User:SV Resolution/aspartame controversy section

Here are some references for the aspartame controversy

References from Humphries 2007

This paper might not be WP:RS because the author relies so heavily on non-WP:RS sources, repeating incorrect information (that DKP is a derivative of methanol, for example) and distorts the sense of some WP:RS sources. At first, I thought the paper was a carefully constructed fabric of hypotheses suggested for further testing, and figured I was having trouble following it because I am not an expert in the field. But now I wonder if the arguments have some internal inconsistancies and just don't make as much sense I would have though they ought to make. I wish an expert would review this review.

WP:MEDRS?	WP:RS?	#	Reference	notes
Y	Y	1	Anonymous (1984). "Evaluation of consumer complaints related to aspartame use".. MMWR 33, 605–607. (full report at M Kirsten Bradsiock; et al. (MARCH 1986). "Evaluation of reactions to food additives: the aspartame experience". The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 43 (3): 464–469. doi:10.1093/ajcn/43.3.464. PMID 3953484. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link) )	misused Humphries says "It has been reported that consumption of aspartame could cause neurological and behavioural disturbances in sensitive individuals", where MMWR says "others may be attributable to some as yet undefined sensitivity of some individuals to aspartame"
Y	Y	1	Berger-Sweeney J, Hohmann CF (1997)Berger-Sweeney J, Hohmann CF (1997). "Behavioral consequences of abnormal cortical development: insights into developmental disabilities". Behav Brain Res. 86 (2): 121–142. doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(96)02251-6. PMID 9134147.	abstract available -- not about aspartame, phenylalanine, or aspartate
Y	Y	1	Boutrel B, Franc B, Hen R, Hamon M, Adrien J (1999). Boutrel B, Franc B, Hen R, Hamon M, Adrien J (1999). "Key role of 5-Ht1B receptors in the regulation of paradoxical sleep as evidenced in 5-HT1B knock-out mice". J Neurosci. 19 (8): 3204–3212. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-08-03204.1999. PMC 6782285. PMID 10191333.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)	"5-HT neurons have widespread projections". 5-Ht1B receptors are found in brain neurons and blood vessels (see Serotonin receptor).
N	N	11	Bowen J, Evangelista MA (2002). Brain cell damage from amino acid isolates: a primary concern from aspartame-based products and artificial sweetening agents. http://www.wnho.net/aspartame_brain_damage.htm.	publisher World Natural Health Organization. not peer-reviewed. does not cite references, although there is a list of references. not MEDRS -- some references are MEDRS, but others are newspaper articles, and other sources. This article on the blood-brain barrier, the hypothesis that blood-brain barrier may be compromised when amino acid isolates are consumed, and hypothesized "induced PKU effect" of BBB transport overwhelmed by phenylalanine overdose after consumption of diet soda. Article does not meet Wikipedia standards for citation of references. Humphries could have used the reliable sources referenced.
Y	Y	2	Caballero B, Wurtman RJ (1988). Caballero B, Wurtman RJ (1988). "Control of plasma phenylalanine levels". In Wurtman RJ, Ritterwalker E (ed.). Dietary phenylalanine and Brain Function. Birkhauser: Basal. pp. 9–23. ISBN 9780817633820.
Y	Y	1	Choi DW, Rothman SM (1990). The role of glutamate neurotoxicity in hypoxic-ischemic neuronal death. Annu Rev Neurosci 13, 171–182.	possible misuse this paper can support only the statement "Continuous activation might cause damage to brain neurons" -- which is textbook stuff -- see any textbook on CNS, or MND/ALS, for example. The Choi article is about endogenous glutamate and stroke, not about aspartame and the BBB.
Y	Y	1	Chubakov AR et al(1986)Chubakov AR, Gromova EA, Konovalov GV, Sarkisova EF, Chumasov EI (1986). "The effects of serotonin on the morpho-functional development of rat cerebral neocortex in tissue culture". Brain Res. 369 (3): 285–297. doi:10.1007/BF01182928. PMID 8332246.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Y	Y	1	Chubakov AR et al (1993) Chubakov AR, Tsyganova VG, Sarkisova EF (1993). "The stimulating influence of the raphe nuclei on the morphofunctional development of the hippocampus during their combined cultivation". Neurosci Behav Physiol. 23 (3): 271–276. doi:10.1007/BF01182928. PMID 8332246.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Y	Y	1	Chugani DC (2004). Chugani, D. C. (2004). "Serotonin in autism and pediatric epilepsies". Mental RetardDev Disabil Res Rev. 10 (2): 112–116. doi:10.1002/mrdd.20021. PMID 15362166.
N	N	1	Clarke J (2000)Clarke J (2000). "Aspartame concerns: an overview for health professionals". Additive Survivors Network: UK.	not reliable source, uncritical use of a false statement Humphries repeats the false statement that diketopiperazine is a derivative of methanol, when they are actually metabolized from amino acids or proteins (see diketopiperazine article]].
Y	Y	1	Cooper JR, Bloom FE, Roth RH (2003). Cooper JR, Bloom FE, Roth RH (2003). The Biochemical Basis of Neuropharmacology (8 ed.). Oxford University Press: New York. ISBN 9780195140088.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Y	Y	1	Coulombe RA, Sharma RS (1986). Coulombe RA, Sharma RS (1986). "Neurobiochemical alterations induced by the artificial sweetener aspartame. (Nutrasweet)". Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 83 (1): 79–85. doi:10.1016/0041-008x(86)90324-8. PMID 2420032.	possible overstatement abstract does not support connecting aspartame consumption to seizures. according to abstract: neurologic and behavioral disturbances in sensitive individuals. Results: seratonin unaffected; noradrenaline significantly increased in hypothalamus, dose-dependant; some increases in dopamine in some brain regions; Coulombe speculates this is due to increased phenylalanine and tyrosine.
Y	Y	1	Dare E, Fetissov S, Hokfelt T, Hall H, Ogren SO, Ceccatelli S (2003). Effects of prenatal exposure to methylmercury on dopamine mediated locomotor activity and dopamine D2 receptor binding. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 367, 500–508.	??? in abstract, Dare concludes "exposure to a very low dose of MeHg during development exerts neurotoxic effects on the dopaminergic system and that alterations of brain functions persist in adult life.", but do not explicitly connect "deficient working memory" to ADHD.
			Diamond A, Briand L, Fossella J, Gehlbach L (2004). Genetic and neurochemical modulation of prefrontal cognitive functions in children. Am J Psychiatry 161, 125–132.
			Fernstorm JD, Fernstrom MH, Gillis MA (1983). Acute effects of aspartame on large neutral amino acid and mono-amines in rat brain. Life Sci 32, 1651–1658.
			Fernstorm JD (1988). Effects of aspartame ingestion on large amino acids and monoamine neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. In: Wurtman RJ, Ritterwalker E (eds). Dietary Phenylalanine And Brain Function. Birkhauser: Basal. pp 87–94.
			Fernstrom JD (1994). Dietary amino acids and brain function. J Am Diet Ass 94 (1), 71–77.
			Filer LJ, Stegink LD (1988). Effect of aspartame on plasma phenylalanine concentration in humans. In: Wurtman RJ, Ritterwalker E (eds). Dietary Phenylalanine and Brain Function. Birkhauser: Basal. pp 18–40.
			Fountain SB, Hennes SK, Teyler TJ (1988). Aspartame exposure and in vitro hippocampal slice excitability and plasticity. Fundam Appl Toxicol 11, 221–228.
			Ganong WF (1997). Review of Medical Physiology, 18th edn. Appleton and Lange: Stanford, Connecticut.
			Gaspar P, Cases O, Maroteaux L (2003). The developmental role of serotonin: news from mouse molecular genetics. Nat Rev Neurosci 4, 1002–1012.
			Hawkins RA, Mans AM, Biebuyck JF (1988). Regional transport and other neutral amino acids across the blood-brain barrier. In: Wurtman RJ, Ritter-Walker E (eds). Dietary Phenylalanine and Brain Function. Birkhauser: Basal. pp 63–67.
			Herlenius E, Langercrantz H (2004). Development of neurotransmitter systems during critical periods. Exp Neurol 190, 8–21.
			Hidemitsu P-H, Yasuo S, Yasuhiro O, Masao S, Masanori Y (1990). Effect of aspartame on N-methyl-D-aspartate-sensitive L-[3H]glutamate binding sites in rat brain synaptic membranes. Brain Res 520, 351–353.
			Johns DR (1986). Migraine provoked by aspartame. Natl Eng J Med 315, 456.
			Johnston MV, Silverstein FS (1998). Development of neurotransmitters. In: Polin RA, Fox WW (eds). Fetal and Neonatal Physiology. Saunders: Philadelphia. pp 2116–2117.
			Kolb B, Whishaw IQ (2003). Fundamentals of Human Neuropsychology 5th edn Worth Publishers: New York. Lauder JM (1990). Ontogeny of the serotonergic system in the rat: Serotonin as a developmental signal. Ann NY Acad Sci 600, 297–313.
			Letinic K, Zoncu R, Rakic P (2002). Origin of GABAergic neurons in the human neocortex. Nature 417, 645–649. Lipton SA, Nakanishi N (1999). Shakespeare in love—with NMDA receptors? Nat Med 5, 270–271.
			Maher TJ, Wurtman RJ (1987). Possible neurologic effects of aspartame, a widely used food additive. Environ Health Perspect 75, 53–57.
			McDonald JW, Johnston MV (1990). Physiological and pathophysiological roles of excitatory amino acids during central nervous system de-velopment. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 15, 41–70.
N	N	7	Mehl-Madrona L (2005). Autism an overview and theories on its causes. http://www.healingarts.org/mehl-madrona/autismaccessed:17 December 2005. url=http://www.healing-arts.org/children/autism-overview.htm	not reliable source Humphries gets the URL wrong in this mostly-unreferenced list of hypotheses effects of aspartame (lupus, MS, fibromyalgia, blindness, and autism.)
			Noctor SC, Flint AC, Weissman TA, Dammerman RS, Kriegstein AR (2001). Neurons derived from radial glial cells establish radial units in neocortex. Nature 409, 714–720.
			Noctor SC, Martinez-Cerdeno V, Ivic L, Kriegstein AR (2004). Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases. Nat Neurosci 7, 136–144.
			Olney JW (1975). Letter to the editor. N Engl J Med 292 (23).
			Owens DF, Kriegstein AR (2002). Is there more to GABA than synaptic inhibition? Nat Rev Neurosci 3, 715–727.
			Panksepp J (1998). Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions. Oxford University Press: New York.
			Qu Y, Vadivelu S, Choi L, Liu S, Lu A, Lewis B et al. (2003). Neurons derived from embryonic stem (ES) cells resemble normal neurons in their vulnerability to excitotoxic death. Exp Neurol 184, 326–336.
			Sharma RP, Coulombe Jr RA (1987). Effects of repeated doses of aspartame on serotonin and its metabolite in various regions of the mouse brain. Food Chem Toxicol 25 (8), 565–568.
			Stegink LD, Filer LJ, Baker CL (1988). Repeated ingestion of aspartame-sweetened beverage: effect on plasma amino acid concentrations in normal adults. Metabolism 37 (3), 246–251.
			Stegink LD, Filer LJ, Bell EF, Ziegler EE, Tephly TR (1989). Effect of repeated ingestion of aspartame-sweetened beverage on plasma amino acid, blood methanol, and blood formate concentrations. Metabolism 34 (4), 357–363.
			Stone TW, Burton NR (1988). NMDA receptors and ligands in the vertebrate CNS. Prog Neurobiol 30, 333–368.
			Sundstrom E, Kolare S, Souverbie F, Samuelsson EB, Pschera H, Lunell NO et al. (1993). Neurochemical differenti-ation of human bulbospinal monoaminergic neurons during the first trimester. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 75, 1–12.
			Sundstrom E (1996). First trimester development of the human nigros-triatal dopamine system. Exp Neurol 139, 227–237.
			Trocho C, Pardo R, Rafecas I, Virgili J, Remesar X, Fernandez-Lopez JA et al. (1998). Formaldehyde derived from dietary aspartame binds to tissue components in vivo. Life Sci 63, 337–349.
			Turlejski K (1996). Evolutionary ancient roles of serotonin: Longlasting regulation of activity and development. Acta Neurobiol Exp 56, 619–636.
			Wang F, Lidow MS (1997). Alpha 2A-adrenergic receptors are expressed by diverse cell types in the fetal primate cerebral wall. J Comp Neurol 378, 493–507.
			Watkins JC (1984). Excitatory amino acids and central synaptic transmission. Trends Pharmacol 5, 373–376.
			Williams GV, Goldman-Rakic PS (1995). Modulation of memory fields by dopamine D1 receptors in prefrontal cortex. Nature 376, 572–575.
			Whitaker-Azmitia PM (1991). Role of serotonin and other neurotrans-mitter receptors in brain development: Basis for developmental pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 43, 553–561.
			Whitaker-Azmitia PM, Druse M, Walker P, Lauder JM(1996). Serotonin as a developmental signal. Behav Brain Res 73, 19–29.
			Whitaker-Azmitia PM (2001). Serotonin and brain development: Role in human developmental diseases. Brain Res Bull 56 (5),479–485.
			Young SN (1988). Facts and myths related to the regulation of phenylalanine and other amino ‘Dietary phenylalanine and brain function’. In: Wurtman RJ, Ritterwalker E (eds). Use and Aids. Birkhauser: Basal. pp 341–347.
			Zhou QY, Palmiter RD (1995). Dopamine-deficient mice are severely hypoactive, adipsic, and aphagic. Cell 83, 1197–1209.

References Timeline -- approval in the US

When and how did Metzenbaum get involved in the controversy, and what was his role?

• Discovered by accident during anti-ulcer research
• Searle's 178 or 168 or 170 studies ran from ??? to ???
• 1974 approved for dry foods; ADI set at 20mg/kg, since 2000 mg/kg was deemed the highest "no effect" level for animals.
• August 1974 -- Olney and turner request hearing, agree to PBOI hearing (pg 38)
• 1974 - 1975 -- FDA investigators determined Searle had submitted fraudulent or incomplete data on Flagyl and Aldacone.(source for Flagyl and Aldacone?) The Commissioner directed a task force to review 25 animal studies for 7 products (6 drugs and aspartame).(GAO87, page 28)
• 1975 December -- preliminary report from task force -- stay on aspartame approval.
• 1976 March 24 -- TAsk force said "“the results were so serious in some studies as to make it difficult, if not impossible, to draw conclusions regarding the full toxic potential of the products from the data.” GAO87 says "uncovered “serious deficiencies in Searle’s operations and practices which undermine the basis for reliance on Searle’s integrity in conducting high quality animal research to accurately determine or characterize the toxic potential of its products.” and reccommended evaluating specific studies to see if they could be used. FDA requested
• April 1977 CFSAN authenticated 3 studies, from April 1977 until?, to determine if Searle's supporting data matched its surbmiitted reports to the FDA
• August 1977 to 1978 , UAREP authenticated 12 others. (GAO87)
• UAREP concluded: Although UAREP noted “a substantial number of minor and inconsequential discrepancies” during its review, it found “few, if any, discrepancies which would produce a change of greater than five percent in the final numerical data being compared.” In addition, it did not find evidence that, “given the experiment design, there was any indication that animals in any one group had been treated deliberately to produce biased results.” The discrepancies it observed “appeared randomly distributed between treated and control groups.” (pg 89 of GAO 87 report)
• 1976 April -- FDA notifies Skinner RE: fraud investigation http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?r101:1:./temp/~r101Gis3Wm:e0: Congressional Record -- Senate. Tuesday, Jan 31, 1989 (legislative day of Tuesday, January 3, 1989) 101st congress 1st session 135 Cong. Rec s832 (Vol 135 No 8) (search at http://thomas.loc.gov/home/r101query.html, on keyword "skinner", in "senate" from dates 1/1/1989 to 1/31/1989 to turn up page s832) http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/B?r101:FLD001:S832
• 1977 January -- FDA requests Skinner to convene a grand jury in Searle fraud case
• 1977 Feb -- Incoming Carter fires Skinner
• 1977 March 8 -- Skinner (to be fired by Carter) recuses himself from Searle case (accepting job w/Searles lawyers)
• 1977 Turner and Olney write letter to FDA head
• 1977 Aspartame approval on hold
• 1977 Adrian Gross, FDA pathologist uncovered evidence Searle witheld adverse data on Aspartame
• 1977 Feb William Conlon takes over case, but does nothing
• 1977 July -- Thomos Sullivan sworn in as US attorney
• 1978 David Hattan, deputy director of FDA div. of Tox. Review Y eval -- one of most throuough in agency's history
• 1978 December -- Thomas Sullivan, US Attorney, orders case against Searle dropped for lack of evidence
• 1979 Jan William Conlon joins Searle's lawyers' firm (Sidney & Austin)
• 1980 PBOI opens Walle Nauta et al. -- all raw data publicly available. Olney sees early-70's Searle data about brain tumors that Searle had never before published.
• 1980 September -- PBOI issues 3-0 vote to block aspartame release, and figured aspartame was dead.
• 1980 November -- FDA commissioner fired by low-level transition-team member -- unusual to fire FDA head.
• 1981
• Japan brain-tumor study
• Aspartame re-approved
• Aspartame approved for beverages
• 1983 Metzenbaums Aspartame Safety Bill of 1983 (S. 1554) -- to require lableing on how much aspartame is in the product, and ADI, and mandating independent test by NIH http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v19/ai_3972416/
• 1982 September 8 -- Searle files for use in Carbonated Beverages. CFSAN recognizes that 2- to 4-year olds who drink soda could consume aspartame at nearly 50mg/kg of body weight. CFSAN reviewed Searle's 5 clinical studies and determened 50 mg/kg would be acceptable. -- 15 cans of diet soda for a 132-pound person per day.
• 1983 July 8 -- FDA approves aspartame in carbonated beverages
• Turner and ??? objected and requested a hearing -- FDA denied
• Turner filed suit for a hearing, lost their case in the federal district court, were denied an appeal by US court of appeals, and Supreme court declined the case.
• 1986 FDA denied a petition from Trunee4r to repeal approval of aspartame
• 1987 January Turner petitioned court of appeals to review FDA's denial of petition.
• 1984 Olney's excitotoxic amino acids study
• 1985 Food companies petition for more uses for http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3190/is_v19/ai_3972416/
• 1985, August 1 S.1557"The Aspartame Safety Acto of 1985"
• 1986 Washington Post reported Supreme Court refused to hear case that FDA had not followed proper procedures
• 1986, Feb 07 "Sen Metzenbaum calls for hearings on aspartame and hypertension drug" Plain Dealer 07 Feb, 1986, page 04 Sec. A http://www-catalog.cpl.org/CLENIX?T=SEN+METZENBAUM+CALLS+FOR+HEARINGS+ON+ASPARTAME+AND+HYPERTENSION+DRUG
• 1986, Feb 25, Metzenbaum's letter to Hatch mentions cancelled grand jury investigation http://www.sweetpoison.com/articles/senator-metzenbaum.html -- what is the original source for this letter?
• Metzenbaum asks for COI investigation. What gave Metzenbaum the idea? Did he read Olney, Roberts, or Blaylock?
• Metzenbaum asks for investigation of the entire process
• Senate Hearing November 3 1987 Committee on labor and Human Resources, Senate Hearing 100-567

“NUTRASWEET” - HEALTH AND SAFETY CONCERNS HEARING BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON LABOR AND HUMAN RESOURCES UNITED STATES SENATE -One Hundredth Congress, First Session on Examining the Health and Safety Concerns of NutraSweet (Aspartame) Elsas, funded by March of Dimes to study phenylalanine and the brain pg 369 and Pardridge

• 1986, May -- S. M. asked GAO to investigate the 1981 approval.
• 1986, -- a 1986 version of the bill?
• 1987 investigation by UPI reporter Greg Gordon -- Searle sent key executive out of town and on sabbattical to avoid grand jury threat.
• 1987, December 8 -- Olney writes letter to Metzenbaum http://www.wnho.net/dr_john_olney_statement.pdf
• 1989 October 14 Palm Beach Post -- Dr. Roberts ascribes aircraft accidents to aspertame use.
• 1991 Samuel Skinner now Sec. Trans. -- rejects aspartame/pilot thesis
• 1990 The Guardian article "NutraSweet test results 'faked'" -- Erik Millstone of Sussex University, based on FOIA documents.
• 1995 March Pacific Flyer "the Federal Aviation Administration conducted its own cognitive research and, according to experts, found no contraindications that would prevent pilots, or anyone, from ingesting aspartame."

D. Thomas-Dobersen, "Calculation of Aspartame Intake in Children," Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 89 (6): 831-833 (1989) and Federal Register 44:31716-31718 (June 1, 1979).

See Federal Register 46:38285 (July 24, 1981) and U,S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, Mo. 84-1153. Community Nutrition Institute, et al., Petitioners v Dr. Mark Novitch. Acting Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration, Respondent. G. D. Searle Co., Inventor, Petition for Review of an Order of the Food and Drug Administration. No. 84-5253 Community Nutrition Institute, et al., Appellants v Dr. Mark Novitch, Acting Commissioner, Food and Drug Administration, Appellee (September 24, 1985).

http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dailys/03/Jan03/012203/02P-0317_emc-000202.txt from Aspartame Toxicity Information Center, but contains pointers to congressional record pages and other sources of history of aspartame

http://www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/dockets/02p0317/02P-0317_emc-000428.txt with ref to congressional record pages on history of approval congressional record on page S 5497 (May 7, l985). Sarle sued the FDA for approval? Dr. Cindy Gale (chiropractor, Marietta, GA) admits to writing anti-aspartame chain letters.

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http://www.scribd.com/doc/6438509/aspartame1985-Congressional-Record-FDA-toxicologist-Dr-Adrian-Gross#document_metadata

1. FDA to approve a new sweetener by harold m schmeck NYT July 26, 1974
2. FDA Hearing Set to Resolve Dispute over a Sweetener New York Times /Sep 24, 1974
3. FDA Chief is Criticized Over a Sugar Substitute Oct 22, 1974 -- Proxmire criticizes Schmidt over lack of public hearing, following charges from Olney
4. FDA Bars Sales of Sweetener Dec 5, 1975, pg 56 -- quote from Kennedy, "concerned 2 other... products... Flagyl & Aldactone..."FDA Bars Sales of Sweetener". New York Times. 5 December 1975. concerned 2 other... products... Flagyl & Aldactone... {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |pg= ignored (help)
5. Drug Research Under Question Jan 21, 1976 pg 25 -- FDA sees Doubt -- Kennedy quoted
6. FDA urges Grand Jury Study of GD Searle's Drug Reports Apr 8 1976 pg 27 -- testimony by Schmidt at Senate Subcommittee hearing "tomorrow" "FDA urges Grand Jury Study of GD Searle's Drug Reports". New York Times. 8 April 1976. p. 27.
7. FDA Broadens Inquiry on Testing of New Drugs Richard D. Lyons Nov 17, 1976 pg 24. Adrian Gross of FDA noted discrepency between Mario Rustia Study and Searle's studies.
8. FDA is Sued by G.D. Searle Oct 2 1982 pg D6 -- Filed suit to require FDA to render a final decision; reported PBOI had just published its 51-page report.
9. Judging Safety of Aspartame in Soft Drinks by Jane E. Brody in Personal Health Jul 13, 1983, pg C1 -- approval.
10. Suit Against Aspartame Spurs Rally in Sugar Jan 26, 1984, pg D16 (Reuters) -- Sugar futers closed .18 to .24 cent a pound higher after lobbying group filed lawsuit in Federal Court.
11. U.S. Denies Hearing on Sweetener Safety Feb 18, 1984 pg 16 -- FDA denied request by Community Nutrition Institute and Dr. Woodrow Monte of Arizona State University (concerns had been thouroughly explored before July approval); still reviewing 260 complaints
12. Judge Rejects New Bid to Remove Sweetener Mar 25, 1984 pg 18 -- UPI -- Federal District Judge rejected request by a onsumer group to remove aspartame (Judge Barrington Parker said lacked jurisdiction and had rejected restraining order on Jan 28)
13. Diet Sweetener Risk is Being Reassessed After New Research Aug 21, 1984, Pg C1 Philip M. boffey -- Clean Bill of Health. Common Cause charged that FDA's review deficient"Congr4ess should conduct .. investigation".
14. Manufacturer Assails Criticism of Sweetener Sep 16, 1984, pg 30 -- discount new study by Boehm and Bada re boiled aspartame
15. Federal Agency Sees Little Risk in Sweetener Nov 2 1984 pg A22 (Atlanta) CDC sees no evidence of serious widespread
16. Sweetener Worries Some Scientists Feb 5 1985 pg C1 Jane Brody -- Keith-Conners and Wortman -- re-reading of CDC report. Walle Nauta quoted has said that had the panel known how widely aspartame would be used, it woulud have issued stronger recommendations He told Common Cause, a public affairs organization tha completed a nine-month investigation of aspartame last year, that use of aspartame in soft drinks "never figured in our decision making."
17. Probe asked in charge that Searle rigged test Chicago Tribute Jan 22, 1977 pg B9 Washington API. 33-page letter to the DOJ. Declined to release the Jan 10 letter, but said allegations were similar to those made by an FDA task force last year.
18. Aspartame locked up in classic case of FDA inaction Chicago Tribune, Oct 7, 1979 pg W1 Janet Key -- Searle's exectutive VP for Planning, Dev, and admin complained. France approved aspartame in August 1979, Canada announced intent in September. A soon-to-be-released GAO report found that of 14 drugs classified as "important" by FDA from July 1975 through Feb 1978, 13 were available in other contries 2 months to 12 years sooner than in the US.
19. Searle files suit -- Aspartame opposed by FDA Chicago Tribute Oct 2, 1980 pg C8 Janet Key (PBOI report released just hours after Searle filed suit to require FDA to rule on aspartame.
20. New aspartame plea December 18, 1980 pg C8 asked FDA to allow marketing of Aspartame
21. Soft drink makers ask FDA to delay aspartame use Jun 29, 1983 pg C16 Michael L. Millenson -- National Soft Drink Association asks FDA to delay approval because of safety questions about aspartame's instability under high temperatures -- June 24 letter citing Wurtman work (behavioral changes of high-doses of sapartame)
22. Senate rejects Labels on Aspartame Volume New York Times May 8, 1085, pg A20 (Washington, AP, May 7) -- Senate defeated Metzenbaum's proposed amendment to a pending bill exempting saccharin from being banned for bladder cancer in animals (68 to 27). Metzenbaum blames lobbyists.
23. The Taste of Congressional Fudge New York Times May 17, 1985, pg A30 -- editorial. Delaney amendment (banning any substance found to cause cancer in animals). Saccharin got 5 extensions.
24. A Sweetener's Effects: New Questions Raised New York Times Jul7y 3, 1985 pg C1 Marian Burros. In May, the Senate Committee on Labora nd Human Resources received testimony from two researchers facoring quantitative laveling of products containing aspartame. Partridge work -- aspartame + carb, neurological effects. June 17, Dr. Louis Elsas warns of fetal brain damage. On May 23, a $2 million lawsuit was filed against Searle in United States District Court in Washington on behalf of a 5-year-old boy in Olney, Md. The suit charged that consupmption of NutraSweet caused irreversibel brain damage, but it did not specify the amount consumed. After a recent review of the Searle studies, Dr. M. Adrian Gross, a senior science advisor at the Environmental Protection Agency and a former pathologist at the FDA, wroe to the office of Senator Howard M. Metzenbaum, a member of the Committee on Labor and Human Resoources. His letter said that despite the shortcomings of the experiments "at least onf of those studies has established beyond any reasonable doubt that aspartame is capable of inducing brain tumors in experimental animals" --- Dr. Sturtevant said that some of the data presente to Dr. Gross for review were incorrect -- the correct tabulations were in Sturtevant's doument for the FDA PBOI -- not statistically significant increases in brain tumors in experimental animals. Concerna bout 50-lb 7-year-old drinking 2 litres of Coke...
25. Nutrasweet Faces a Senate Hearing New york Times Jul 17, 1987 pg D1 Washington, July 16 Reuters -- Metzenbaum announced hearings in September -- NOnsanto's shared gained 12.5 cents a share to close at 87.625
26. FDA Cites Other Findings New York Times Aug 16, 1987, page 30, Washington, Aug 15, AP -- Dave Hatian chief of regualtory affairs for CFSAN, said laboratories "have models in whiehc there appears to be an enhancement of seizure expression". Testing on humans might end the debate.
27. Aspartame hits a snag Chicago Tribute Dec 1, 1975 pg S_B4 Carol Rasmussen -- questions raised about adequacy of Searle's safety studies.
28. FDA disputes dotor's charge alleging dangers of aspartame Chicago Tribune Aug 19, 1983 B1 (business) Michael Millenson -- disputed Wurtman's letter in Thursday's NEJM (Searle drop 1.25 to 53.75).
29. FDA reviews 200 complaints on aspartame Chicago Tribune Feb 17, 1984 pg N8 -- FDA to work with CDC
30. Amino acids in aspartame cause for concern (How to Keep Well Q&A column) Timothy Johnson, MD Chicago Tribue Sep 9, 1984 pg B3
31. Study says sweetener alters some brain functions of mice Chicago Tribune Sep 7, 1985 pg 3 Logan Utah AP -- Roger Coulombe. Monsanto down 2.25 a share.
32. Hearings sought on aspartame Pamela Sherrod Chicago Tribune Feb 7, 1986, page B1 Metzenbaum called for formal hearings on the failure of the US attorney's office in Chicago to investigate... 110 pages of documents from a yearl-long investigation by his staff into hte government's probe of the art5ificial sweetener. Also, letters to Hatch and Thurmond. Where are these letters and documents now? "congressional hearings ... get to the bottom of the controversy surrounding Nutrasweet". Listed Skinner, Conlon, US. Atty Anton Valukas
33. Study links seizures to NutraSweet Chicago Tribune Apr 22, 1986, pg 3, From Chicago Tribune wires Cambridge, Mass -- Wurtman says 82 subjects suffered epileptic-like seizures after consuming aspartame. Accuses Searle of witholding adverse reaction reports. Supreme Court Monday refused to force the Food and Drug Administration to hold public hearings on the use of NutraSweet in soft drinks.

Congressional Record Exerpts

• http://www.mpwhi.com/congressional_record1.pdf May 7, 1985 S5489-5516
• http://www.mpwhi.com/congressional_record_1985.pdf #106 August 1 1985 pg S10820-10846