User:Sashcraft3
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by Tim Banning (2012), Scott Ashcraft (2013).
Lockheed C-5B Galaxy
[edit]The C-5 Galaxy is one of the largest transport aircraft in the world. The aircraft was designed to support a combat-ready military unit. It provides the military with heavy intercontinental-range airlift capability. The Lockheed C-5 Galaxy has several variants. The C-5A is the original and the modifications to the C-5A have manifested themselves into several variants. These variants are the C-5B, the C-5C and the most recent C-5M "Super Galaxy". Due to retirement of the C-5A variants over time and upgrades to the A variants, the most notable C-5 in active service are the C-5B's and the upgraded C-5M's.
Variants
[edit]C-5A
[edit]Lockheed Martin delivered the first operational C-5A Galaxy to the 437th Military Airlift Wing, Charleston AFB, SC in June1970.[2] In the mid-1970's, fatigue cracks were discovered in the wings throughout the entire fleet. Coincidentally, all C-5A's were restricted to a maximum cargo capacity of 50,000 lbs., greatly reducing the aircraft's capability and service life. From 1981-1987, 77 C-5A's underwent a re-winging program to restore the aircraft to their designed mission capability.
C-5B
[edit]The C-5B, authorized for production in 1982, incorporated all of the revisions involved with the C-5A program, as well as upgraded TF-39-GE-1C Turbofan engines, strengthened wings, Bendix color weather radar, triple Delco Inertial Navigation Systems (INS), improved automated flight control system, a new Malfunction Detection Analysis and Recoding System (MADAR II), and simplified landing gear. Between January 1986 and April 1989, 50 C-5B's were delivered to the US Air Force.[2]
C-5C
[edit]Modified specifically by NASA to transport large cargo, two C-5A's were altered in the late-1980s to accommodate larger payloads, such as complete satellites or space station components. This was achieved by removing the aft upper deck troop compartment was removed and the aft cargo bay was altered to allow for a larger loading bay area.[2]
C-5 AMP and C-5M
[edit]Following an assessment on the C-5A, the Air Force FleetViability board determined that, with updated avionics and enginemodifications, the aircraft had at least 25 years of remaining servicelife.[3] Two major modification programs were carried out to increase there liability and capability of the aircraft, while decreasing total ownership cost. These two programs are the Avionics Modernization Program (AMP) and theReliability Enhancement Re-engineeing Program (RERP). While plans slate the entire C-5 fleet to receive AMP upgrade, due to budget cuts, the decision was made to not carryout the RERP program for the entire fleet. The C-5's to receive both upgrade programs were to receive a new mission design series,the C-5M Super Galaxy.
C-5M "Super Galaxy" Modification Programs
[edit]Due to the inferior mission capability rating of 56.73%, two major modification programs were initiated by the Air Force in attempt to improve the reliability and capability of the C-5 fleet.[2] Aircraft that underwent both modification programs received a new mission design series, the C-5M Super Galaxy. These two programs are known as the Avionics Modernization Program and the Reliability Enhancement Re-engining Program. These concurrent programs aim to increase the reliability of the aircraft to achieve a mission capable rate greater than 75% and extend the service life through 2040.
The Avionics Modernization Program (AMP) was intended to modernize the entire C-5 fleet’s cockpit. The AMP upgrade includes cutting-edge glass displays with an all-weather flight control system, an up-to date autopilot, a new communication suite, flat-panel displays and enhanced navigation and safety equipment. Additional upgrades aim to increase situational awareness and reduce crew workloads through improvements such as integrated datalink capabilities, predictive flight performance cues, and situational displays.[3] Scheduled for completion in FY14, this program will modernize the C-5’s such that they are capable of operating in specialized airspace throughout the global airspace.[2]
The Reliability Enhancement Re-engining Program (RERP) is focused on improving the availability, reliability, and maintainability of the C-5 fleet.[2] The primary focus of the RERP is upgrading the original General Electric turbofan engines to a more modern, higher performing GE CF6 engine. The engine upgrade is also paired with an additional 70 other enhancements to major components and subsystems such as upgrades to the pylons, auxiliary power units, aircraft, skin, frame, landing gear and pressurization system.[3] Following budget restrictions, the decision was made to not modify the entire C-5 fleet.
During an Afghanistan troop scale-up operation, upgraded C-5M’s were used in conjunction with legacy C-5's. Due to maintenance issues with the legacy C-5’s, eight C-5A/B’s had to be employed to generate a total of 22 missions. Alternatively, only two C-5M’s were employed, generating 22 missions while carrying 55 percent of the total cargo. During this operation, the C-5M achieved a 96 percent maintenance departure reliability rate (vs. 83 percent for legacy C-5’s), succeeded the objective of the modification program, to deliver cargo more effectively and efficiently than its predecessor.[5]
Performance Comparison of legacy C-5’s vs. C-5M
[edit]The modernization of the C-5 has resulted in a 20% increase in cargo loads and a 34% improvement in the cost per flying hour, allowing for the expedited and more efficient transportation of the war-fighter and critical combat equipment around the globe.[6] With the upgraded performance capabilities, the C-5M has a 58% faster climb rate, 30% shorter takoff roll, 30% higher crise speed, and a 8-20% reduction in fuel consumption.[3] The table below compares the legacy C-5’s with that of the modernized C-5M, showing the increased performance and mission capability.
| Characteristic | Legacy C-5 A/B[2] | C-5M Super Galaxy[2] |
|---|---|---|
| Engine | GE TF-39-GE-1C | GE CF6-80C2 |
| Thrust per Engine | 43,000 lbs | 50,580 lbs |
| Max Payload | 265,000 lbs | 285,000 lbs |
| Effective Range (120,000 lbs payload) | 4,250 nm | 5,250 nm |
Cargo Capabilities
[edit]
The C-5 Galaxy is the UASF’s premiere strategic intercontinental heavy airlift, having no equal in payload capacity, both volume and total weight. The cargo bay is 31,000 cubic feet in size, measuring 127 feet long by 19 feet wide by 13.5 feet high. Having the capacity to carry 36 standard 463L pallets twice that of the C-17, the C-5 is also capable of carrying 95 aircrew and passengers simultaneously. Alternatively, the C-5 is capable of carrying six transcontinental buses, two M1-A1 Abrams main battle tanks, seven UH-1 Huey helicopters, or one U.S Army 74-ton armored mobile scissor bridge.[7]
With both fully opening cargo doors at the nose and aft portion of the aircraft, the C-5 Galaxy permits drive-through loading and unloading, requiring little to no ground-support equipment[8]. To permit easier loading, the C-5 is equipped with internally-housed winches in each ramp as well as the ability to convert the floor into a rollerized conveyor system. Additionally, with the ability of “kneeling” landing gear, the C-5 is capable of altering the normal taxi height of the aircraft (approximately 10 feet) down to truckbed height.[9]
<ref> tag has too many names (see the help page).C-5B Aircraft Characteristics
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acquisition Cost | 179 | Mil $ | 2 | Fiscal 1998 constant dollars |
| First Flight | 1985 | Year | 1 | |
| Initial Operational Capability (Military) | 1986 | Year | 1 | |
| Full Operational Capability (Military) | 1986 | Year | 1 | |
| First Delivery (Commercial and General Aviation) | N/A | Year | ||
| Stealthy? | N/A | Boolean |
Personnel
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Crew | 7 | Person | 2 | |
| Number of Passengers (three class) | N/A | Person | ||
| Number of Passengers (two class) | N/A | Person | ||
| Number of Passengers (single class) | N/A | Person |
Propulsion
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of Engines | 4 | 1 | ||
| Engine Type | Turbofan | 1 | ||
| Engine Manufacturer | General Electric | 1 | ||
| Engine Model | TF39-GE-1C | 1 | ||
| Sea Level Static Thrust per Engine (dry) | 43,000 | lbf | 1,3 | |
| Sea Level Static Thrust per Engine (with Afterburner) | N/A | lbf | ||
| SFC | lb/hp/hr | |||
| TSFC | 0.315 | 1/hr | 4 | |
| Number of Propeller Blades | N/A | |||
| Propeller Blade Diameter | N/A | ft | ||
| Bypass Ratio | 8:1 | 3 |
Fuselage
[edit]
| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Length | 247.83 | ft | 1 | |
| Height | 65.13 | ft | 1 | |
| Fuselage Width | 19 | ft | 1 | max-lower deck |
| Fuselage Height | 13.5 | ft | 1 | max-lower deck |
| Wheel Track | 37.46 | ft | 1 | between outer wheels |
| Wheel Base | 72.92 | ft | 1 | c/l main gear to c/l nose gear |
Wing
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Root Airfoil | NACA 0012 (MOD) | 1 | at 20% span | |
| Tip Airfoil | NACA 0011 (MOD) | 1 | at 43.7% and 70% span | |
| Incidence | 3 | degree | 1 | at root |
| Dihedral | -5 | degree | 1 | at quarter-chord |
| Sweep (c/4) | 25 | degree | 1 | |
| Wing Span | 222.71 | ft | 1 | |
| Wing Chord (root) | 45.44 | ft | 1 | |
| Wing Chord (tip) | 15.33 | ft | 1 | |
| Wing Chord (mean) | 27.84 | ft | calc | |
| Wing Area | 6,200 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Taper Ratio | 0.34 | calc | ||
| Aspect Ratio | 7.75 | 1 |
Empennage
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Configuration | T-Tail | 1 | ||
| Horizontal Tail Span | 68.71 | ft | 1 | |
| Horizontal Tail Area | 965.8 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Horizontal Tail Aspect Ratio | 4.89 | calc | ||
| Horizontal Tail Dihedral | degree | |||
| Horizontal Tail Sweep (c/4) | degree | |||
| Vertical Tail Span | ft | |||
| Vertical Tail Area | 961.1 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Vertical Tail Aspect Ratio | ||||
| Vertical Tail Sweep (c/4) | degree |
Control Surface Sizing
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aileron Area (total w/tabs) | 252.8 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Trailing-edge Flap Area | 991.7 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Leading-edge Flaps Area | 648.5 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Airbrakes Total Area | ft2 | |||
| Rudders Total Area | 226.7 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Elevators Area (total w/tabs) | 258.7 | ft2 | 1 |
Weight
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Manufacturer's Empty Weight | lb | |||
| Maximum Zero Fuel Weight | 635,000 | lb | 1 | |
| Operating Empty Weight | 374,000 | lb | 1 | |
| Basic Design Weight, Equipped | 704,000 | lb | 1,calc | Max T-O minus 40 percent max fuel |
| Max Payload Weight | 261,000 | lb | 1 | |
| Forward Airstrip Weight | lb | |||
| Internal Fuel Load | 332,500 | lb | 1 | |
| Max Fuel Capacity | 332,500 | lb | 1 | |
| Max External Ordnance | N/A | lb | ||
| Max External Ordance with Full Internal Tanks(Fuel) | N/A | lb | ||
| Max Design Take Off Gross Weight | 837,000 | lb | 1 |
Performance Ratios
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max Wing Loading | 135.48 | lb/ft2 | 1 | |
| Max power Loading | 4.88 | lb/lb/ft | 1 | |
| Thrust to Weight Ratio | ||||
| Max g Rating | ft/s2 | |||
| Zero Lift Drag Coefficient | ||||
| Max Lift to Drag Ratio |
Airspeeds
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Never Exceed Speed | 402 | kts | 1 | at max T-O weight |
| Max Level Speed (Sea Level, Clean) | kts | |||
| Combat Speed (5000ft) | N/A | kts | ||
| Cruising Speed (Sea Level) | kts | |||
| Cruising Speed (5000ft) | kts | |||
| Cruise Mach Number | M | |||
| Max Mach Number | M | |||
| Stall speed | 104 | kts | 1 | at max landing weight, 40% flaps, power off |
Mission Profile
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Max Rate of Climb (Sea Level) | 1,725 | ft/min | 1 | |
| Ceiling | 35,750 | ft | 1 | Service Ceiling at All Up Weight - 615,000 lb |
| Initial Cruising Altitude | ft | |||
| Take Off Distance | 9,800 | ft | 1 | to 50 ft at sea level |
| Landing Distance | 3,820 | ft | 1 | from 50 ft at sea level and max landing weight |
| Operational Radius | 2,892 | nm | 1 | 5% reserve of initial fuel and 30 min loiter at sea level - max payload |
| Max Range | 5,618 | nm | 1 | 5% reserve of initial fuel and 30 min loiter at sea level - max fuel |
Environmental Metrics
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Take Off and Flyover Noise | EPNdB | |||
| Sideline Noise | EPNdB | |||
| Approach Noise | EPNdB | |||
| CO2 Output per Mission | kg | |||
| NOx Output per Mission | kg |
Miscellaneous Characteristics
[edit]| Characteristic | Value | Unit | Sources | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuselage Width Forward | 13.79 | ft | 1 | upper deck |
| Fuselage Width Aft | 13 | ft | 1 | upper deck |
| Fuselage Height | 7.5 | ft | 1 | upper deck |
| Spoiler Total Area | 430.7 | ft2 | 1 | |
| Max Level Speed (25,000 ft, clean) | 496 | kts | 1 | at max T-O weight |
| Cruise Speed (25,000 ft) | 450 | kts | 1 | at max T-O weight |
| Max Cruising Speed (25,000 ft) | 480-490 | kts | 1 | at max T-O weight |
| Volume (forward) | 2,010 | ft3 | 1 | upper deck |
| Volume (aft) | 6,020 | ft3 | 1 | upper deck |
| Volume (lower) | 34,795 | ft3 | 1 | lower deck |
| Aft Loading Max Height | 12.9 | ft | 1 | ramp lowered |
| Aft Loading Max Width | 19 | ft | 1 | ramp lowered |
| Aft Loading Max Height | 9.5 | ft | 1 | straight-in |
| Aft Loading Max Width | 19 | ft | 1 | straight-in |
| Forwward Loading Max Height | 13.5 | ft | 1 | ramp lowered |
| Forward Loading Max Width | 19 | ft | 1 | ramp lowered |
| Competitor Aircraft Systems | Boeing C-17 Globemaster, Airbus A400M, Lockheed C-130 Hercules, Lockheed C-141 Starlifter |
References
[edit]1-Taylor, John William Ransom. Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1988-89. London: Jane's, 1988. Print.
2-http://www.af.mil/information/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=84
3-http://www.geaviation.com/engines/military/tf39/
4-http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA469258
- ^ "Aircraft Military Flares Gunship C5 Galaxy 1680x1050 Wallpaper Art and Technology Military HD." Military,aircraft Aircraft Military Flares Gunship C5 Galaxy 1680x1050 Wallpaper – Military,aircraft Aircraft Military Flares Gunship C5 Galaxy 1680x1050 Wallpaper – Military Wallpaper – Desktop Wallpaper. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Sept. 2013. <http://www.wallmay.net/Art_and_Technology/Military/aircraft_military_flares_gunship_c5_galaxy_1680x1050_wallpaper_41228>.
- ^ a b c d e f g h "LockheedC-5 Galaxy." Lockheed C-5 Galaxy.GlobalSecurity.org, n.d. Web. 7 Sept. 2013.<http://www.theaviationzone.com/factsheets/c5.asp>. Cite error: The named reference ":0" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c d Jablonski,David A. "Air Force Fleet Viability Board Releases C-5A Assessment." USAir Force. US Air Force, 15 July 2004. Web. 17 Sept. 2013.<http://archive.is/20121212024144/http%3A//www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123008163>. Cite error: The named reference ":1" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
- ^ a b c United States of America. Congress. Congressional Research Office. Strategic Airlift Modernization Analysis of C-5 Modernization and C-17 Acquisition Issues. By William Knight. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service, 2008. Print.
- ^ Diamond, Mark."C-5M Super Galaxy 'flexes Muscles' Supporting Afghanistan Surge."Http://www.amc.af.mil/. N.p., 23 July 2010. Web. 5 Sept. 2013.<http://www.amc.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123214678>.
- ^ "C-5 Galaxy / C-5M Super Galaxy." AeroWeb. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Sept. 2013.
- ^ "LockheedC-5 Galaxy." Lockheed C-5 Galaxy.N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Sept. 2013.<http://www.theaviationzone.com/factsheets/c5.asp>.
- ^ "Marshal" Dillon, Mark C. 2007. "Intellectual Modernization of the C-5: Making the Galaxy Expeditionary." Air & Space Power Journal 21, no. 2: 67-77. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 16, 2013).
- ^ " C-5Galaxy." C-5 Galaxy.Air-Attack.com, n.d. Web. 14 Sept. 2013.<http://air-attack.com/page/63/C-5-Galaxy.html>.