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Xiphydriidae

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Xiphydria camelus (Xiphydriidae). This image was created by B. Schoenmakers during nature observations in the Netherlands.

Xiphydriidae are a family of wood wasps that includes around 150 species. They are located all over the world including North and South America, Australia, Europe, and others. Xiphydriidae are known for being a form of wood borer in dead trees or branches[1].They are characterized as having long and skinny necks with dome-shaped heads.

Taxonomy

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Scientific classification[2]
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Suborder Symphyta
Superfamily: Xiphydrioidea
Family: Xiphydriidae

Genera

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These 28 genera belong to the family Xiphydriidae:

Anatomy and morphology

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Xiphydria type genus of the family Xiphydriidae

Head:

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Most of the species of Xiphydriidae have antennae that are filiform and various in length[3]. The antennal segments vary in number ranging from 14 to 22.[3]The maxillary and labial palpi shape and length varies by species.They have an occipital carina which is a ridge in the back of the head.[3] The head is somewhat spherical and is shiny.[4]

Thorax:

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The pronotum is medially constricted in Xiphydriidae.[4] The defined axillae completely separates the scutum laterally from the mesoscutellum.[5] Parts of the thorax for Xiphydriidae are generally smooth and shiny.[3]

Abdomen:

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The segment of the abdomen called the gaster can have an orange, red, or yellow coloring pattern.[5]

A study by David R. Smith broke the Xiphydriidae into different groups by their abdomen. The groups were as follows:

  • Xiphydriidae that have a maxillary palpus segmented into 7.[3]
  • Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and contain female fore claws with inner tooth.[3]
  • Xiphydriidae that have short maxillary palpi and also contain claws of both sexes with inner tooth.[3]


Life cycle and development

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Larva

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The Xiphydriidae larvae phytophagous, meaning bore into dead or weak trees and plants.[5] When they are buried in these trees, they rely on symbiotic fungi for food in the tunnels that they made.[6] The larva either do not have legs or they have vestigial legs. During the larval stage, the head of Xiphydriidae is as long as broad.[7] As a larva, the antenna contains either three or four segments. The first segment of the antenna does not have setae and is not enlarged.[7]

A picture from Grampians National Park in Australia of the Xiphydriidae larvae eating a leaf is on the following link:

Adult

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Adults are 6-21mm long. Adult Xiphydriidae are most commonly found in shadowy places and run on the surface of leaves.[8]

Ecology

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Xiphydriidae bore and feed into dying or weakened trees so they do not have a negative effect to the environment.[9] They can be a secondary pest to humans because of the dead wood people may bring into their homes.[7]

In Japan, female Xiphydriidae were dissected and fungal spores were found.[10] The spores were 5 to 30 micrometers in diameter and had a globular shape. Mucus was also in the glandular organs of some of the wood wasps.[10]

References

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  1. ^ Smith, David (January 2014). "NOTES ON TWO UNUSUAL SPECIES OF SYMPHYTA (HYMENOPTERA: PERGIDAE, XIPHYDRIIDAE) FROM CHILE, WITH THE FIRST REPORT OF A GALL-INDUCING SAWFLY FROM THE NEOTROPICAL REGION" (PDF). Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa. 54: 171–174. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 55 (help)
  2. ^ "ITIS Standard Report Page: Xiphydriidae". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Smith, David R. (2008-07-15). "Xiphydriidae of the Philippines, Insular Malaysia, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, and Fiji (Hymenoptera)". Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology. 58 (1): 15–95. doi:10.21248/contrib.entomol.58.1.15-95. ISSN 2511-6428.
  4. ^ a b "Xiphydriidae | Sawfly GenUS". idtools.org. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  5. ^ a b c "Insects of Britain and Ireland: Hymenoptera families - Xiphydriidae". www.delta-intkey.com. Retrieved 2021-04-05.
  6. ^ JENNINGS, JOHN T.; AUSTIN, ANDREW D.; SCHIFF, NATHAN M. (2007-06-28). "Rhysacephala novacaledonica sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae), the first xiphydriid woodwasp from New Caledonia". Zootaxa. 1516 (1): 23–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1516.1.2. ISSN 1175-5334.
  7. ^ a b c Smith, David (July, 1 1976). "The xiphydriid woodwasps of North America (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae)" (PDF). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 102: 101–131. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  8. ^ Boevé, Jean-Luc; Domínguez, Diego F.; Smith, David R. (2018-06-25). "Sawflies from northern Ecuador and a checklist for the country (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Orussidae, Pergidae, Tenthredinidae, Xiphydriidae)". Journal of Hymenoptera Research. 64: 1–24. doi:10.3897/jhr.64.24408. ISSN 1314-2607.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Smith, David R. (2 October 2001). "A NEW SPECIES OF XIPHYDRIA LATREILLE (HYMENOPTERA: XIPHYDRIIDAE) REARED FROM RIVER BIRCH, BETULA NIGRA L., IN NORTH AMERICA" (PDF). Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 103: 962–967. {{cite journal}}: line feed character in |title= at position 37 (help)
  10. ^ a b Kajimura, Hisashi (2000-03-01). "Discovery of Mycangia and Mucus in Adult Female Xiphydriid Woodwasps (Hymenoptera: Xiphydriidae) in Japan". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 93 (2): 312–317. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0312:domami]2.0.co;2. ISSN 0013-8746.