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Arabs
Arabic: عَرَبٌ (ʿarab)
Total population
c. 400 million[1][2] to 420+ million[3][4]
Regions with significant populations
Arab League
   350,000,000[5][6][7]
Brazil11,600,000–20,000,000[8][9][10]
France5,500,000–7,000,000[11][12]
Turkey5,000,000 (2017)[13][14][15]
United States3,700,000[16]
Argentina3,500,000[17]
Colombia3,200,000[18][19][20][21][22]
Israel1,890,000[23][24]
Chad1,689,168 (est.)[25]
Venezuela1,600,000[26]
Iran2,600,000[27]
Germany1,401,950[28]
Spain1,350,000[29][30]
Mexico1,100,000[31]
Chile800,000[32][33][34]
Canada750,925[35]
Italy705,968[36]
Netherlands480,000–613,800[37]
Malaysia500,000+
Britain500,000[38]
Australia500,000[39]
Ivory Coast300,000[40]
Honduras280,000[41]
Ecuador170,000 [42]
Niger150,000 (2006)[43]
Indonesia118,866 (2010)[44]
El Salvador100,000+[45][46][47][48][49]
Uruguay75,000[50]
Ethiopia74,000
Tanzania70,000[51]
Eritrea50,000–70,000
Kenya59,021 (2019)[52]
Languages
Arabic
Religion
Predominantly:
Related ethnic groups
Other Semitic-speaking peoples[53][54][55]

The Arabs (Arabic: عَرَب, DIN 31635: ʿarab, Arabic pronunciation:[a] [ˈʕa.rab] ⓘ), also known as Arab people (Arabic: الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيُّ), are an ethnic group[b] share a common of culture, history, ancestry and, language, mainly inhabiting the Arab world in Western Asia and North Africa, which formally denotes the "Arab homeland".[74] Moreover, a significant Arab diaspora is present in various parts of the world.[75]

According to the Abrahamic tradition, Arabs are descendants of Abraham, with his son Ishmael. Ishmael had twelve sons, each of whom became a tribal chief in one of the regions from Havilah to Shur (from ancient Mesopotamia to the east of Egypt).[76] Arabs have been in the Fertile Crescent for thousands of years.[77] In the 9th century BC, the Assyrians made written references to Arabs as inhabitants of the Levant, Mesopotamia, and, Arabia.[78] Throughout the ancient Near East, Arabs established influential civilizations starting from 3000 BC onwards, such as Dilmun, Gerrha and, Magan, playing a vital role in trade between Mesopotamia, and the Mediterranean.[79] Other prominent tribes include Midian, ʿĀd, and Thamud mentioned in the Bible and Quran. The Amorites, likely originating from Arabia, emerged around 2100 BC in the Levant and Mesopotamia.[80] Around 1300 BC, the Edomites were found adjacent to Moab in the southern Levant.[81] Later, in 900 BC, the Qedarites where enjoyed close relations with the nearby Canaanite and Aramaean states, and their territory extended from Lower Egypt to the Southern Levant.[82] From 1200 BC to 110 BC, powerful Arab kingdoms such as Saba, Lihyan, Minaean, Qataban, Hadhramaut, Awsan, and Homerite emerged in Arabia.[83]

During Classical antiquity, the Nabataeans established their Kingdom with Petra as the capital in 300 BC,[84] by 271 BC, the Palmyrene Empire with the capital Palmyra, led by Queen Zenobia, encompassed the Syria Palaestina, Arabia Petraea, and Egypt, as well as large parts of Anatolia.[85] The Arab Itureans inhabited Lebanon, Syria, and northern Palestine (Galilee) during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.[86] The Osroene and Hatran were Arab kingdoms in Upper Mesopotamia around 200 BC.[87] In 164 BC, the Sasanians recognized the Arabs as "Arbayistan", meaning "land of the Arabs,"[88] as they were part of Adiabene in upper Mesopotamia.[89] The Arab Emesenes ruled by 46 BC Emesa (Homs), Syria.[90] During late antiquity, the Tanukhids, Salihids, Lakhmids, Kinda, and Ghassanids were dominant Arab tribes in the Levant, Mesopotamia, and Arabia, they predominantly embraced Christianity.[91] During the Middle Ages, Islam fostered a vast Arab union, leading to significant Arab migration from the East, extremely to North Africa, under the rule of Arab empires such as the Rashidun, Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatimid, ultimately leading to the decline of the Byzantine and Sasanian empires. At its peak, Arab territories stretched from southern France to eastern China, forming one of history's largest empires.[92] The Great Arab Revolt in the early 20th century, aided in dismantling the Ottoman Empire, ultimately leading to the formation of the Arab League on 22nd March 1945, with its Charter endorsing the principle of a "unified Arab homeland".[93]

Arabs share a common bond based on ethnicity, language, culture, history, identity, nationalism, geography, unity, and politics.[94] They also have their own customs, literature, music, dance, media, food, clothing, society, sports, architecture, art and, mythology.[95] Arabs have significantly influenced and contributed to human progress in many fields, including science, technology, philosophy, ethics, literature, politics, business, art, music, comedy, theatre, cinema, architecture, food, medicine, and religion.[96] Before Islam, most Arabs followed polytheistic Semitic religion, while some tribes adopted Judaism or Christianity and a few individuals, known as the hanifs, followed a form of monotheism.[97] Currently, around 93% of Arabs are Muslims, while the rest are mainly Arab Christians, as well as Arab groups of Druze and Baháʼís.[98]

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ singular: Arab; singular Arabic: عَرَبِيٌّ, DIN 31635: ʿarabiyyūn, Arabic pronunciation: [ˈʕa.ra.bɪj.jʊn]
  2. ^ * Arabs share a strong bond through their ethnic, linguistic, and cultural heritage. This connection encompasses their history, nationalism, and geographic ties. Religion also influences it, contributing to its distinct customs, arts, cuisine, and societal identity.[56][57]
  1. ^ Lorenzo Kamel (31 March 2017). The Frailty of Authority: Borders, Non-State Actors and Power Vacuums in a Changing Middle East. Edizioni Nuova Cultura. p. 25. ISBN 978-88-6812-828-9.
  2. ^ Kail C. Ellis (12 January 2018). Secular Nationalism and Citizenship in Muslim Countries: Arab Christians in the Levant. Springer. p. 159. ISBN 978-3-319-71204-8.
  3. ^ Margaret K. Nydell (26 July 2018). Understanding Arabs: A Guide for Modern Times. John Murray Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4736-9091-2.
  4. ^ Neil Caplan (4 September 2019). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: Contested Histories. John Wiley & Sons. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-119-52387-1.
  5. ^ a b total population 450 million; CIA Factbook2030 estimates an Arab population of 450 million, see article text.
  6. ^ a b "World Arabic Language Day | United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization". Unesco.org. 15 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference gudaszewski was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ IBGE. IBGE | Biblioteca | Detalhes | Características étnico-raciais da população : classificações e identidades IBGE: Características Étnico-Raciais da População.
  9. ^ Silvia Ferabolli (25 September 2014). Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective. Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-1-317-65803-0. According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.
  10. ^ Paul Amar (15 July 2014). The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South. Indiana University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-253-01496-2. there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside the Middle East.
  11. ^ Crumley, Bruce (24 March 2009), "Should France Count Its Minority Population?", Time, retrieved 11 October 2014
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  14. ^ http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/11298 The Iraqi Refugee Crisis and Turkey: a Legal Outlook
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  23. ^ "Israel's Independence Day 2019" (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 26 January 2020.
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  32. ^ "Aurora | Aurora". www.aurora-israel.co.il. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012.
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  36. ^ "Cittadini stranieri in Italia – 2021". tuttitalia.it.
  37. ^ "Dutch media perceived as much more biased than Arabic media – Media & Citizenship Report conducted by University of Utrecht" (PDF), Utrecht University, 10 September 2010, archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2019, retrieved 29 November 2010
  38. ^ Anthony McRoy. "The British Arab". National Association of British Arabs. Archived from the original on 3 January 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
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  40. ^ "Côte d'Ivoire". Minority Rights Group. 30 January 2018.
  41. ^ J. Espín-Ocampo (2020). Origen y evolución de la comunidad palestina en Chile. Vol. 1. pp. 113–132. doi:10.15359/ri.93-1.5. ISSN 1018-0583. S2CID 241082525. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  42. ^ de 2020, 16 de Octubre (16 October 2020). "El Guayaquil que acogió a los migrantes extranjeros". El Telégrafo. Retrieved 2022-04-16.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  43. ^ "Africa | Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion". BBC News. 2006-10-25. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  44. ^ Hartono, Sunaryati (2015). Analisis dan Evaluasi Peraturan Perundang-undangan Tentang Peninggalan Kolonial (Belanda dan Jepang) (PDF). Jakarta: Badan Pembinaan Hukum Nasional, Kementerian Hukum dan Hak Asasi Manusia RI. pp. 25–26. IOS1-INLIS000000000683886.
  45. ^ "Why So Many Palestinians Live In El Salvador | AJ+". newsvideo.su. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  46. ^ "Lebanese Diaspora Worldwide Geographical Distribution". Archived from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
  47. ^ Zielger, Matthew. "El Salvador: Central American Palestine of the West?". The Daily Star. Retrieved 27 May 2015.
  48. ^ "AJ Plus: The Palestinians of El Salvador". Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  49. ^ Dellios, Hugh. "El Salvador vote divides 2 Arab clans". Chicago Tribune.
  50. ^ de 2014, 25 de Junio. "Más de 10 millones de libaneses empujan el crecimiento social y económico de América Latina". infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved 2022-02-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  51. ^ "Tanzania History and Information – Safari Info for Tanzania". www.eyesonafrica.net. Retrieved 2020-05-28.
  52. ^ "2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume IV: Distribution of Population by Socio-Economic Characteristics" (PDF). Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  53. ^ Nebel, Almut; Filon, Dvora; Weiss, Deborah A.; Weale, Michael; Faerman, Marina; Oppenheim, Ariella; Thomas, Mark G. (2000). "High-resolution Y chromosome haplotypes of Israeli and Palestinian Arabs reveal geographic substructure and substantial overlap with haplotypes of Jews" (PDF). Human Genetics. 107 (6): 630–41. doi:10.1007/s004390000426. PMID 11153918. S2CID 8136092. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.
  54. ^ Atzmon, G; Hao, L; Pe'Er, I; Velez, C; Pearlman, A; Palamara, PF; Morrow, B; Friedman, E; Oddoux, C (2010). "Abraham's Children in the Genome Era: Major Jewish Diaspora Populations Comprise Distinct Genetic Clusters with Shared Middle Eastern Ancestry". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (6): 850–59. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.04.015. PMC 3032072. PMID 20560205.
  55. ^ Ghazi O. Tadmouri; Konduru S. Sastry; Lotfi Chouchane (2014). "Arab gene geography: From population diversities to personalized medical genomics". Global Cardiology Science and Practice. 2014 (4): 394–408. doi:10.5339/gcsp.2014.54. PMC 4355514. PMID 25780794.
  56. ^ *
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  64. ^ Hauss, Charles (July 2005). Ie Comparative Politics. Wadsworth. ISBN 978-0-495-06294-3.
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  69. ^ Jandt, Fred E. (2 February 2012). An Introduction to Intercultural Communication: Identities in a Global Community. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781412992879.
  70. ^ Kreider, Kyle L.; Baldino, Thomas J. (2016). Minority voting in the United States. Santa Barbara: Praeger. ISBN 144083024X.
  71. ^ Epstein, Steven (2007). Purity Lost: Transgressing Boundaries in the Eastern Mediterranean, 1000–1400. JHU Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8484-9.
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