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SFGMary/horse sandbox
Piebald Gypsy mare
Other names
  • Cob
  • Gypsy Cob
  • Gypsy Horse
  • Irish Cob (Ireland)
  • Gypsy Vanner
  • Coloured Cob
  • Tinker Horse
Country of originUnited Kingdom and Ireland
Traits
Distinguishing featuresCob or light draught horse build, often piebald or skewbald,with feathering on lower legs
Breed standards


The Gypsy Horse (USA, UK, AU), also known as the Gypsy Cob (UK, NZ), Irish Cob (Ireland), Gypsy Vanner (US, CAN), Coloured Cob (UK, Ireland, parts of Continental Europe), and Tinker Horse (parts of Continental Europe), is a horse breed associated with the Romanichal peoples native to the British Isles. The breed is believed to have been developed by them with strong input from Irish breeders. As recently as 1996, the Gypsy horse had no stud book or breed registry.[1] However, it is now considered a breed[1] with multiple worldwide breed associations dedicated to it. [a] It is a small draught breed, popularly recognized for its abundant leg feathering and common black and white, or "piebald", coat colour, though it can be of any other colour as well. Breeders in the U.K. compliment a good example of the breed, which has powerful muscling, correct leg conformation of a pulling horse, and flashy action, with the term "proper cob".[9] Around 1850, the Romanichal of Great Britain began to use a distinct type of horse to pull the vardoes, chimneyed living waggons, in which they had just begun to live and travel. The distinct colour and look of the modern breed were refined by the Romanichal in the period following World War II. American breeders began to import Gypsy horses and created its first registry in 1996. A related sub-type, the Drum Horse, is a larger animal of similar appearance. Today, the Gypsy horse is still bred in the UK by a number of established breeders, most of whom also exhibit and sell their horses at traditional fairs. In the United States, horse show competition for Gypsy horses is increasing each year, and several Gypsy breed registries have gained affiliate recognition with the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF) and United States Dressage Federation (USDF).

Characteristics

[edit]

Edward Hart, the first non-Romanichal who asserted that the Gypsy Horse should be considered a breed, also published the first GH breed standard,[10] which he obtained by interviewing Romanichal. This "unwritten ‘breed standard’ is for a horse or pony ... that is a ‘road’ horse as opposed to a ‘land’ horse", that is, it is not bred to work the land in farming but rather "to walk smartly along the level or uphill road, and break into a trot where going and gradient allow."[1]

In addition to Hart's 1993 breed standard, multiple breed registries for the Gypsy Horse have now published breed standards, and these registry breed preferences are also presented below. Their respective breed standards display mostly minor variations. [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24]

Colour

[edit]
A solid-coloured cob

As the breed standard of the Gypsy Horse Association (GHA) states,"A good horse never comes in a bad color",[15] and, although the Gypsy horse is widely known for its piebald, or black and white pinto, coat colour, this is a common but not the sole colouration for the breed.[25] Since the breed's origin is British, colour names are typically given in British English in all English language registries, even in the United States,[17] Thus, the piebald and skewbald colour descriptors are used to designate the tobiano spotting patterns typical of the Gypsy.[15] Another British word used to describe a particular colour pattern is blagdon, describing "a solid colour" with white "splashed up from underneath".[17]

None of the current breed registries incorporates a colour requirement into its breed standard.

Writing in 1993 when Romanichal still lived and sometimes travelled in chimneyed living waggons, Hart also states that "[t]he gypsy ‘coloured cob’ has no precise standard for its markings", and preferences for colouration of the horse ranged from half-and-half black and white to mostly black or mostly white. Thus, Gypsy horses may be of any coat colour or pattern.[26] Moreover, Hart notes that tobiano and skewbald colouration serves multiple purposes. When driving "on a dark or foggy night", being "able to see the lead horse" is vitally important; "for that reason, the off-leader in a four-horse team was often either grey, piebald or skewbald."[27] Also, "a parti-coloured animal is still a ... detriment to the thief.... [T]he coloured horse carries its own identification" and "could be positively identified by those who had sat behind it hour after hour[27]

Hair

[edit]

Gypsy Horses are known for their profuse mane, tail, and Feathering or "Feather", long hair starting below the knee of the front legs and the hock of the hind legs and running down the leg to flow over the front and back of the hooves, which is a highly valued attribute of the Gypsy Horse.[15][17][28] Among the registries, profuse feather is an integral part of the definition of a Gypsy Horse and most registries require it, with the exception of the Irish Cob Society, which registered horses with less feather than allowed under other registries' breed standards before its closing.[24]

Tail

[edit]

Hart reports that the Gypsy Horse's "tail should be set at moderate height, not as high as an Arab’s, but higher than a carthorse’s." He notes that "the tail is a vital appendage" of the Gypsy Horse. "Tails on some of these gypsy horses have to be seen to be believed; not only are they long enough to sweep the ground, but the width and density are incredible." Since the Gypsy Horse of the time lived outside, its tail was a vital appendage in winter weather. Hart writes, "[w]hen the owner of a ‘full tail’ turns its back to the wind, it is sheltered by the equivalent of half an overcoat. Add to that the thick coat, and it becomes apparent why such an animal can thrive in an open field with only a little hay, when thin-skinned, light ‘kipper-ribbed’ types would starve to death. If the tail becomes too long, it is shortened by downward knife sweeps, never trimming across with scissors."[29]

Forelock

[edit]

Hart states, "The forelock is long; it is in itself a form of protection, and is associated with a long mane and tail."[30] None of the registries mention forelocks.

Feathering

[edit]
Feather on the lower legs

The GHRA states that silky straight hair and feather are desirable, though somewhat coarser and even wavy hair and feather are permitted.[16] Kinky hair, however, is considered to be a fault by the GVHS.[17] The Irish Cob Society was the exception in requiring profuse feathering and registered horses with less feather than allowed under other registries' breed standards, although it did consider feather a "characteristic and decorative feature of the Irish Cob breed."[24]{{efn|With respect to feather, note that the plural (i.e., "feathers") is never used in reference to a horse's feather. Instead this is always referred to as "feather" or "feathering".[31]

Concerning profuse feathering, Hart writes, "The current vogue for hairiness below the knee is not without danger", causing "so much stable work" and being "subject to ‘grease’ and other leg troubles".[32] Hart's prediction has been borne out; the Gypsy Horse is prone to health issues common to feathered draughts, the most serious of these being chronic progressive lymphedema.[33] This condition may have a genetic component, as is a similar condition in humans. Studies indicate a genetic basis for CPL, but no causative gene has yet been identified.[34] Of lesser concern is scratches. The moist environment under the feathering is an ideal environment for the combination of fungus and mites which are believed to cause it.

Height

[edit]

Publishing in 1993, Hart reports that "a horse or pony 14, 14.1 or 14.2 hands high" is preferred by the Gypsies to whom he talked.[1]

Among today's registries, the range of desired heights ranges from 13 to 16 hands (52 to 64 inches, 132 to 163 cm) in the United States and Australasia,[15][16][11] but in Ireland and continental Europe, the desired height limit goes up to 16.2 hands (66 inches, 168 cm) for some types and they permit both lighter-boned as well as larger horses than typically desired by the American registries.[24][35] [b] The Australasian Gypsy Horse Society (AGHS) wants horses between 13 to 15.1 hands (52 to 61 inches, 132 to 155 cm).[11]

The Gypsy Horse Association[15] and the Australian Pony Stud Book Society, Inc.,[12] accepts animals 12 to 16 hands (48 to 64 inches, 122 to 163 cm). Some registries have different categories: The Gypsy Horse Registry of America (GHRA) has two height classifications: Section A for purebred horses under 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) and Section B for purebred horses 14.2 hands (58 inches, 147 cm) and over. Its Section C is for Gypsy Crossbred horses.[37] The Netherlands studbook for Gypsy horses, the Nederlands Stamboek voor Tinkers NSvT, identified there as the "Tinker horse," classifies horses into three groups: "cob," "vanner," and "grai," based on height in meters and degree of refinement. The cob type is approximately 14.3 to 15.1 hands (59 to 61 inches, 150 to 155 cm), and the vanner 15.1 to 16.2 hands (61 to 66 inches, 155 to 168 cm). The more refined "grai" may be of any size but is typically within the 14.3- to 16.2-hand range.[20]

File:SweetHead.jpeg
A Gypsy mare with an extremely sweet head & lush hair
[edit]

About the head, Hart writes, "A nice, small head is sought. It should not be coarse in any way, but in proportion to the rest of the body…. The face is seldom Roman-nosed, and may be slightly concave."[1]

Typically desired among today's registries is a "sweet" head, more refined than that of most draft horses.[38] The GHA's breed standard states that the head may be "sweet", "a small, tidy pony type head",[39] meaning without coarseness and in proportion with the body.[15] However, the AGHS calls unequivocally for a sweet head, "more refined than a Shire might have . . . with broad forehead, generous jaw, square muzzle, and even bite".[11] According to GVHS, the "forehead must be flat and broad . . . with [t]he frontal facial bone . . . flat to slightly convex".[17]

Ears

[edit]

According to Hart, the ears of a Gypsy Horse are particularly important. "Ears should be fairly large; they enable the horse to hear the driver better on the road, and some believe they indicate a quieter animal. This hearing ability has never been more important than when driving amongst today’s fast traffic. Watch a gypsy horse on the road, and its ears will be twitching all the time...."[40]

Eye Colour

[edit]

Hart notes, "The normal eye colour is brown, but a wall eye is regarded as little detriment...",[1] and Hart goes on to state that wall [i.e., blue] eyes are common among piebalds and skewbalds. None of the breed registries specify eye colour requirements.

Neck

[edit]

Hart states, "[t]he neck should be short and strong, and the shoulder straight. We are dealing with a driving horse ... bred primarily to cover ... long distances economically while drawing loads of up to a ton".[1]

The GHA calls for a neck of "medium long, strong and muscular". It should be "well-defined" and "in proportion to the back length ..., tying into a good sloping shoulder".[15] The breed standard of the NZ Gypsy Cob Association, Inc., also calls for a neck of medium length "with a throat latch slightly deeper" than that of "lighter breeds". Moreover, it "should be refined enough to allow proper flexion of the poll".[21] GHA's breed standard states that "[s]tallions should display a well arched crest".[15]

Body

[edit]

About the horse's body, Hart writes, "The animal should be short-coupled and deep-bodied. Hindquarters should be strong and powerful: ‘apple-cheeked’ is the roadman’s apt description."[29] "The back may therefore be too broad for a comfortable ride."[1]

Today's Gypsy Horse Association specifies that the horse's chest should be broad, deep, and well muscled.[15][11][16] The American Gypsy Horse Association specifies withers that are "well rounded, not high and fine, i.e., hardly noticeable".[11]

Most registries call for a "well-sloped" shoulder [41][11][21] However, the GVHS's standard is more precise, specifying a shoulder angle ranging from 45 degrees to 60 degrees.[17]

The back should be short coupled with well sprung ribs and a deep heart girth.[11][16] The length of line of the belly should be twice that of the topline of the back and the horse should not appear 'wasp waisted'.[41] The Netherlands studbook registry rules for vanner and cob types have breed standards desiring strong, well-muscled builds with abundant feathering similar to that of the registries in English-speaking nations. The "grai" is classified as a lighter and more refined riding type.[20]

Strong hindquarters define the breed as a small draft horse, "designed for strength and power, but with class, presence and style."[17] They are sometimes described as having an "apple butt"[15][41] as the croup is well rounded and "very generous, smooth and broad".[16] Poorly-muscled hindquarters or a too-sloping rump are unacceptable.[11] According to GVHS, the length of the hip from the point of the hip to the tailhead, should be slightly longer than the total length of the topline. The line measuring the length of the hip should also be horizontal; if the tailhead falls below the horizontal line intersecting the point of the hip, the horse's "hip/croup will be approaching too steep an angle for the Gypsy Vanner".[17]

Hocks of a foal

Legs

[edit]

Hart writes, "Forearms should be strong, knees large and flat, and the cannon short and strong. A springing pastern and a well set-up heel are desired."[42]

According to one registry, the GH's legs should be heavy, clean, and flat.[16][11][16][28][43] GVHS's standard calls for a length of forearm to cannon ratio of 55% to 45%.[41] The front legs should be clean and flat in joints as well as bone; front pasterns should slope at the same angle as the shoulder and should not be short.[39] A line drawn from the point of the buttock should touch the back of the hock, run "parallel" to the cannon bone, and touch the ground directly behind "the center of the heel".[17][28] Pastern and hoof angles of the hindlegs are more vertical than the forelegs, usually over 50 degrees.[17] Hooves have strong walls and a well shaped frog,[16] round and with wide heels.[28]

The hind legs of the Gypsy Horse should display proper angulation for a pulling horse,[28] although not to the degree found in larger feathered draught breeds such as the modern Shire and Clydesdale.[17][41][44] Unlike the equine conformational flaw of cow-hockedness,[15] where only the lower leg is turned outward, a Gypsy Horse's entire hind leg is set so as to angle outward. As a result, when the hind legs of a horse set up squarely are viewed from the rear, their cannon bones appear parallel.[28][17]

Feet

[edit]

Hart stresses the importance of the Gypsy 'road' horse's feet: "A broad and round foot is essential, preferably black. However, few coloured horses have black feet. They are more usually striped or white, but a poor foot on a gypsy horse is seldom found. Regular performance testing ensures that those unable to withstand the hard roads soon find a fresh home."[29]

Temperament

[edit]

Hart states that, during the 1950s, "termperament became all important.... The new horse owners had no desire to spend time and risk life and limb trying to tame a wrong ‘un. Besides, the gypsies’ horses were almost as much part of the family as were their numerous children, and an unreliable temper could not be tolerated. So the parti-coloured horses generally are of placid temperament."[45]

The registries also stress the horse's temperament. GHA's breed standard states that "[t]he Gypsy Horse should be, above all else, a strong, kind, (very) intelligent partner that works willingly and harmoniously with its handler. They are also described as mannerly and manageable, eager to please, confident, courageous, alert, and loyal with a genuine sociable outlook."[15] GHA cites the Gypsy Horse as renowned for its "beauty and gentle demeanor".[44]

Gaits

[edit]

The Gypsy horse has distinct gaits. According to GHA's standard, "The stride should be correct, supple, and powerful. Showing good impulsion from behind, demonstrating powerful drive. Flowing, effortless in appearance".[15] The horse's movement should be "natural, not artificial . . . . Some have higher knee action than others, it's[sic] way of going can vary from short and economical to longer, reaching strides."[15] GHRA's standard required "[a] steady forward walk with impulsion. Ground covering trot with a slight flick of feather at the point of extension."[16]

Registration

[edit]
A rominichal horse fair, UK.

Worldwide Registries for the Gypsy Horse

[edit]

There are many registries for the Gypsy Horse worldwide:

  • Australasian Gypsy Horse Society (2011) [46]
  • Australian Pony Stud Book Society (2014)[47]
  • Belgisch Tinker Stamboek (2017)[48]
  • Dansk Tinker Forening (2003)[49]
  • Gypsy Horse Association (2008)[50]
  • Gypsy Horse Registry of America, Inc. (previously the Gypsy Cob Society of America)[51]
  • Gypsy Vanner Horse Society (1996)[52]
  • Irish Cob the Czech Republic (2009) [53]
  • Norsk Gypsy Cob Forening (2003) [54]
  • Nederlands Stamboek voor Tinkers (2012) [55]
  • NZ Gypsy Cob Association Inc. (2012) [56]
  • Traditional Gypsy Cob Society (2009) [57]
  • Svenska Tinkerhästsällskapet (2003) [58]

Some registries have ceased operation:

  • Irish Cob Society Ltd.[59]

Services Offered

[edit]

Many Gypsy Horses exported from the UK do not have written pedigrees or registration. Among the assorted registries, associations, and societies dedicated to the breed, there is some variety in services offered. The Gypsy Horse Registry of America, Inc., includes size classifications in its studbook.[37] The Gypsy Horse Association (GHA) provides access to the identifying DNA markers, pedigrees (both anecdotal and DNA verified), and registration photos of most of its registered horses online and free of charge.[44] GHA and GHRA [37] provide online studbooks. The Gypsy Vanner Horse Society provides access to its studbook for a fee.[60] The Gypsy Cob and Drum Horse Association offered inspections[61] and some shows.[62]

Registration Requirements

[edit]

Since breed registries for the Gypsy Horse have only existed within the last 20 years, most mandate a genetic analysis as a requirement for a Gypsy's registration to verify identity and identify future offspring. [63] [64] [65] [66] All of the North American Gypsy Horse and Drum Horse registries employ the Animal Genetics Research Laboratory of the University of Kentucky to perform DNA analysis and maintain a database of American and Australssian registered horses' DNA markers. UKY currently tests markers at 17 loci of a horse's genetic makeup. The aim of this analysis is to either exclude or fail to exclude another horse as a parent.[67][63] In a spirit of cooperation, all four American registries and the single Drum Horse registry have granted the University of Kentucky permission to employ registered horses' DNA markers in confirming parentage of horses belonging to other registries. Since information regarding the past histories, including parentage, of many of the Gypsy Horses imported to North America was lost, many owners seek to reclaim the genetic roots of their animals, and services have sprung up to satisfy this desire.[68]

Because many of the horses submitted for registration have never been registered, the American registries currently evaluate horses for registration by way of photos and provenance information such as import papers and bills of sale.[69][70][71]

[72]


Beginning in 2014, GVHS began restricting registration to horses sired by GVHS-registered stallions and out of mares whose DNA markers are available and confirm parentage. Only horses falling between 13 and 16 hands in height are eligible for registration, although the status of animals whose heights fall outside that range can be appealed to GVHS's board of directors.[70]

The Netherlands studbook registry rules only allow horses previously registered with the NSvT to have offspring registered, but allows horses identified as Irish Cob, Gypsy Cob, Gypsy Vanner, Coloured Horse, Traveller Pony, Black and White, or Traditional Cob to be evaluated as potential breeding stock and, if suitable, are recorded in its secondary registry, with their offspring eligible for full registration. Horses must pass an inspection to be registered.[20] The Irish Cob Society (ICS) also required an inspection process.[24]

Registration Categories

[edit]

The Gypsy Horse Association added a Heritage Division[73] to its studbook in 2012.[74] GHA's Heritage Studbook accepts two types of Gypsy crossbreeds: (1) horses having one parent registered with GHA, GVHS, GCDHA, or GHRA/GCSA and (2) horses known or referred to as Drum Horse. GHA defines the latter as those having no less than 25% and no more than 75% Gypsy parentage and with Shire, Clydesdale, and Friesian parentage or any combination thereof being no less than 25% and no more than 75%. Unlike the International Drum Horse Association, GHA considers the Drum Horse as a crossbreed rather than a type that has achieved breed status.

Other registries offer registration of various crossbreeds, [75][76]

Names

[edit]
An Irish cob

Unfortunately, the breed has been known by several names, and this has caused some conflict in the U.S., where the name "Gypsy Horse" was finally accepted as a compromise by those advocating other names, as described below.

U.K. Romanichal breeders of the Gypsy Horse call it simply "Cob" and "Coloured Cob", with a particularly good specimen being a "Proper Cob".[9] However, in general usage, cob refers to an equine body type rather than to a breed; it is defined as a short-legged, stout horse.[77] As part of several efforts to have the Gypsy Horse recognized as a breed outside the Romanichal community, a more descriptive name was sought for it, starting in the 1990s.

The first known importers of the Gypsy Horse to North America, Dennis and Cindy Thompson, viewed the breed as unnamed and wanted it to be given what they viewed as a proper name.[78] For this, they selected "Vanner",[79] which they had seen used in reference to a Gypsy Horse in Edward Hart's 1993 book,[c][30] and they incorporated it into the name of the American registry they founded in 1996, the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society.[80]

The term "vanner" dates to at least 1888 and, prior to the Thompsons' adoption of it, also referred to a type of horse rather than to a distinct breed. According to the OED, a "vanner" is "a light horse suitable for drawing a small van", where "van", appearing in print with this meaning for the first time in the early 1800s, is "a covered vehicle chiefly employed for the conveyance of goods, usually resembling a large wood box with arched roof and opening from behind, but varying in size (and to some extent in form) according to the use intended".[81] Thus "vanner" was derived from the word "van", which the OED states was derived from "caravan". Since this latter term was not applied to a "chimneyed house on wheels", or vardo, until 1872,[81] the term "vanner" has no inherent connection with the Romanichal.

Writing in 1897, M. Horace Hayes describes the "light vanner" as a horse of indeterminate breed "which we meet in vans, 'buses and tram-cars". It is in "a class intermediate between the light harness horse and the heavy draught horse".[82] Light vanners are thus "active, light cart horses that can trot freely and at fair speed".[83]

Caravans at the Appleby Horse Fair.

Prior to the formation of the American registry in 1996, the term "vanner" appears in two printed sources in association with the Romanichal's horse, both ascribing the vanner type to the horse. In 1979, Harvey describes a Romanichal-owned horse, most likely an ancestor of today's Gypsy Horse and clearly a crossbred, as "[a] fair-sized vanner, about 15.2hh (15 1/2 hands) high, . . . [c]ross-shire, with a touch of Clydesdale? Lineage is often hard to trace."[84] Publishing in 1993 in the first known acknowledgment of the Gypsy Horse as a distinct breed outside Romanichal culture, Hart employs the term three times in reference to a Gypsy Horse, identifying specific Gypsy Horses as vanners.[32][30][85]

Founded subsequently in 1998, 2002, and 2003, respectively, the Irish Cob Society Ltd. (ICS),[86] the Gypsy Cob and Drum Horse Association (GCDHA),[87] and the Gypsy Cob Society of America (GCSA)[88] referred to the breed as "Cob", the name used by its Romanichal breeders. The Gypsy Horse Association (GHA), incorporated in 2008, employed the name "Gypsy Horse" and states on its website that the organization recognizes all breed names currently in use.[89] Also in 2008, the GCSA renamed itself the Gypsy Horse Registry of America (GHRA).[90]

Aside from Gypsy Cob, Gypsy Vanner, Gypsy Horse, and Irish Cob, the other name for the breed used by some registries is Tinker Horse. In Europe, the registries in Belgium, Sweden and the Netherlands are in the Universal Equine Life Number (UELN) database under the breed names "Tinker Horse" and "Tinker Pony."[91]

A sampling of today's U.K. breeders, many of whom are Romanichal, yields uses of "Cob"[92][93] and of "Gypsy Horse".[94][95][96][97][98]

Mounted bands of the Household Cavalry at Trooping the Colour 2007. The rider of the piebald drum horse works the reins with his feet to free his hands for the drum

History

[edit]
Historic image of a Romanichal family, vardo, and horse

The Gypsy Horse was bred by the Romanichal of Great Britain to pull the vardoes in which they lived and traveled.[27] The Romanichal had arrived in the British Isles by 1500 A.D., but they did not begin to live in vardoes until around 1850.[99] Prior to that, they traveled in tilted carts or afoot and slept either under or in these carts or in small tents.[100] The peak usage of the Gypsy caravan occurred in the latter part of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th.[101]

Some aspects of training, management, and characteristics of a horse used to pull a vardo are unique. For example, the horse is trained not to stop until it reaches the top of a hill; otherwise it may not be able to get started again. Training begins at a very early age with the young horse tied "with a short rope from the head to the trace-ring on the collar of the shaft-horse", and led along on the off side.[102] An old hat is sometimes placed on a fearful horse's head so as to keep him from seeing back over the top of his blinkers at the waggon looming at his back. A horse used to pull a vardo which was a permanent home was usually in very good condition due to a combination of exercise, grazing a variety of greens in the hedgerows, and good quality care; the horse was considered part of the family.[103] Since the family's children lived in close proximity to the horse, one having "an unreliable temper could not be tolerated".[45]

The Gypsy Horse was also used to pull the "tradesman's cart . . . used in conjunction with the caravan as a runabout and work vehicle and whilst on a journey".[104] This is also known as a flatbed or a trolley, and examples appear in the annual London Harness Horse Parade.[105]

"Encampment of Gypsies with Caravans" by Vincent van Gogh.

The Gypsy Horse breed as it is today is thought to have begun to take shape shortly after World War II ended.[45][80] When the British Romanichal had first begun to live in vardoes around 1850, they used mules and cast off horses of any suitable breed to pull them.[27] These later included "coloured" horses, piebalds and skewbalds, which had become unfashionable in mainstream society and were typically culled.[106] Among these were a significant number of coloured Shire horses.[107] Colour was prevalent among Shire horses; Sir Walter Gilbey reproduces and then discusses colour in a drawing of a team of tobiano Shires dating from 1844 to 1855. Commenting on the drawing, he calls the team's tobiano colouring "[t]his curious parti-color" and states that it "is by no means uncommon in the Shires reared in the Fen country." He goes on to describe a stallion who breeds "horses of odd colours" and states that such horses "are common ... [t]o this day", or the late 1800s when his book was first published.[108] Many of these coloured Shires ended up with Romanichal breeders, and, by the 1950s, they were considered valuable status symbols within that culture.[45] Spotted (leopard complex) horses were very briefly in fashion around the time of World War II, and this coat pattern can be found in the breed to this day.[109][110] However, the spotted horse quickly went out of fashion in favor of the coloured horse, which has retained its popularity until the present day.[1] The initial greater height of the breed derived from the influence of both Clydesdales and Shires,[45] both of which possess "feather", long hair starting at the knee or hock and growing down to cover the hooves. Feather became and still remains highly valued.[32]

Modern Gypsy horse and a bow-top vardo, UK

In the formative years of the Gypsy Horse, the Romanichal bred not only for specific colour, profuse feather, and greater bone, but also for increased action and smaller size. To increase action at the trot, they first tried Hackney Pony breeding, but this blood reduced both feather and bone. The Romanichal therefore turned to the Section D Welsh Cob to add a more animated trot to the breed without loss of other desired traits. Another trend in breeding was a steady decrease in height, a trend still present among many Romanichal breeders. In the 1990s, the breed's average height still was in excess of 15 hands (60 inches, 152 cm), but horses of 14.3 to 15 hands (59 to 60 inches, 150 to 152 cm) were beginning to be viewed as more desirable, primarily for economic reasons. John Shaw, a carriage painter from Milnrow, Rochdale, Lancaster, was quoted in 1993 as saying, "Very big, hairy coloureds are now in vogue. They are status symbols . . . but they are not really an economical animal. They cost too much to feed, harness and shoe. . . and they don't stand up to the work. For that you want the vanner type of 14.3 to 15 hands (59 to 60 inches, 150 to 152 cm)"; larger horses require more fodder than smaller ones, as well as larger harnesses and horseshoes.[32]

The breed most used by the Romanichal breeders to set not only the size but also the type of the future Gypsy Horse was the Dales Pony, described as "thick, strong, . . . active yet a great puller".[45] The Dales, a draught pony, preserved the bone, feather, and pulling capabilities derived from the Shire and Clydesdale breeds but in a smaller and therefore more economical package. The Dales and, to a lesser extent, the Fell Pony interbred with the Shire and Clydesdale provided the basis of today's Gypsy Horse.[80]

Since the Romanichal people who developed the Gypsy Horse[111] communicated pedigree and breed information orally,[1] information on foundation bloodstock and significant horses within the breed is mostly anecdotal. The two foundation sires of the breed are reportedly known as The Old Coal Horse and Sonny Mays' Horse.[80] A tentative pedigree of the Coal Horse, who supposedly earned his name by pulling a coal wagon in Dublin, Ireland, at some time in his life,[112] has been pieced together from oral tradition.[113] It is said that The Coal Horse goes back to a grey Shire stallion known as Shaw's Grey Horse of Scotland.[112] The origins of the breed appear to be Irish, and the name Connors appears prominently in the breed history. In a poorly recorded interview, well-respected breeder Henry Connors gives some of the lineage of the horse.[114] It includes horses with names such as Ben's of Bonafay, Jimmy Doyle's Horse of Ballymartin, Henry Connors' White Horse, The Lob Eared Horse, The Sham Horse, and Old Henry.

By oral tradition, The Coal Horse sired, among many others, a stallion named The Roadsweeper.[113] Roadsweeper was brought from Ireland to England and eventually belonged to breeder Robert Watson, for whom he sired, among others a notable sire known as Robert Watson's Old Horse,[115] sire of famed contemporary stallion The Lion King.[116]

The Irish cob can be traced to the 18th century but also was long considered a type, not a breed, and varied somewhat in characteristics, though generally was bred for light draft and farm work but was also capable of being ridden. It originated from crossing Thoroughbred, Connemara pony and Irish Draught horses.[117]

UK-bred "Gypsy Wagon Horse" mare and foal at an exhibition in Wales, UK.

Beginning in 1996, a series of registries, associations, and societies was formed in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Some of these with their foundation dates are as follows: Gypsy Vanner Horse Society (1996), The Irish Cob Society Ltd. (1998), Gypsy Cob and Drum Horse Association (2002), Gypsy Cob Society of America, later the Gypsy Horse Registry of America (2003), Australasian Gypsy Horse Society (2007), and the NZ Gypsy Cob Association (2012).

The first known Gypsy Horses to come to America arrived in 1997 and were imported by American discoverers of the breed Dennis and Cindy Thompson.[118] Notable among early importers was Black Forest Shires & Gypsy Horses (2000-2012) which imported around 1700 horses, primarily Gypsy Horses. Since the Gypsy Horse had no registry prior to its entry into North America, horses' provenances, including importer, are of particular importance to their owners.

All American registries, including the International Drum Horse Association below, employ the Animal Genetics Research Laboratory of the University of Kentucky as the repository of their registered horses' DNA markers. Since the Gypsy Horse has had registries only recently, comparison of DNA markers is necessary to confirm parentage.[119]

In its native Great Britain, the Gypsy is still being bred by a number of well-established Romanichal breeders, many of whose families have done so for several generations.[94][95] And the trend of breeding down in size continues with 11- and 12-hand horses now common. Except for special occasions, these horses are typically not being used for their original purpose, pulling a living waggon, but are instead viewed in terms of heirloom bloodlines and are a source of great pride.

Names

[edit]
An Irish cob

Unfortunately, the breed has been known by several names, and this has caused some conflict in the U.S., where the name "Gypsy Horse" was finally accepted as a compromise by those advocating other names, as described below.

U.K. Romanichal breeders of the Gypsy Horse call it simply "Cob" and "Coloured Cob", with a particularly good specimen being a "Proper Cob".[9] However, in general usage, cob refers to an equine body type rather than to a breed; it is defined as a short-legged, stout horse.[120] As part of several efforts to have the Gypsy Horse recognized as a breed outside the Romanichal community, a more descriptive name was sought for it, starting in the 1990s.

The first known importers of the Gypsy Horse to North America, Dennis and Cindy Thompson, viewed the breed as unnamed and wanted it to be given what they viewed as a proper name.[121] For this, they selected "Vanner",[122] which they had seen used in reference to a Gypsy Horse in Edward Hart's 1993 book,[d][30] and they incorporated it into the name of the American registry they founded in 1996, the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society.[80]

The term "vanner" dates to at least 1888 and, prior to the Thompsons' adoption of it, also referred to a type of horse rather than to a distinct breed. According to the OED, a "vanner" is "a light horse suitable for drawing a small van", where "van", appearing in print with this meaning for the first time in the early 1800s, is "a covered vehicle chiefly employed for the conveyance of goods, usually resembling a large wood box with arched roof and opening from behind, but varying in size (and to some extent in form) according to the use intended".[81] Thus "vanner" was derived from the word "van", which the OED states was derived from "caravan". Since this latter term was not applied to a "chimneyed house on wheels", or vardo, until 1872,[81] the term "vanner" has no inherent connection with the Romanichal.

Writing in 1897, M. Horace Hayes describes the "light vanner" as a horse of indeterminate breed "which we meet in vans, 'buses and tram-cars". It is in "a class intermediate between the light harness horse and the heavy draught horse".[82] Light vanners are thus "active, light cart horses that can trot freely and at fair speed".[83]

Caravans at the Appleby Horse Fair.

Prior to the formation of the American registry in 1996, the term "vanner" appears in two printed sources in association with the Romanichal's horse, both ascribing the vanner type to the horse. In 1979, Harvey describes a Romanichal-owned horse, most likely an ancestor of today's Gypsy Horse and clearly a crossbred, as "[a] fair-sized vanner, about 15.2hh (15 1/2 hands) high, . . . [c]ross-shire, with a touch of Clydesdale? Lineage is often hard to trace."[123] Publishing in 1993 in the first known acknowledgment of the Gypsy Horse as a distinct breed outside Romanichal culture, Hart employs the term three times in reference to a Gypsy Horse, identifying specific Gypsy Horses as vanners.[32][30][85]

Founded subsequently in 1998, 2002, and 2003, respectively, the Irish Cob Society Ltd. (ICS),[86] the Gypsy Cob and Drum Horse Association (GCDHA),[87] and the Gypsy Cob Society of America (GCSA)[88] referred to the breed as "Cob", the name used by its Romanichal breeders. The Gypsy Horse Association (GHA), incorporated in 2008, employed the name "Gypsy Horse" and states on its website that the organization recognizes all breed names currently in use.[89] Also in 2008, the GCSA renamed itself the Gypsy Horse Registry of America (GHRA).[124]

Aside from Gypsy Cob, Gypsy Vanner, Gypsy Horse, and Irish Cob, the other name for the breed used by some registries is Tinker Horse. In Europe, the registries in Belgium, Sweden and the Netherlands are in the Universal Equine Life Number (UELN) database under the breed names "Tinker Horse" and "Tinker Pony."[125]

A sampling of today's U.K. breeders, many of whom are Romanichal, yields uses of "Cob"[126][127] and of "Gypsy Horse".[94][95][128][129][130]

Mounted bands of the Household Cavalry at Trooping the Colour 2007. The rider of the piebald drum horse works the reins with his feet to free his hands for the drum

The Drum Horse

[edit]

The Drum Horse in America is patterned after and named for the Drum Horse traditionally attached to a British cavalry regiment. This horse's purpose is to carry the large silver drums which are beaten to mark march time. The rider guides the horse with reins attached to his stirrups since his hands are needed to beat time on the drums. The horse selected for this position is usually a Clydesdale cross and has frequently been tobiano or sabino.[131]

The American Drum Horse is treated as a breed in its own right or as a specific Gypsy cross, depending on registry. GCDHA treats the Drum as a breed and maintains a studbook for it. GCDHA's Drum Horse breed standard specifies a Gypsy Horse cross with Clydesdale, Shire, and/or Friesian making up the other bloodlines. Solid and blagdon patterned horses are registered but only as foundation stock.[132] Formed in 2006, the American Drum Horse Association, now the International Drum Horse Association, also treats the Drum as a breed but excludes Friesian bloodlines, allowing only Gypsy and Shire and/or Clydesdale and accepts solid and blagdon horses into its Drum Horse stud book.[133] In 2010, the Gypsy Horse Association opened a Gypsy Heritage Division for horses of Gypsy heritage (i.e., non-purebred horses having some Gypsy blood). It maintains stud books for Drum Horses, which it treats as a specific Gypsy Horse crossbreed having no less than 25% Gypsy with Clydesdale, Shire, and/or Friesian constituting the rest, and for Gypsy crossbreeds other than Drum Horses.[134]

One view of a Drum is as the return of colour (i.e., tobiano and skewbald coat patterns) to the Shire, from which it was culled when colour fell out of fashion in all U.K. breeds during the mid-1900s.[135] This vision of the Drum implicitly excludes the Friesian as a direct constituent breed for the Drum.

Uses

[edit]
A Gypsy Vanner under saddle

In its native Great Britain, the Gypsy is shown and traded at traditional horse fairs, the best-known of which is Appleby Horse Fair. Some attendees of the fairs travel there in the traditional manner via horse-drawn vardos.[136] American photographer John S. Hockensmith documented such a journey in 2004, traveling with and photographing the Harker family's 60-mile journey to Appleby in bow top living waggons. Accompanying the party was Jeff Bartko, one of the largest importers of Gypsy Horses to North America at that time.[137] Capstick and Donogue also published photographs taken at Appleby Fair, some vintage,[138] and Jones published photos taken at Yorkshire horse fairs, some from the early 1900s.[139]

In North America, the first known show classes dedicated to the Gypsy Horse were held at the Colorado Horse Park on August 28–29, 2004, during its annual draft horse show, employing the breed standard of the Gypsy Cob Society of America, now the Gypsy Horse Registry of America.[140] The first Gypsy breed show, the Ohio State Fair Gypsy Vanner Horse Show, sponsored by the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society, was held in 2005 in Columbus, Ohio.[141] The 2006 and 2007 Ohio State Fair Gypsy Vanner Horse Shows included the first classes for Drum Horses ever held in the U.S.[141] Currently there are a number of breed shows for the Gypsy Horse, including some classes for the Drum Horse, in the U.S., Canada.[142] [143][76] [144] [145] [146]

New Zealand [147] and Australasia [148]

A Gypsy horse in harness

In the United States, the Gypsy Horse is being used in many equestrian sports, by amateurs and youths,[149] and has done well in combined driving and dressage. A pair of Gypsies comprised a 2001 grand champion tandem driving team.[150][151][152] In 2004, the United States Dressage Federation accepted the Gypsy Vanner Horse Society as an affiliate member in its All Breeds Program,[153] allowing horses registered with GVHS to win registry-specific awards in USEF-sanctioned and USDF-recognized dressage and dressage-related events.[80] The Gypsy Horse Association was also accepted into the USDF's All Breeds Program in 2008, and as of the beginning of 2011, four Gypsy and Drum Horse registries were participants in the program.[154] In 2010, a Gypsy stallion earned a championship in the USDF's All Breeds Program for his achievements in third level dressage.[155]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ This includes breed registries and societies in U.K.,Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). the Netherlands,[2] Denmark[3] Sweden[4] Czech Republic,[5] New Zealand,[6] four in the USA,[7] and one in Australia[8]
  2. ^ The Gypsy Vanner Horse Society (GVHS) prefers height between 13.2 to 15.2 hands (54 to 62 inches, 137 to 157 cm),[17] and will decline to register horses outside of the range 13 to 16 hands (52 to 64 inches, 132 to 163 cm)[36]
  3. ^ The Coloured Horse and Pony, p. 58-71.
  4. ^ The Coloured Horse and Pony, p. 58-71.

References

[edit]
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  8. ^ These are the Autralasian Gypsy Horse Society.
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Sources

[edit]
  • Capstick, Tony; Donoghue, Paul (2002). Appleby Horse Fair: A Collection of Stories, Poems and Photographs. North Yorkshire, England: The Appleby Fair Company. ASIN B008QXQE4O.
[edit]
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