimens from these beds get up to wing lengths of 210-230 mm.[8] It's been suggested that the extinction of the group is due to changes in the ratio between oxygen and carbon dioxide.[15]
References
[edit]- ^ Prokop, Jakub; Nel, André (2010-01). "New griffenfly,Bohemiatupus elegansfrom the Late Carboniferous of western Bohemia in the Czech Republic (Odonatoptera: Meganisoptera: Meganeuridae)". Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.). 46 (1–2): 183–188. doi:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697655. ISSN 0037-9271.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Prokop, Jakub; Nel, André (2010-01). "New griffenfly,Bohemiatupus elegansfrom the Late Carboniferous of western Bohemia in the Czech Republic (Odonatoptera: Meganisoptera: Meganeuridae)". Annales de la Société entomologique de France (N.S.). 46 (1–2): 183–188. doi:10.1080/00379271.2010.10697655. ISSN 0037-9271.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e REVISION DER PALÄOZOJSCHEN INSEKTEN
- ^ Carpenter, F. M. (1960-01). "Studies on North American Carboniferous Insects. 1. The Protodonata". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology. 67 (4): 98–110. doi:10.1155/1960/35196. ISSN 0033-2615.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Li, Y.; Béthoux, O.; Pang, H.; Ren, D. (2013-02-01). "Early Pennsylvanian Odonatoptera from the Xiaheyan locality (Ningxia, China): new material, taxa, and perspectives". Fossil Record. 16 (1): 117–139. doi:10.5194/fr-16-117-2013. ISSN 2193-0074.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b Roques, Patrick; Garrouste, Romain; Nel, Andre (2008). "A new griffenfly genus from the Late Carboniferous of northern France (Odonatoptera: Meganeuridae)". Insect Systematics & Evolution. 39 (2): 231–239. doi:10.1163/187631208794760894. ISSN 1399-560X.
- ^ a b Carpenter, Frank M. (1939). "The Lower Permian Insects of Kansas. Part 8: Additional Megasecoptera, Protodonata, Odonata, Homoptera, Psocoptera, Protelytroptera, Plectoptera, and Protoperlaria". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 73 (3): 29. doi:10.2307/25130151. ISSN 0199-9818.
- ^ a b Nel, A. N.; Fleck, G.; Garrouste, R.; Gand, G. (2008). "The Odonatoptera of the Late Permian Lodève Basin" (PDF). Journal of Iberian Geology. 34 (1): 115–122.
- ^ Engel, M.S. (1998). "Megatypus parvus spec. nov., a new giant dragonfly from the Lower Permian of Kansas (Protodonata: Meganeuridae)". Odonatologica. 27 (3): 361–364.
- ^ Carpenter, Frank M. (1933). "The Lower Permian Insects of Kansas. Part 6. Delopteridae, Protelytroptera, Plectoptera and a New Collection of Protodonata, Odonata, Megasecoptera, Homoptera, and Psocoptera". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 68 (11): 411. doi:10.2307/20022959. ISSN 0199-9818.
- ^ Zessin, Von Wolfgang (1983). "Zur Taxonomie der jungpaläozoischen Familie Meganeuridae (Odonata) unter Einbeziehung eines Neufundes aus dem Stefan C der Halleschen Mulde (DDR)". Freiberger Forschungshefte: 58–76.
- ^ Nel, André; Fleck, Günther; Garrouste, Romain; Gand, Georges; Lapeyrie, Jean; Bybee, Seth M.; Prokop, Jakub (2009-09-22). "Revision of Permo-Carboniferous griffenflies (Insecta: Odonatoptera: Meganisoptera) based upon new species and redescription of selected poorly known taxa from Eurasia". Palaeontographica Abteilung A. 289 (4–6): 89–121. doi:10.1127/pala/289/2009/89. ISSN 0375-0442.
- ^ a b Nel, André; Prokop, Jakub; Pecharová, Martina; Engel, Michael S.; Garrouste, Romain (2018-08-14). "Palaeozoic giant dragonflies were hawker predators". Scientific Reports. 8 (1). doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30629-w. ISSN 2045-2322.
- ^ Hukill, Max; Ellers, Olaf (2024). "INDUCED POWER SCALING ALONE CANNOT EXPLAIN PALEOZOIC GRIFFENFLY GIGANTISM". Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Geological Society of America. doi:10.1130/abs/2024am-402403.
- ^ a b Jouault, Corentin; Nel, André; Perrichot, Vincent; Legendre, Frédéric; Condamine, Fabien L. (2022-12-06). "Multiple drivers and lineage-specific insect extinctions during the Permo–Triassic". Nature Communications. 13 (1). doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35284-4. ISSN 2041-1723.