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Syrian civil war
Part of the Arab Spring, Arab Winter, the spillover of the Iraqi conflict, International military intervention against the Islamic State, War on terror, Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, and the Iran–Israel proxy conflict


Top: A ruined neighborhood in Raqqa in 2017.
Bottom: Military situation in September 2021:

     Syrian Arab Republic (SAA)      Syrian Arab Republic & Rojava (SAA & SDF)      Rojava (SDF)      Syrian Interim Government (SNA) & Turkish occupation      Syrian Salvation Government (HTS[a])      Revolutionary Commando Army & United States' occupation      Opposition groups in reconciliation

     Islamic State
(full list of combatants, detailed map)
Date15 March 2011 (2011-03-15) – present
(13 years, 7 months and 5 days)
Location
Syria (with spillovers in neighboring countries)
Status Ongoing
Territorial
changes		 As of 31 March 2020: the Syrian Armed Forces held 63.57% of Syrian territories; SDF 25.57%; rebel groups (incl. HTS) & Turkey 9.72%; Islamic State 1.14%[29]
Main belligerents

 Hezbollah
 Iran
 Russia (2015–present)
 Iraq (2017–19)[1][h]

Support:

 Turkey[c]
(2016–present)

Support:

Salvation Government (Tahrir al-Sham)[e][f]

Support:

Free Syrian Army (Maghaweir al-Thowra)

Support:
 Islamic State[e]
(2013–present)
Support:
CJTF–OIR
(2014–present)
Support:
Commanders and leaders
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Killed:
Units involved
See order See order See order See order
Strength
Syrian Armed Forces: 142,000 (2019)[85]
General Security Directorate: 8,000[86]
National Defense Force: 80,000[87]
Liwa Fatemiyoun: 10,000 – 20,000(2018)[88]
Liwa Abu al-Fadhal al-Abbas: 10,000+(2013)[89]
Ba'ath Brigades: 7,000
Hezbollah: 6,000–8,000[90]
Liwa Al-Quds: 4,000–8,000
Russia: 4,000 troops[91] & 1,000 contractors[92]
Iran: 3,000–5,000[90][93]
Other allied groups: 20,000+

Free Syrian Army: 20,000–32,000[94] (2013)
Islamic Front: 40,000–70,000[95][96] (2014)
Other groups: 12,500[97] (2015)
Turkish Armed Forces: 4,000–8,000[98][99]

Ahrar al-Sham: 18,000–20,000+[100][101] (March 2017)

Tahrir al-Sham: 20,000–30,000 (per U.S., late 2018)[102]		 ~10,000 (per UN, 2021, in Iraq and Syria)[103] ~3,000 (per Russia, mid 2019)[104][105]

SDF: 60,000–75,000 (2017 est.)[106]

  • YPG & YPJ: 20,000–30,000 (2017 est.)[107]
  • Syriac Military Council (MFS): 1,000 (2017 est.)[108]
  • Al-Sanadid Forces: 2,000–4,000 (2017 est.)[108]
  • SDF Military Councils: 10,000+[109][110][111]
United States Armed Forces:
600[112]
Casualties and losses
Syrian Arab Republic:
91,267–103,670 soldiers & 67,242 militiamen killed[113][114]
4,100 soldiers/militiamen & 1,800 supporters captured[113]
Hezbollah:
1,712–2,000 killed[113][115]
Russia Russia:
137–160 soldiers killed & 266–284 PMCs killed[116]
Other non-Syrian fighters:
8,628 killed[113] (2,300–3,500+ IRGC-led)[117][118]
Total:
169,252–181,984 killed

Syrian opposition Syrian opposition/HTS:
111,576–152,173 killed[g][113][114]

Turkey Turkey:
256–313 killed (2016–20 incursions)[119]		 Islamic State Islamic State:
41,101 killed[113]

NES:
14,114 killed[113]
PKK:
3,200+ killed[120]

CJTF–OIR:
13 killed[121] (United States 10, United Kingdom 1, France 1, Jordan 1)

160,681 civilian deaths documented by opposition[113]
100 other foreign soldiers killed (Lebanon 60, Turkey 17 (pre-'16), Iraq 16, Jordan 7)

Total killed: 499,657–610,000 (per SOHR)[113]

Estimated 6.7 million internally displaced & 6.6 million refugees (March 2021)[122]
a Formerly al-Nusra Front.
b Since early 2013, the FSA has been decentralized. Its name is arbitrarily used by various rebels.
c Turkey provided arms support to rebels (2011–unknown, Aug. 2016 – present) & fought alongside the TFSA in the Aleppo governorate vs. SDF, IS and Syrian gov.
d Sep.–Nov. 2016: U.S. fought with the TFSA in Aleppo governorate solely vs. IS.[123][124] In 2017–18, the U.S. purposely attacked the Syrian gov. 10 times, & in Sep. 2016 it accidentally hit a Syrian base, killing ≥100 SAA soldiers. Syria maintains this as intentional.[125]
e Predecessors of HTS (al-Nusra Front) & IS (ISI) were allied al-Qaeda branches until April 2013. Al-Nusra Front rejected an ISI-proposed merger into ISIL & al-Qaeda cut all affiliation with ISIL in February 2014.
f Predecessors of Ahrar al-Sham (Syrian Liberation Front) & HTS (al-Nusra Front), were allied under the Army of Conquest (Mar. 2015 – Jan. 2017).
g Number incl. all anti-government forces, except ISIL and SDF, which are listed in their separate columns.
h Iraq's involvement was coordinated with the Syrian gov. & limited to airstrikes vs. ISIL.[1]
i Israel provided arms to 12 unnamed rebel groups solely against Iran and ISIS.[126] Israel has also conducted multiple airstrikes against the Syrian government, Hezbollah, and Iranian positions within Syria.[127]
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  116. ^ 151–201 killed (2015–17),[1][2][3] 14–64 killed (Battle of Khasham, Feb. 2018),[4][5] 18 killed (May 2018 – June 2019),[6][7][8][9][10][11] total of 183–283 reported dead
  117. ^ "IRGC Strategist Hassan Abbasi Praises Iranian Parents Who Handed Over Their Oppositionist Children For Execution: Educating People To This Level Is The Pinnacle Of The Islamic Republic's Achievement; Adds: 2,300 Iranians Have Been Killed In Syria War". MEMRI.
  118. ^ الشامية, محرر الدرر (30 August 2017). "عميد إيراني يكشف عن إحصائية بأعداد قتلى بلاده في سوريا". الدرر الشامية. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  119. ^ 72 killed in Operation Euphrates Shield, 61–96 killed in Operation Olive Branch, 70–84 killed in Idlib buffer zone, 18 killed in Operation Peace Spring, 16–24 killed after Operation Spring Shield, 2 killed after Operation Euphates Shield, total of 239–296 reported killed (for more details see here)
  120. ^ "On International Human Rights Day: Millions of Syrians robbed of "rights" and 593 thousand killed in a decade". SOHR. 9 December 2020.
  121. ^ "Pilot killed as U.S. F-16 crashes in Jordan".
    "Jordan pilot murder: Islamic State deploys asymmetry of fear". BBC News. 4 February 2015.
    "US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia". ABC News. 27 May 2017.
    "US identifies American service member killed by IED in Syria". ABC News. 27 May 2017.
    "French soldier killed in Iraq-Syria military zone, Élysée Palace says". France24. 27 May 2017.
    "4 Americans among those killed in Syria attack claimed by ISIS". CNN. 27 May 2017.
    "Mystery surrounds the killing of a US soldier in the countryside of Ayn al-Arab (Kobani) amid accusations against Turkey of targeting him". Syrian Observatory of Human Rights. 2 May 2019.
    "US service member killed in Syria identified as 22-year-old from Georgia". ABC News. 27 May 2017.
    "Army identifies U.S. soldier killed in Syria". The Washington Times. 27 January 2020.
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  123. ^ Thomas Gibbons-Neff (16 September 2016). "U.S. Special Operations forces begin new role alongside Turkish troops in Syria". The Washington Post. Retrieved 16 September 2016.
  124. ^ Andrew Tilghman (16 November 2016). "U.S. halts military support for Turkey's fight in key Islamic State town". Military Times. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  125. ^ Fadel, Leith (27 September 2016). "US Coalition knew they were bombing the Syrian Army in Deir Ezzor".
  126. ^ "Israel secretly armed and funded 12 Syrian rebel groups, report says". Haaretz. Retrieved 9 January 2021.
  127. ^ al-Khalidi, Suleiman. "Israel intensifying air war in Syria against Iranian encroachment". Reuters.
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