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Shit flow diagram
Synonym	Excreta flow diagram, SFD
An example shit flow diagram
Position in sanitation chain	Planning
Application level	City
Environmental concerns	Water pollution, environmental health, public health, sewage sludge disposal issues

A shit flow diagram (also called excreta flow diagram or SFD) is a high level technical drawing used to display how excreta moves through a location, and functions as a tool to identify where improvements are needed. The diagram has a particular focus on treatment of the waste, and its final disposal or use. SFDs are most often used in developing countries.

Development

In 2012–2013, the World Bank's Water and Sanitation Program sponsored a study on the fecal sludge management of twelve cities with the goal of developing tools for better understanding the flow of excreta through the cities. As a result, Isabel Blackett, Peter Hawkins, and Christiaan Heymans authored The missing link in sanitation service delivery: a review of fecal sludge management in 12 cities. Using this as a basis, a group of excreta management institutions began collaborating in June 2014 to continue development of SFDs.

In November 2014, the SFD Promotion Initiative was started with funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Initially funded as a one year project, it was extended in 2015. In September 2019, the focus of the program shifted to scaling up the current methods of producing SFDs to allow for citywide sanitation in South Asia and Africa. As of 2021 more than 140 shit flow diagram reports have been published. The initiative is managed as part of the Sustainable Sanitation Alliance and is supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. It is partnered with many nonprofit organizations such as the Centre for Science and Environment, EAWAG, and the Global Water Security & Sanitation Partnership.

Use in developing countries

The great majority of those living in urban areas, especially the poor, use non-sewer sanitation systems. This poses environmental and health challenges for growing urban areas in developing countries, and many of these countries will need to change their sanitation strategies as their population grows. Using a shit flow diagram allows political leaders and members of the community to see at a glance the challenges facing their sanitation systems, and where improvements will be most effective. The simplified nature of the diagram allows for easier dialog about local excreta management. Over 140 cities in the developing world have had SFDs prepared and published, many by nonprofit organizations. They are then used to identify where resources should be focused.

So we go and we look around the world at what we call a shit-flow diagram to see where in a city is the sewage going? Is it being processed? Is it getting in the river?

— Bill Gates,

References

• Peal, Andy; Evans, Barbara; Ahilan, Sangaralingam; Ban, Radu; Blackett, Isabel; Hawkins, Peter; Schoebitz, Lars; Scott, Rebecca; Sleigh, Andy; Strande, Linda; Veses, Oscar (January 31, 2020). "Estimating Safely Managed Sanitation in Urban Areas; Lessons Learned From a Global Implementation of Excreta-Flow Diagrams". Frontiers in Environmental Science. 8: 1–13. doi:10.3389/fenvs.2020.00001. hdl:10871/40296. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• Blackett, Isabel; Hawkins, Peter; Heymans, Christiaan (April 1, 2014). "The missing link in sanitation service delivery : a review of fecal sludge management in 12 cities". World Bank. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• Panesar, Arne; Walther, Dirk; Kauter-Eby, Thomas; Bieker, Susanne (2018). "The SuSanA platform and the Shit Flow Diagram – tools to achieve more sustainable sanitation for all". A Better World Volume 3 (PDF). Tudor Rose. pp. 42–51. ISBN 978-0-9956487-3-9. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• Chhajed-Picha, Paresh; Narayanan, N.C. (September 2021). "Refining the shit flow diagram using the capacity-building approach – Method and demonstration in a south Indian town". Journal of Environmental Management. 294: 112971. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112971. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• Jewitt, Sarah; Mahanta, Anjana; Gaur, Kamla (September 2018). "Sanitation sustainability, seasonality and stacking: Improved facilities for how long, where and whom?". The Geographical Journal. 184 (3): 255–268. doi:10.1111/geoj.12258. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• McConville, Jennifer R.; Kvarnström, Elisabeth; Maiteki, James M.; Niwagaba, Charles B. (September 14, 2019). "Infrastructure investments and operating costs for fecal sludge and sewage treatment systems in Kampala, Uganda". Urban Water Journal. 16 (8): 584–593. doi:10.1080/1573062X.2019.1700290. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• Komakech, Hans C.; Moyo, Francis; Roda, Oscar Veses; Machunda, Revocatus L.; Smith, Kyla M.; Gautam, Om P.; Cairncross, Sandy (September 10, 2019). "What Proportion Counts? Disaggregating Access to Safely Managed Sanitation in an Emerging Town in Tanzania". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 16 (18): 2–17. doi:10.3390/ijerph16183328. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• Bourgault, Catherine. "Shit Flow Diagram - Humanitarian Sanitation Hub". Humanitarian Sanitation Hub. Retrieved February 13, 2024.
• Peal, Andy; Evans, Barbara; Blackett, Isabel; Hawkins, Peter; Heymans, Chris (September 1, 2014). "Fecal sludge management (FSM): analytical tools for assessing FSM in cities". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development. 4 (3): 371–383. doi:10.2166/washdev.2014.139. Retrieved February 13, 2024.

Open defecation on a river rank in Bujumbura, Burundi

Dumping of fecal sludge into a river in Nairobi, Kenya

Category:Biological waste Category:Biodegradable waste management Category:Sanitation Category:Sewerage Category:Excretion Category:Human physiology Category:Diagrams