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Future Challenges and Mitigation Methods for High Photovoltaic Penetration: A Survey

Abstract

Integration of high volume (high penetration) of photovoltaic (PV) generation with power grids consequently leads to some technical challenges that are mainly due to the intermittent nature of solar energy, the volume of data involved in the smart grid architecture, and the impact power electronic-based smart inverters. These challenges include reverse power flow, voltage fluctuations, power quality issues, dynamic stability, big data challenges and others.

Introduction

The fall in the prices of solar PV panels and the supporting policies made by various government of many countries have aided the growth in PV usage .

. China, with abundant rare earth metals , accounts for almost 34% of the total world’s installed capacity with more than twice that of Japan (with the second largest PV installation capacity in the world).

Over 375 GW of PVs were installed between 2007–2017.

. The increase in capacity additions is expected to continue based on projections , with China projected to take the lead.

over half of solar installations in US were connected to the distribution system. There is a projection that 50% to 60% of total US PV capacity from now till 2020 would be connected to the distribution system.

In Germany as at 2013, of the total capacity of PV power installation, more than 70% of the installed PV total capacity is tied to the low-voltage (LV) distribution grid

The need for decentralized (distributed) power generation has led many of these PV systems to be integrated with the low-voltage distribution grid.

High PV Penetration Challenges

PV penetration was defined as the ratio of maximum PV power to the maximum apparent power of the load

Pv penetration = (rated pv generation(w))/(rated load (kw))

many works suggest that at penetration above 15%, the challenges of high PV penetrations becomes noticeable