User:Rygel, M.C./Citation bot sandbox
Syneresis cracks (also known as subaqueous shrinkage cracks) are a sedimentary structure developed by the shrinkage of sediment related to desiccation.[1] These cracks are caused by the contraction of clay lattices in response to changes in the salinity of the liquid surrounding the deposit[2]. The markings would have been formed subaqueously on the bedding surface and could resemble mudcracks, but are not continuous and vary in shape. They commonly occur in thin mudstones interbedded with sandstones, as positive relief on the bottom of the sandstone or as negative relief on the top of the mudstone [3]. Subaqueous shrinkage cracks can develop on and through a surface that has been continuously covered in water. Syneresis cracks in some shales and lime mudstones may initially be preserved as small cavities which usually fill with silt and sand from either the overlying or underlying beds and laminae [4].
Usually there is no pattern to the cracks, and they do not connect to form geometric shapes. Rather they are discontinuous and shaped in one of the following categories:
-polygonal
-sinuous
-spindle
A cross section of any of these would reveal that they are U- or V-shaped.
Dessication v. Syneresis
[edit]Some crack patterns resemble subaerial desiccation cracks, which in tern, has caused some confusion as to the differences between desiccation cracks and syneresis cracks[4]. Dessication mudcracks are usually continuous, polygonal, and have u- or V- shaped cross sections that would have been filled in with sediment from above. Syneresis cracks, though, are usually discontinuous, spindle or sinuous in shape, and have U- or V- shaped cross sections that have been filled in with sediment from above or below[5].
Experimental Work
[edit]Experimental work done investigating subaqueously formed syneresis cracks have usually been carried out in one of two ways. One way to induce cracking was by sedimentation from a saline solution and a non-swelling clay. However, when freshwater was used, no cracking could be induced in non-swelling clays, although in mud containing as little as two percent swelling clay, cracking was easily induced when salinity changes were introduced to the surrounding water [5].
References
[edit]- ^ Pettijohn, F. J., and Paul Edwin Potter. Atlas and Glossary of Primary Sedimentary Structures. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1964. 346. Print.
- ^ Burst, J. F. "Subaqueously Formed Shrinkage Cracks in Clay." Journal of Sedimentary Petrology 35.2 (1965): 348-353. Web. 20 Oct 2010.
- ^ Boggs, S. (2005). Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0130996963.
- ^ a b Pratt, B. (1998). "Syneresis cracks: subaqueous shrinkage in argillaceous sediments caused by earthquake-induced dewatering". Sedimentary Geology. 117: 1–10. Bibcode:1998SedG..117....1P. doi:10.1016/S0037-0738(98)00023-2.
- ^ a b Plummer, P. S., Gostin, V. A.Shrinkage cracks; desiccation or synaeresis? Journal of Sedimentary Research 1981 51: 1147-1156
[[Category:Geology]] [[Category:Sedimentary rocks]] [[Category:Sedimentary structures]] [[Category:Patterned grounds]]