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Article Evaluation
[edit]This is a review of the article Feather-plucking.
While reading this article I found that most of what was written was from a neutral point of view and relevant to the subject, while there are some exceptions.
In regards to the point of view, under the "Genetic Factors" heading, it says that feather plucking is a possible heritable trait because of one study. It then goes on to suggest issues with the limited population for the study. Could this possibly be a personal opinion about the article and the content? The listed source is not viewable online and therefore more research would have to be done in order to tell.
With regards to the content being relevant, under the "Medical and physical factors" heading, there are many listed possible medical causes for feather plucking. It should be limited to just the possible causes that actually have some evidence behind them. I thought listing all of them despite lack of evidence was unnecessary.
In addition, I tried to view a few of the references, and three of the sources that should be viewable online were not there. The broken links should be replaced by functioning links and perhaps other sources should be found to confirm the information that is supposedly from them.
The article is a part of WikiProject Birds and is rated as a C-Class for quality.
Plans For Article
[edit]Plans
[edit]I plan to create the article Tail Chasing. I will describe the behaviour and what makes it problematic to dogs and their owners, parallels between tail chasing and human disorders, as well as causes and treatments for the behaviour.
Lead Section
[edit]Tail Chasing is a behaviour exhibited in dogs that is characterized by spinning in tight circles in either direction, and can be slow and focused on the tail or fast and unfocused.[1] It is a compulsion similar to those seen in humans suffering from OCD[2] and it can be quite disruptive to the lives of the dogs themselves, as well as their owners.[3][4] Some causes have been suggested, including genetic factors[5], and environmental factors that vary depending on the individual dog.[6][2] Furthermore, treatment options include drugs that decrease the frequency of tail chasing by targeting mechanisms of the underlying cause or behavioural changes regulated by owners.[3][4][7]
Article Draft
[edit]
Tail Chasing is a behaviour exhibited in dogs that is characterized by spinning in tight circles in either direction, and can be slow and focused on the tail or fast and unfocused.[1] It is a compulsion similar to those seen in humans suffering from OCD[2] and it can be quite disruptive to the lives of the dogs themselves, as well as their owners.[3][4] Some causes have been suggested, including genetic factors[5], and environmental factors that vary depending on the individual dog.[6][2] Furthermore, treatment options include drugs that decrease the frequency of tail chasing by targeting the underlying mechanisms, and behavioural changes regulated by the dog's owners.[3][4][7]
Problematic Behaviour
[edit]It is common for problems to arise when dogs compulsively chase their tails.[3][4] One case study described a dog who began to lose weight, demonstrated aggressive behaviour when it's owner attempted to stop the chasing, and became uninterested in enjoyable daily activities, such as walks and eating.[4] Another case study described a dog with similar symptoms but who also injured it's tail and head while chasing it's tail.[3] Furthermore, with increased tail chasing behaviour, the injuries become more serious, such as fractures from the animals often banging into things while chasing their tails, getting skin abrasions and infections from creating open wounds on the tail, and abrasions on the pads of their feet.[1] The most serious cases can result in amputation or even euthanasia if other treatments are unsuccessful. Surveys from owners suggest that tail chasing diminishes quality of life for the dog and usually interferes with the relationship between dog and owner.[1]
Parallels with Human Disorders
[edit]OCD
[edit]Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) in humans is characterized by the onset of intrusive, repetitive thoughts and urges (obsessions), that are typically eased through a certain behaviour (compulsions).[8] In addition, it can present early in life or later. One study also found that OCD has a high comorbidity with other disorders, such as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).[9] Dogs who chase their tails are often described as having Canine Compulsive Disorder (CD), as they seem to compulsively chase their tails[2], it has been described as appearing as early as 2 months old[1], and the behaviour can worsen or become more frequent when the animal is stressed[3].
ASD
[edit]Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) has also been known to develop early in life and a common symptom is repetitive behaviours. It has also been shown that most of the children with ASD were also hard to distract from any task they were focused on.[10] Tail chasing has been compared to autism as it usually starts with random outbursts and then as the compulsion progresses, it becomes more frequent and more difficult to distract the dog from doing it[1], similar to the attention displayed by children with ASD.
Causes and Treatments
[edit]Causes
[edit]
Tail chasing and other compulsive behaviours in dogs, such as fly snapping and blanket suckling, have been associated with breed,[6] stressful situations, seizures,[3][4] and possibly the CDH2 gene[5]. Tail chasing behaviour is most common in bull terriers and german shepherds[1], but can also be seen in other breeds, like dobermann pinchers[5] and shiba inus[6]. A study in Japan found significant effect of breed on tail chasing[6], while another found bull terriers and german shepherds had the earliest onset of the behaviour[2].
In regards to stressful situations, case studies have shown that common triggers for tail chasing are situations in which the dog is uncomfortable, such as meeting new people or about to get a bath[3][4]. Another study showed similar findings in that about 30% of owners reporting that stressful or frustrating situations triggered tail chasing.[1]
Seizure activity has also been associated with tail chasing. A correlation between tail chasing and seizure activity was insignificant, but it was higher than the correlations between tail chasing and sex, trance-like behaviour, noises, and skin allergies, which are all also associated with tail chasing.[1] Further, a case study showed seizure activity localized in the lateral hypothalamus or cerebellum as one of the diagnosing criteria in a dog who problematically chased it's tail.[3]
In terms of genetic contributions, there is some debate, as one finding suggests that all compulsive-type behaviours are linked to higher expression of the CDH2 gene,[5] while another found no such correlation between gene and tail chasing behaviour.[2]
Other potential causes have been suggested in addition to those listed above. One study suggests a possible influence of where the dog was bought (pet store or breeder), saying that dogs bought from pet stores were more likely to chase their tails, and they also suggested the possibility that being homed with other dogs may be a trigger.[6] Another study found that tail chasing was more common in males than in females, suggesting a possible sex difference.[1]
Treatments
[edit]Treatment for tail chasing is usually a combination of drug and behavioural therapy that is suited to the cause of tail chasing for the specific animal.[3][4] Fluoxetine, an SSRI used to treat compulsive disorders, is a common drug used to treat CD and tail chasing. One study did find that hypericin was more effective at treating tail chasing than fluoxetine.[7] Other drugs used to treat tail chasing include sedatives such as acepromazine, for those who are triggered by stressful or fearful situations, and anti-seizure medication such as gabapentin, for those who have seizures that could be increasing the behaviour.[3][4]
Behavioural treatment for tail chasing mainly involves physically inhibiting the dog from completing the behaviour (e.g. with a muzzle) by preventative measures or interrupting the behaviour. It is also important to keep a regular daily routine that includes walks and regular feeding times, and playing, while avoiding potential stressors, such as loud noises and strangers. In addition, it is also common to gradually return the dog into potentially stressful situations in a controlled manor to habituate them to normal activities while preventing triggering an episode.[3][4]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Moon-Fanelli, Alice A.; Dodman, Nicholas H.; Famula, Thomas R.; Cottam, Nicole (2011-04-01). "Characteristics of compulsive tail chasing and associated risk factors in Bull Terriers". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 238 (7): 883–889. doi:10.2460/javma.238.7.883.
- ^ a b c d e f g Tiira, Katriina; Hakosalo, Osmo; Kareinen, Lauri; Thomas, Anne; Hielm-Björkman, Anna; Escriou, Catherine; Arnold, Paul; Lohi, Hannes (2012-07-26). "Environmental Effects on Compulsive Tail Chasing in Dogs". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e41684. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041684. ISSN 1932-6203.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bain, Melissa J.; Fan, Christina M. (2012-03-01). "Animal Behavior Case of the Month". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 240 (6): 673–675. doi:10.2460/javma.240.6.673.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Denenberg, Sagi (2015-04-15). "Animal Behavior Case of the Month". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 246 (9): 967–969. doi:10.2460/javma.246.9.967.
- ^ a b c d e Dodman, N H; Karlsson, E K; Moon-Fanelli, A; Galdzicka, M; Perloski, M; Shuster, L; Lindblad-Toh, K; Ginns, E I (2010/01). "A canine chromosome 7 locus confers compulsive disorder susceptibility". Molecular Psychiatry. 15 (1): 8–10. doi:10.1038/mp.2009.111. ISSN 1476-5578.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e f Goto, Akiko; Arata, Sayaka; Kiyokawa, Yasushi; Takeuchi, Yukari; Mori, Yuji. "Risk factors for canine tail chasing behaviour in Japan". The Veterinary Journal. 192 (3): 445–448. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.09.004.
- ^ a b c Mosallanejad, Bahman; Najafzadeh Varzi, Hossein; Avizeh, Reza; Pourmahdi, Mahdi; Khalili, Fatemeh (2015). "Comparative evaluation between hypericin (hypiran) and fluoxetine in treatment of companion dogs with tail chasing". Veterinary Research Forum. 6 (2): 167–172. ISSN 2008-8140. PMC 4522532. PMID 26261714.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ Grover, Sandeep; Sarkar, Siddharth; Gupta, Gourav; Kate, Natasha; Ghosh, Abhishek; Chakrabarti, Subho; Avasthi, Ajit. "Factor analysis of symptom profile in early onset and late onset OCD". Psychiatry Research. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.006.
- ^ Hofer, Patrizia D.; Wahl, Karina; Meyer, Andrea H.; Miché, Marcel; Beesdo-Baum, Katja; Wong, Shiu F.; Grisham, Jessica R.; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich; Lieb, Roselind. "Obsessive–compulsive disorder and the risk of subsequent mental disorders: A community study of adolescents and young adults". Depression and Anxiety: n/a–n/a. doi:10.1002/da.22733. ISSN 1520-6394.
- ^ Larsen, Kenneth; Aasland, Astrid; Diseth, Trond H. (2018-02-08). "Identification of Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorders in the Second Year of Life at Day-Care Centres by Day-Care Staff: Step One in the Development of a Short Observation List". Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders: 1–11. doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3489-x. ISSN 0162-3257.
PEER REVIEW by munstudent2018
[edit]· Good lead section, good overview, informative without being too specific. A few grammar suggestions, maybe rewrite the last sentence as: Treatment options include drugs that decrease the frequency of tail chasing behaviour by targeting the underlying mechanisms, or behavioural changes that are regulated by the dog’s owners. (Needed a comma in there somewhere)
· Make sure everything is in past tense “One case study describes” change to described.
· Maybe make a link for OCD, like you have for GAD and ASD?
· ASD section – describe the study a bit more, what task?
· Maybe elaborate a bit more on environmental factors and the social factors – like if being homed with other dogs worsens tail-chasing? Causes it to begin with? Influenced them in what way?
· Good references, all credible and all links worked, all info was relevant, nothing missing
· Good job!!
Peer Review
[edit]"Tail chasing and other compulsive behaviours in dogs, such as fly snapping and blanket suckling, have been associated with breed,[6] stressful situations, seizures,[3][4] and the CDH2 gene[5]."
There is a lot of information in this sentence that I think you can expand upon. I think this section would be better if you treated each item separately. First talk about breed associations with compulsive behaviour followed how stressful situations can trigger this behaviour. Continue in separate sentences about how seizure and possibly genetics play a part in compulsive behaviour.
Make sure to include the full references for sources 1 to 7. Currently they are broken up between the "Plans for Article" and "Article Draft" sections.